The Middle Class And The Development Process

Author : Andrés Solimano
Publisher : UN
Page : 58 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2008
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : OSU:32435078630043

Get Book

The Middle Class and the Development Process by Andrés Solimano Pdf

Stable, higher income democracies often gave both a strong middle class and relatively low levels of inequality. Lower and middle income countries with highly unequal patterns of income distribution and stratified social structures often have a weak middle class, more social conflict and a tendency to populist and/or authoritarian politics. This publication investigates, for a sample of more than 120 countries, some empirical correlations between the size of a middle class and the following set of variables: the level (mean) of per capita income and wealth, the degree if inequality (Gini coefficients) of per capita income and wealth, the level and composition of public expenditure, the share of small and medium size enterprises in employment and output and an indicator of democracy.

Author : William Easterly
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Capital humano
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

Get Book

The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development by William Easterly Pdf

A higher share of income for the middle class and lower ethnic polarization are empirically associated with higher income, higher growth, more education, better health, better infrastructure, better economic policies, less political instability, less civil war (putting ethnic minorities at risk), more social "modernization," and more democracy.

Author : Nancey Green Leigh
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2017-09-04
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781351488105

Get Book

Stemming Middle-Class Decline by Nancey Green Leigh Pdf

Are Americans as well-off as they used to be? The answer affects everything from product markets and housing sales to social tranquility and presidential (and local) elections. This volume examines what is happening to the American middle class. In a detailed and comprehensive analysis, Nancey Green Leigh tracks changes in the pattern of income distribution over a twenty-year period. While earnings have increased, there is a widening gap between what middle-level earnings can purchase and the cost of a middle standard of living.Due to the fact that this decline has not been experienced equally in all regions, separate analyses are reported for urban and rural locations, major census regions, and the largest states. To identify which workers have been most affected, Leigh compares earning trends by race, gender, educational level, industry of employment, part- or full-time status, and fringe benefit recipiency. Rejecting short-term and demographic explanations, Leigh links the decline of the middle class to economic change and industrial restructuring.Leigh concludes her work by examining planning and policy prescriptions to improve the prospects of members - and aspiring members - of the middle economic class. She documents the decreasing ability of middle-level earners to purchase a middle standard of living and attributes the decline in part to failures in planning. Failures of planning, she observes, have contributed to the growing divergence between middle-level earnings and the middle standard of living. Stemming Middle-Class Decline provides comprehensive data and trends on workers, communities, regions, and the nation that all policymakers and government officials should read and examine with care.

Author : Nancey Green Leigh
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Income distribution
ISBN : LCCN:2012017240

Get Book

Stemming Middle-class Decline by Nancey Green Leigh Pdf

Author : Jim Tankersley
Publisher : PublicAffairs
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2020-08-11
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781541767843

Get Book

The Riches of This Land by Jim Tankersley Pdf

A vivid character-driven narrative, fused with important new economic and political reporting and research, that busts the myths about middle class decline and points the way to its revival. For over a decade, Jim Tankersley has been on a journey to understand what the hell happened to the world's greatest middle-class success story -- the post-World-War-II boom that faded into decades of stagnation and frustration for American workers. In The Riches of This Land, Tankersley fuses the story of forgotten Americans-- struggling women and men who he met on his journey into the travails of the middle class-- with important new economic and political research, providing fresh understanding how to create a more widespread prosperity. He begins by unraveling the real mystery of the American economy since the 1970s - not where did the jobs go, but why haven't new and better ones been created to replace them. His analysis begins with the revelation that women and minorities played a far more crucial role in building the post-war middle class than today's politicians typically acknowledge, and policies that have done nothing to address the structural shifts of the American economy have enabled a privileged few to capture nearly all the benefits of America's growing prosperity. Meanwhile, the "angry white men of Ohio" have been sold by Trump and his ilk a theory of the economy that is dangerously backward, one that pits them against immigrants, minorities, and women who should be their allies. At the culmination of his journey, Tankersley lays out specific policy prescriptions and social undertakings that can begin moving the needle in the effort to make new and better jobs appear. By fostering an economy that opens new pathways for all workers to reach their full potential -- men and women, immigrant or native-born, regardless of race -- America can once again restore the upward flow of talent that can power growth and prosperity.

Author : Jean-Louis Rocca
Publisher : Springer
Page : 281 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2016-11-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781137393395

Get Book

The Making of the Chinese Middle Class by Jean-Louis Rocca Pdf

This book analyses the making of the Chinese middle class that started in the 1990s using a constructivist approach. With the development of the Chinese economy, a new group of middle wage earners appeared. Chinese social scientists and state institutions promoted the idea that China needs a middle class to achieve modernization. Middle class members are defined—and define themselves—as good consumers, educated people, politically engaged but reasonable citizens. As such, the making of the middle class is the result of three convergent phenomena: an attempt to define the middle class, a process of civilization, and the development of protest movements. The making of the Chinese middle class, Rocca argues, is a way to end the stalemate that modern Chinese society is facing, in particular the necessity to democratize without introducing an election system.

