The Optimal Dose

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The Optimal Dose

Author : MD Judson Somerville
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2018-10-24
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 1732655006

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The Optimal Dose by MD Judson Somerville Pdf

This amazing book Dr. Somerville describes how Vitamin D3 at optimal dosing saved his life and made a tremendous din thousands of patients he was treating at the time. He explains how the current and past research on vitamin D3 was done at doses to low to actually show the full effects it has on our bodies and the effects it has at optimal doses.

How Not to Die with True High-Dose Vitamin D Therapy

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Independently Published
Page : 362 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2018-07-08
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1983353248

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How Not to Die with True High-Dose Vitamin D Therapy by Anonim Pdf

Can Vitamin D kill you? Did you know the highest Vitamin D recommended daily allowance (RDA) is only 800 IU?What if you were told to take 50,000 IU, 100,000 IU or even 200,000 IU?Do you think it would be possible to do this safely?Most Doctors believe vitamin D levels shouldn't be above 100 ng/mL. What if your blood work said 2000 ng/mL, 3000 ng/mL or even more? Would you panic?Welcome to the world of true high-dose vitamin D therapy. A therapy taking the Portuguese speaking world by storm and helping people with diseases as serious as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, among many other autoimmune diseases, with 95% success.In addition, the risk of myocardial infarction lowers by 50% between those subjected to an angiography. The risk of colon cancer can drop up to 80% and the risk of breast cancer up to 83% -- imagine! Millions of men and women could still be alive if only they had known about vitamin D in advance. Nevertheless, more than 1 billion people have insufficient vitamin D levels. Are you one of them?What if you knew how to uncover the exact dose your body needs and how to supplement this dose safely?Imagine how things could be different for you.In this book we explore in detail the protocols of Dr. Cícero Coimbra and physicians like Dr. Manuel Pinto Coelho. Names mostly unknown to the english speaking world who are revolutionizing medical treatment protocols.You will learn everything you need to master, step by step, in a practical guide written in a clear language. Through many simple illustrations and easy-to-understand diagrams you will effortlessly learn: How Vitamin D heals. The real dangers of true high-dose therapy. How to avoid these dangers. What laboratory tests must be done regularly. How to interpret the results of these tests and guarantee any side effects are kept at bay while you reap the benefits. What supplements to take. How each of these supplements relates to vitamin D. Also, a simplified version of the protocols is provided to youYou will know exactly the why behind each recommendation. Think about it. This means there will be no space for analysis-paralysis and that makes all the difference. Moreover, each key statement comes accompanied by references to recent clinical studies from scientifically accredited sources. Nothing of importance is left unexplained or without a reference.Seeing how everything fits together in a logical manner, you will be ready to share this life saving information with others, including your doctor.You will get clear, scientifically validated answers, to each of the key questions: How can I know my body is getting its optimal vitamin D dose? How can I keep myself safe while taking this dosage? How can I be sure true high-dose vitamin D therapy actually works? What is the relationship between vitamin D and vitamin K2? How many types of Vitamin K2 there are and how should I supplement them? All these secrets from the Portuguese and Brazilian protocols are finally answered in a simple and direct way in a single book in the english language. A book designed to help you understand everything you need to know from the very first day.This practical guide is built upon more than 300 references, providing detailed information on depression, autism, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, autoimmune diseases, fibromyalgia and chronic pain, cardiovascular diseases, among other health problems.Unravel the mysteries of vitamin D and vitamin K2 and reap the benefits of true high-dose therapy while keeping yourself safe.

Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence

Author : World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse,World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
Page : 133 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789241547543

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Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence by World Health Organization. Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse,World Health Organization Pdf

"These guidelines were produced by the World Health Organization (WHO), Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, in collaboration with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) a Guidelines Development Group of technical experts, and in consultation with the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) secretariat and other WHO departments. WHO also wishes to acknowledge the financial contribution of UNODC and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to this project. " - p. iv

Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance

Author : Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Military Nutrition Research
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 172 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2002-01-07
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309082587

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Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance by Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Committee on Military Nutrition Research Pdf

This report from the Committee on Military Nutrition Research reviews the history of caffeine usage, the metabolism of caffeine, and its physiological effects. The effects of caffeine on physical performance, cognitive function and alertness, and alleviation of sleep deprivation impairments are discussed in light of recent scientific literature. The impact of caffeine consumption on various aspects of health, including cardiovascular disease, reproduction, bone mineral density, and fluid homeostasis are reviewed. The behavioral effects of caffeine are also discussed, including the effect of caffeine on reaction to stress, withdrawal effects, and detrimental effects of high intakes. The amounts of caffeine found to enhance vigilance and reaction time consistently are reviewed and recommendations are made with respect to amounts of caffeine appropriate for maintaining alertness of military personnel during field operations. Recommendations are also provided on the need for appropriate labeling of caffeine-containing supplements, and education of military personnel on the use of these supplements. A brief review of some alternatives to caffeine is also provided.

