The Impact Of Low Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy On Biomedical Research In The United States
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National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States
Author : National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 66 pages File Size : 52,7 Mb Release : 2001-03-09 Category : Political Science ISBN : 9780309073318
The Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States by National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States Pdf
The National Research Council's Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States was called on to assess the effects of the low-level radioactive waste management policy on the current and future activities of biomedical research. This report provides an assessment of the effects of the current management policy for low-level radioactive waste (LLRW), and resulting consequences, such as higher LLRW disposal costs and onsite storage of LLRW, on the current and future activities of biomedical research. That assessment will include evaluating the effects that the lack of facilities and disposal capacity, and rules of disposal facilities, have on institutions conducting medical and biological research and on hospitals where radioisotopes are used for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council
Author : Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 53 pages File Size : 54,9 Mb Release : 2001-02-23 Category : Political Science ISBN : 0309076730
The Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States by Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States,Board on Radiation Effects Research,Commission on Life Sciences,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council Pdf
The National Research Council's Committee on the Impact of Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Policy on Biomedical Research in the United States was called on to assess the effects of the low-level radioactive waste management policy on the current and future activities of biomedical research. This report provides an assessment of the effects of the current management policy for low-level radioactive waste (LLRW), and resulting consequences, such as higher LLRW disposal costs and onsite storage of LLRW, on the current and future activities of biomedical research. That assessment will include evaluating the effects that the lack of facilities and disposal capacity, and rules of disposal facilities, have on institutions conducting medical and biological research and on hospitals where radioisotopes are used for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Planning Committee on Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition: A Workshop
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Planning Committee on Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition: A Workshop Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 163 pages File Size : 44,7 Mb Release : 2017-06-05 Category : Science ISBN : 9780309456814
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Planning Committee on Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management and Disposition: A Workshop Pdf
The Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE) is responsible for the safe cleanup of sites used for nuclear weapons development and government-sponsored nuclear energy research. Low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is the most volumetrically significant waste stream generated by the DOE cleanup program. LLW is also generated through commercial activities such as nuclear power plant operations and medical treatments. The laws and regulations related to the disposal of LLW in the United States have evolved over time and across agencies and states, resulting in a complex regulatory structure. DOE asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to organize a workshop to discuss approaches for the management and disposition of LLW. Participants explored the key physical, chemical, and radiological characteristics of low-level waste that govern its safe and secure management and disposal in aggregate and in individual waste streams, and how key characteristics of low level waste are incorporated into standards, orders, and regulations that govern the management and disposal of LLW in the United States and in other major waste-producing countries. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.
Lowlevel radioactive waste disposal availability adequate in the short term, but oversight needed to identify any future shortfalls : report to the Chairman, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Senate. by Anonim Pdf
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources Publisher : Unknown Page : 160 pages File Size : 53,7 Mb Release : 1997 Category : Law ISBN : IND:30000090779830
National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste
Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 224 pages File Size : 44,6 Mb Release : 2006-04-24 Category : Science ISBN : 9780309164696
Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Waste Pdf
The largest volumes of radioactive wastes in the United States contain only small amounts of radioactive material. These low-activity wastes (LAW) come from hospitals, utilities, research institutions, and defense installations where nuclear material is used. Millions of cubic feet of LAW also arise every year from non-nuclear enterprises such as mining and water treatment. While LAW present much less of a radiation hazard than spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive wastes, they can cause health risks if controlled improperly. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes asserts that LAW should be regulated and managed according to the degree of risk they pose for treatment, storage, and disposal. Current regulations are based primarily on the type of industry that produced the waste-the waste's origin-rather than its risk. In this report, a risk-informed approach for regulating and managing all types of LAW in the United States is proposed. Implemented in a gradual or stepwise fashion, this approach combines scientific risk assessment with public values and perceptions. It focuses on the hazardous properties of the waste in question and how they compare with other waste materials. The approach is based on established principles for risk-informed decision making, current risk-informed initiatives by waste regulators in the United States and abroad, solutions available under current regulatory authorities, and remedies through new legislation when necessary.
Federalism and the Tug of War Within by Erin Ryan Pdf
As environmental, national security, and technological challenges push American law into ever more inter-jurisdictional territory, this book proposes a model of 'Balanced Federalism' that mediates between competing federalism values and provides greater guidance for regulatory decision-making.