Author : Dale L. Johnson
Publisher : SAGE Publications, Incorporated
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 1982-08
Category : Social Science
ISBN : STANFORD:36105037447369

Get Book

Class and Social Development by Dale L. Johnson Pdf

The essays in this volume expound a new theoretical perspective on the formation and function of the middle class. Drawing on currents within Marxism, particularly Marxist structuralism, the essays first re-examine the basic tenets of class structure theory, then develop their own approach and methodology. This approach is then applied to the study of the North American intermediate class. Why is it sometimes liberal and progressive, sometimes a social basis for right-wing reaction? `...specialists in Marxist class theory will find it covers most recent developments in analysis and is constructively self-critical.' -- Reviewing Sociology, Vol 3, Issue 3, 1984

Author : David S. Parker,Louise E. Walker
Publisher : Lexington Books
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-21
Category : History
ISBN : 9780739168493

Get Book

Latin America's Middle Class by David S. Parker,Louise E. Walker Pdf

Designed for classroom use and nonspecialist readers, this collection brings together some of the most influential texts ever written about Latin America’s middle class.

Author : William Easterly
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 41 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290704891

Get Book

The Middle Class Consensus and Economic Development by William Easterly Pdf

A higher share of income for the middle class and lower ethnic polarization are empirically associated with higher income, higher growth, more education, better health, better infrastructure, better economic policies, less political instability, less civil war (putting ethnic minorities at risk), more social modernization, and more democracy. Modern political economy stresses society's polarization as a determinant of development outcomes. Among the most common forms of social conflict are class polarization and ethnic polarization.A middle class consensus is defined as a high share of income for the middle class and a low degree of ethnic polarization. A middle class consensus distinguishes development successes from failures. A theoretical model shows how groups - distinguished by class or ethnicity - will under-invest in human capital and infrastructure when there is leakage to another group.Easterly links the existence of a middle class consensus to exogenous country characteristics such as resource endowments, along the lines of the provocative thesis of Engerman and Sokoloff 1997 that tropical commodity exporters are more unequal than other societies.Easterly confirms this hypothesis with cross-country data. This makes it possible to use resource endowments as instruments for inequality. A higher share of income for the middle class and lower ethnic polarization are empirically associated with higher income, higher growth, more education, better health, better infrastructure, better economic policies, less political instability, less civil war (putting ethnic minorities at risk), more social modernization, and more democracy.This paper - a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the determinants of growth.

Author : Mthuli Ncube,Charles Leyeka Lufumpa
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 255 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2014-10-10
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781317634539

Get Book

The Emerging Middle Class in Africa by Mthuli Ncube,Charles Leyeka Lufumpa Pdf

The emergence of the African middle class as a driver of Africa’s economic growth stands out as an important milestone in Africa’s contemporary economic history. This growth, though uneven, is a source of hope for Africa, but also a signal to the rest of the world on the prospects for economic recovery and renewal, particularly because it has been steady despite the global downturn. The Emerging Middle Class in Africa analyses specific aspects of the lives of the middle class in Africa. It looks at how people become and remain in the middle class through a series of thematic chapters. It examines how behaviour changes in the process, in terms of consumption patterns and spending on health and education. A further dimension of this analysis is how class impacts on gender relations and whether women are able to reap the same benefits of social advancement available to men. Africa is a continent of such scale and diversity that experiences across countries vary widely. The book thus captures the common patterns across the continent. This text is primarily aimed at Africanist researchers, policy makers, development practitioners, and bilateral and multilateral institutions, as well as students of African studies, political science, political economy, development studies, and development economics.

Author : Peter Temin
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2018-03-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780262535298

Get Book

The Vanishing Middle Class, new epilogue by Peter Temin Pdf

Why the United States has developed an economy divided between rich and poor and how racism helped bring this about. The United States is becoming a nation of rich and poor, with few families in the middle. In this book, MIT economist Peter Temin offers an illuminating way to look at the vanishing middle class. Temin argues that American history and politics, particularly slavery and its aftermath, play an important part in the widening gap between rich and poor. Temin employs a well-known, simple model of a dual economy to examine the dynamics of the rich/poor divide in America, and outlines ways to work toward greater equality so that America will no longer have one economy for the rich and one for the poor. Many poorer Americans live in conditions resembling those of a developing country—substandard education, dilapidated housing, and few stable employment opportunities. And although almost half of black Americans are poor, most poor people are not black. Conservative white politicians still appeal to the racism of poor white voters to get support for policies that harm low-income people as a whole, casting recipients of social programs as the Other—black, Latino, not like "us." Politicians also use mass incarceration as a tool to keep black and Latino Americans from participating fully in society. Money goes to a vast entrenched prison system rather than to education. In the dual justice system, the rich pay fines and the poor go to jail.

