The International Tin Cartel

Author : John Hillman
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 915 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2010-02-25
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781135151317

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The International Tin Cartel by John Hillman Pdf

For most of the twentieth century, tin was the site of new forms of international regulation which became a model for other commodities. The onset of the depression of the 1930s saw a collapse in commodity prices, and governments of tin producing countries decided to form a cartel to return the industry to comparative prosperity. This is a detailed study of how the tin industry found itself in difficulty and how the cartel developed its policies of control over production and stocks, together with its enduring legacy after World War II. This study of a cartel brings together two levels of analysis that are normally kept separate; international cooperation, and national organization, and demonstrates how each affected the other. It is based on a comprehensive review of a wide range of archival sources which are sufficiently rich and frank that they provide an insider’s sense of how a cartel actually worked.

Author : John Hillman
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 497 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2010-02-25
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781135151324

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The International Tin Cartel by John Hillman Pdf

This book brings together two areas of inquiry, the history of tin and its role in producing countries and the history of cartelization as a solution to the inherent difficulties of primary commodity markets.

Author : United States. Federal Trade Commission
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 1948
Category : Cartels
ISBN : MINN:30000010576092

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Report on International Steel Cartels by United States. Federal Trade Commission Pdf

Author : Elina Kuorelahti
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 151 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2020-12-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000338522

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The Political Economy of International Commodity Cartels by Elina Kuorelahti Pdf

The Political Economy of International Commodity Cartels examines how international commodity cartels in the 1930s were impacted not only by commercial rivalry, but also by international trade political and diplomatic concerns. This work presents the rise and decline of the European Timber Exporters’ Convention (ETEC) and analyses how firms navigated through the cartel game under increasing international competition, pressures from the national governments, and the interventionist endeavours of the League of Nations. Cartels are often associated with, in the standard economic interpretation, business collusion. However, in using vast archive sources and historical methodology, the chapters in this book shed light onto how international relations shaped cartels. The rise of British protectionism, the emergence of the Soviet Union as an industrial power, and the economic rapprochement of the League of Nations in the early 1930s created a wave of political and diplomatic challenges in the timber trading countries and affected cartelisation. Timber firms in the biggest producer countries—Finland and Sweden—were uninterested in international cartel collaboration, but under pressure joined the ETEC nevertheless. This book makes a strong contribution to the fields of business history and cartel studies. It is an essential read for economic historians interested in how political pressure shaped international cartels and how cartels became avenues of diplomacy.

Author : Marco Bertilorenzi
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2015-09-16
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317804840

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The International Aluminium Cartel by Marco Bertilorenzi Pdf

Aluminium was one of most cartelised industries in the international economic panorama of the 20th century. Born following the discovery of electrolytic smelting process in 1886, this industry, even in its infancy, established a cartel which characterised its history until nearly 1980. Managers of the aluminium industry from various historical eras and countries shared the same vision about the development of their industry: to keep prices as stable as possible in order to encourage expansions and to provide return on investments. Price instability, which characterised the trade of other commodities, was unknown to the aluminium industry. This book neither argues that cartels are fundamentally evil, nor attempts to demonstrate that cartels are optimal business organisations. It instead provides an in-depth and frank analysis of the internal working of industrial organisations and of the interplay between cartels and political powers and institutions. The International Aluminium Cartel offers explanations for the construction and collapse of cartels, descriptions of their operations, and an historical interpretation of their experiences. Incorporating information gleaned from a unique collection of private and public archives from several countries, this unique study will appeal to a wide variety of readers, including academics interested in industrial and business history.

Author : Mats Ingulstad,Andrew Perchard,Espen Storli
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2014-09-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317816102

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Tin and Global Capitalism, 1850-2000 by Mats Ingulstad,Andrew Perchard,Espen Storli Pdf

For most of the twentieth century tin was fundamental for both warfare and welfare. The importance of tin is most powerfully represented by the tin can - an invention which created a revolution in food preservation and helped feed both the armies of the great powers and the masses of the new urban society. The trouble with tin was that economically viable deposits of the metal could only be found in a few regions of the world, predominantly in the southern hemisphere, while the main centers of consumption were in the industrialized north. The tin trade was therefore a highly politically charged economy in which states and private enterprise competed and cooperated to assert control over deposits, smelters and markets. Tin provides a particularly telling illustration of how the interactions of business and governments shape the evolution of the global economic trade; the tin industry has experienced extensive state intervention during times of war, encompasses intense competition and cartelization, and has seen industry centers both thrive and fail in the wake of decolonization. The history of the international tin industry reveals the complex interactions and interdependencies between local actors and international networks, decolonization and globalization, as well as government foreign policies and entrepreneurial tactics. By highlighting the global struggles for control and the constantly shifting economic, geographical and political constellations within one specific industry, this collection of essays brings the state back into business history, and the firm into the history of international relations.

Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 20 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1976
Category : International Tin Agreement
ISBN : STANFORD:36105211309443

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Fifth International Tin Agreement by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations Pdf

Author : Corwin D. Edwards
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 94 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 1946
Category : Trusts, Industrial
ISBN : IND:30000090953898

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Economic and Political Aspects of International Cartels by Corwin D. Edwards Pdf

Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Military Affairs
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 1944
Category : Electronic
ISBN : STANFORD:36105119629272

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Economic and Political Aspects of International Cartels. A Study Made for the Subcommittee on War Mobilization ..., Pursuant to S.Res. 107 ... by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Military Affairs Pdf

Author : Mark S. LeClair
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 198 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2016-07-08
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781315500881

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International Commodity Markets and the Role of Cartels by Mark S. LeClair Pdf

The phenomenon of collusive international agreements (cartels) became widespread in the 1930s. At that time, attempts to control production and prices were mainly the prerogative of multinational firms operating in the developing (then colonized) world. The "modern era" of cartels began in the 1960s, when the governments of developing nations began to participate in commodity agreements to achieve increases and stability in the world price of their commodities. This book is principally concerned with the modern era of cartels. It goes beyond the singular example of petroleum and OPEC to examine the structure of international commodity markets for bauxite (aluminum ore), cocoa, coffee, rubber, sugar, and tin, and the conditions that led to the formation of cartels in those markets during the latter half of the twentieth century. Specifically, the work focuses on four major aspects of international commodity markets: patterns of production and consumption; economic dislocations to both importers and exporters due to price fluctuations; the formation of cartels as a solution to weak and variable commodity prices; and the likely effects arising from tightening raw material markets. The book concludes with a detailed examination of what the future holds for each of the cartels, and what role technology, 24-hour market trading, and decreasing foreign direct investment in producing countries will have on the management of commodity markets.

Author : Martin Shanahan,Susanna Fellman
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 235 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2022-07-05
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781000606164

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A History of Business Cartels by Martin Shanahan,Susanna Fellman Pdf

International cartels are powerful organizations that impact our everyday lives, although they are little known. This book presents 15 historical case studies of international cartels that include agricultural and mineral commodities, the machinery industry, telephone equipment, whiskey and cement. These cases reveal that international cartels manipulated prices and shared markets over many decades but that their real impact was far wider. The global convergence towards criminalizing serious cartel conduct has seen a revival in historical research on cartels and competition policy. The regulation of anti-competitive behaviour has changed over time. To understand why the US, European and other modern economies altered their policies through the 20th century, it is critical to understand when, how and why governments have interacted with, and been influenced by, business organizations such as cartels. This volume draws together researchers from different nations to examine the impact of international cartels on the experience of individual nations, those nations’ interactions with one or more international cartels, and ultimately the interactions of individual nations with the wider international community. This book will be of interest to researchers, academics and advanced students in the fields of business and economic history, political economy, and government policy, as well as those interested in cartels and their impact on the wider economy.

Author : Jamie Martin
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 353 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2022-06-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780674275775

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The Meddlers by Jamie Martin Pdf

“The Meddlers is an eye-opening, essential new history that places our international financial institutions in the transition from a world defined by empire to one of nation states enmeshed in the world economy.” —Adam Tooze, Columbia University A pioneering history traces the origins of global economic governance—and the political conflicts it generates—to the aftermath of World War I. International economic institutions like the International Monetary Fund and World Bank exert incredible influence over the domestic policies of many states. These institutions date from the end of World War II and amassed power during the neoliberal era of the late twentieth century. But as Jamie Martin shows, if we want to understand their deeper origins and the ideas and dynamics that shaped their controversial powers, we must turn back to the explosive political struggles that attended the birth of global economic governance in the early twentieth century. The Meddlers tells the story of the first international institutions to govern the world economy, including the League of Nations and Bank for International Settlements, created after World War I. These institutions endowed civil servants, bankers, and colonial authorities from Europe and the United States with extraordinary powers: to enforce austerity, coordinate the policies of independent central banks, oversee development programs, and regulate commodity prices. In a highly unequal world, they faced a new political challenge: was it possible to reach into sovereign states and empires to intervene in domestic economic policies without generating a backlash? Martin follows the intense political conflicts provoked by the earliest international efforts to govern capitalism—from Weimar Germany to the Balkans, Nationalist China to colonial Malaya, and the Chilean desert to Wall Street. The Meddlers shows how the fraught problems of sovereignty and democracy posed by institutions like the IMF are not unique to late twentieth-century globalization, but instead first emerged during an earlier period of imperial competition, world war, and economic crisis.

Author : Christopher Harding,Julian Joshua
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Law
ISBN : 0199242445

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Regulating Cartels in Europe by Christopher Harding,Julian Joshua Pdf

One of the most contentious and high-profile aspects of European Community competition law and policy has been the regulation of what may be described as serious antitrust violations, typically involving large and powerful corporate producers and traders operating across Europe, if not also in awider international context. Such 'hard core' cartels characteristically engage in practices such as price fixing, bid rigging, market sharing and limiting production in order to ensure 'market stability' and maintain and increase profits. There is little doubt now in terms of competition theory andpolicy at both international and national levels about the damaging effect of such trading practices on public and consumer interests, and such cartels have been increasingly strongly condemned in the legal process of regulating and protecting competition. Indeed, a number of legal systems are nowfollowing the American lead in criminalizing such activity. This may therefore be seen as the 'hard end' of the enforcement of competition policy, requiring more confrontational and aggressive methods of regulation, yet also presenting considerable challenges to effective enforcement on account ofthe economic power, sophistication and determination of the typical participants in such cartels.The focus of this study is a critical evaluation of the way in which European-level regulation has evolved to deal with the problem of anti-competitive cartels. It traces the historical development of cartel regulation in Europe, comparing the pragmatic and empirical approach traditional in Europewith the more dogmatic and uncompromising American policy on cartels and asks whether a fully-fledged criminal proceeding (with its attendant level of legal safeguards) is the most appropriate approach to legal regulation .

Author : United States Tariff Commission
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 26 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 1946
Category : Bolivia
ISBN : UIUC:30112061788649

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Economic Controls and Commercial Policy in Bolivia ... by United States Tariff Commission Pdf

Author : United States Tariff Commission
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 828 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 1946
Category : Foreign exchange
ISBN : UCAL:B4794105

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Economic Controls and Commercial Policy in [Latin America]. by United States Tariff Commission Pdf