National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes
Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 89 pages File Size : 50,8 Mb Release : 2003-10-14 Category : Political Science ISBN : 9780309090919
Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Radioactive Waste Management,Committee on Improving Practices for Regulating and Managing Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes Pdf
Low-activity radioactive wastes include a broad spectrum of materials for which a regulatory patchwork has evolved over almost 60 years. These wastes present less of a radiation hazard than either spent nuclear fuel or high-level radioactive waste. Low-activity wastes, however, may produce potential radiation exposure at well above background levels and if not properly controlled may represent a significant chronic (and, in some cases, an acute) hazard. For some low-activity wastes the present system of controls may be overly restrictive, but it may result in the neglect of others that pose an equal or higher risk. The purpose of this interim report is to provide an overview of current low-activity waste regulations and management practices. Improving the Regulation and Management of Low-Activity Radioactive Wastes: Interim Report on Current Regulations, Inventories, and Practices identifies gaps and inconsistencies that suggest areas for improvements. The final report will assess options for improving the current practices and provide recommendations.
National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Alternatives for Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities
Author : National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Alternatives for Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 249 pages File Size : 55,6 Mb Release : 2002-06-13 Category : Nature ISBN : 9780309084178
The Disposition Dilemma by National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Committee on Alternatives for Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities Pdf
The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) and its predecessor, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), have attempted since the 1970s to give greater uniformity to the policy and regulatory framework that addresses the disposition of slightly radioactive solid material. The issue remains unresolved and controversial. The USNRC has tried to issue policy statements and standards for the release of slightly radioactive solid material from regulatory control, while such material has been released and continues to be released under existing practices. In 1980 the USNRC proposed regulatory changes to deregulate contaminated metal alloys but withdrew them in 1986 and began work with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop more broadly applicable federal guidance. In 1990 the USNRC issued a more sweeping policy, as directed by the Low Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 (LLWPAA), declaring materials with low concentrations of radioactivity contamination "below regulatory concern" (BRC) and hence deregulated. Congress intervened to set aside the BRC policy in the Energy Policy Act of 1992, after the USNRC's own suspension of the policy. Subsequent attempts by USNRC staff to build consensus among stakeholder groups as a basis for future policy articulations were met by boycotts of stakeholder meetings, both in the immediate aftermath of the BRC policy and again in 1999 during public hearings on a new examination of the disposition of such materials. The only USNRC standard addressing the disposition of slightly radioactive solid material is a guidance document published in June 1974 by the AEC, whose regulatory authority over civilian nuclear facilities the USNRC assumed upon its creation a few months later in January 1975. In August 2000, with another examination of this issue under way, the USNRC requested that the National Research Council form a committee to provide advice in a written report. The National Research Council established the Committee on Alternatives for Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities to address this task. The committee's task involved evaluating and providing recommendations on the history of the technical bases and policies and precedents for managing slightly radioactive solid material from USNRC-licensed facilities; the sufficiency of technical bases needed to establish standards for release of solid materials from regulatory control ("clearance standards") and the adequacy of measurement technologies; the concerns of stakeholders and how the USNRC should incorporate them; and the efforts of international organizations on clearance standards. The committee was also asked to examine the current system for release of slightly radioactive solid material from regulatory control, to recommend whether the USNRC should continue to use this system and to recommend changes if appropriate. The committee's fact-finding process included two site visits to waste brokering facilities and nearly 40 invited presentations from the USNRC, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and EPA staff; stakeholder organizations; nuclear industry organizations; and other interested parties. In conducting its study, the committee first examined the current system of standards, guidance, and practices used by the USNRC and agreement states to determine whether to release slightly radioactive solid material from further regulatory control under the Atomic Energy Act. The committee found that the current, workable system allows licensees to release material according to pre-established criteria but contains inconsistencies such that nuclear reactor licensees can release materials only if there is no detectable radioactivity (above background levels), whereas materials licensees can do so if small detectable levels are found. The committee evaluated technical analyses of the estimated doses of the final disposition of slightly radioactive solid materials. These analyses were conducted by federal agencies and international organizations, including the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the European Commission, and other groups. The Disposition Dilemma:Controlling the Release of Solid Materials from Nuclear Regulatory Commission-Licensed Facilities explains the committee's findings and recommendations.
National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee to Review New York State's Siting and Methodology Selection for Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal
Author : National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee to Review New York State's Siting and Methodology Selection for Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 306 pages File Size : 44,6 Mb Release : 1996-08-30 Category : Science ISBN : 9780309055390
Review of New York State Low-Level Radioactive Waste Siting Process by National Research Council,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee to Review New York State's Siting and Methodology Selection for Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Pdf
This book reviews the efforts of New York state to site a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility. It evaluates the nature, sources, and quality of the data, analyses, and procedures used by the New York State Siting Commission in its decisionmaking process, which identified five potential sites for low-level waste disposal. Finally, the committee offers a chapter highlighting the lessons in siting low-level radioactive waste facilities that can be learned from New York State's experience.