Author : Hainan Su,Hong Wang,Fenglin Chang
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 347 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2023-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789811950995

Get Book

The Rise of the Middle Class in Contemporary China by Hainan Su,Hong Wang,Fenglin Chang Pdf

This book portrays the middle class in contemporary China with plain language and precise professional knowledge in an all-round, broad and responsible way from the perspectives of income, property, profession, education, consumption, investment, physiological and behavioral characteristics, history and development. It gives, in a logical order, the reasons for stimulating the rise of the middle class in contemporary China. It emphatically describes what the middle class is and what the middle class in contemporary China looks like. It also analyzes whether the middle class can rise in China and sheds light on the basic thinking, medium and long-term goals, main measures and current work priorities for achieving full rise of the middle class in contemporary China. As China becomes the world's largest economy, the new middle class will be the Chinese people facing the world; as such, this book will be of interest to sociologists, sinologists, political scientists, and economists.

Author : James Petras,Henry Veltmeyer,Humberto Márquez
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2016-05-13
Category : History
ISBN : 9781317118428

Get Book

Imperialism and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century by James Petras,Henry Veltmeyer,Humberto Márquez Pdf

We live in a time of dynamic, but generally regressive regime change-a period in which major political transformations and a rollback of a half-century of legislation are accelerated under conditions of a prolonged and deepening economic crisis and a worldwide offensive against the citizenry and the working class. Written by two of the world’s leading left-wing thinkers, Imperialism and Capitalism in the Twenty-First Century takes the form of a number of analytical probes into some of the dynamics of capitalist development and imperialism in contemporary conditions of a system in crisis. It is too early to be definitive about the form that capitalism and imperialism -and socialism-might be or is taking, as we are in but the early stages of a new developmental dynamic, the conditions of which are too complex to anticipate or grasp in thought; they require a closer look and much further study from a critical development and Marxist perspective. The purpose of this book is to advance this process and give some form to this perspective.

Author : Joshua Rosett
Publisher : Legare Street Press
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2023-07-18
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1020818794

Get Book

The Middle Class by Joshua Rosett Pdf

An incisive and thought-provoking study of the development and social significance of the middle class in modern society. Rosett draws on a wide range of historical and sociological sources to explore the cultural, economic, and political factors that have shaped the middle class, and offers a nuanced analysis of its current state and future prospects. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Author : Francisco H. G. Ferreira,Julian Messina,Jamele Rigolini,Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva,Maria Ana Lugo,Renos Vakis,Luis Felipe Ló,pez-Calva
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 203 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2012-11-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821397237

Get Book

Economic Mobility and the Rise of the Latin American Middle Class by Francisco H. G. Ferreira,Julian Messina,Jamele Rigolini,Luis-Felipe Lopez-Calva,Maria Ana Lugo,Renos Vakis,Luis Felipe Ló,pez-Calva Pdf

After decades of stagnation, the size of Latin America's middle class recently expanded to the point where, for the first time ever, the number of people in poverty is equal to the size of the middle class. This volume investigates the nature, determinants and possible consequences of this remarkable process of social transformation. We propose an original definition of the middle class, tailor-made for Latin America, centered on the concept of economic security and thus a low probability of falling into poverty. Given our definition of the middle class, there are four, not three, classes in Latin America. Sandwiched between the poor and the middle class there lies a large group of people who appear to make ends meet well enough, but do not enjoy the economic security that would be required for membership of the middle class. We call this group the 'vulnerable'. In an almost mechanical sense, these transformations in Latin America reflect both economic growth and declining inequality in over the period. We adopt a measure of mobility that decomposes the 'gainers' and 'losers' in society by social class of each household. The continent has experienced a large amount of churning over the last 15 years, at least 43% of all Latin Americans changed social classes between the mid 1990s and the end of the 2000s. Despite the upward mobility trend, intergenerational mobility, a better proxy for inequality of opportunity, remains stagnant. Educational achievement and attainment remain to be strongly dependent upon parental education levels. Despite the recent growth in pro-poor programs, the middle class has benefited disproportionally from social security transfers and are increasingly opting out from government services. Central to the region's prospects of continued progress will be its ability to harness the new middle class into a new, more inclusive social contract, where the better-off pay their fair share of taxes, and demand improved public services.