Canadian Immunization Guide

Author : Canada. Comité consultatif national de l'immunisation,Canada. National Advisory Committee on Immunization
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 392 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Immunization
ISBN : 0660193922

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Canadian Immunization Guide by Canada. Comité consultatif national de l'immunisation,Canada. National Advisory Committee on Immunization Pdf

The seventh edition of the Canadian Immunization Guide was developed by the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI), with the support ofthe Immunization and Respiratory Infections Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, to provide updated information and recommendations on the use of vaccines in Canada. The Public Health Agency of Canada conducted a survey in 2004, which confi rmed that the Canadian Immunization Guide is a very useful and reliable resource of information on immunization.

Dose-Finding Designs for Early-Phase Cancer Clinical Trials

Author : Takashi Daimon,Akihiro Hirakawa,Shigeyuki Matsui
Publisher : Springer
Page : 133 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2019-05-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9784431555858

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Dose-Finding Designs for Early-Phase Cancer Clinical Trials by Takashi Daimon,Akihiro Hirakawa,Shigeyuki Matsui Pdf

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to statistical methods for designing early phase dose-finding clinical trials. It will serve as a textbook or handbook for graduate students and practitioners in biostatistics and clinical investigators who are involved in designing, conducting, monitoring, and analyzing dose-finding trials. The book will also provide an overview of advanced topics and discussions in this field for the benefit of researchers in biostatistics and statistical science. Beginning with backgrounds and fundamental notions on dose finding in early phase clinical trials, the book then provides traditional and recent dose-finding designs of phase I trials for, e.g., cytotoxic agents in oncology, to evaluate toxicity outcome. Included are rule-based and model-based designs, such as 3 + 3 designs, accelerated titration designs, toxicity probability interval designs, continual reassessment method and related designs, and escalation overdose control designs. This book also covers more complex and updated dose-finding designs of phase I-II and I/II trials for cytotoxic agents, and cytostatic agents, focusing on both toxicity and efficacy outcomes, such as designs with covariates and drug combinations, maximum tolerated dose-schedule finding designs, and so on.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

Author : Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients,Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 530 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2000-08-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309069496

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids by Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients,Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds Pdf

This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series of quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is the newest framework for an expanded approach developed by U.S. and Canadian scientists. This book discusses in detail the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids in human physiology and health. For each nutrient the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. Dietary Reference Intakes provides reference intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for different groups based on age and gender, along with a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), designed to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.

Power of Vitamin D

Author : Sarfraz Zaidi, MD
Publisher : Sarfraz Zaidi, MD
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2013-08-29
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9781432748104

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Power of Vitamin D by Sarfraz Zaidi, MD Pdf

Vitamin D is crucial to our health, yet most people are low in this vital vitamin - despite the vitamins they take, the foods they eat, the milk they drink or the sun exposure they receive. In Power of Vitamin D you will learn:?Çó Why we are facing a true Epidemic of Vitamin D deficiency.?Çó The crucial role Vitamin D can play in the Prevention as well as Treatment of various Cancers.?Çó How Vitamin D can help Prevent Diabetes, Coronary Heart Disease, Hypertension and Kidney Disease.?Çó How Vitamin D can Prevent as well as Treat Muscle Aches, Chronic Fatigue, Fibromyalgia, Bone Pains and Osteoporosis.?Çó The vital role of Vitamin D in the normal functioning of the Immune System.?Çó How Vitamin D can Prevent as well as Treat the Common Cold, Tuberculosis, Asthma, Thyroid Diseases, M.S., Lupus and Arthritis.?Çó The essential role of Vitamin D during Pregnancy for Mothers and Babies.?Çó Doctors frequently miss the Diagnosis of Vitamin D deficiency because they often order the wrong test.?Çó The right test to Diagnose Vitamin D deficiency.?Çó The best way to Prevent and Treat Vitamin D deficiency. ?Çó Vitamin D Toxicity and how to Prevent it. ?Çó Not just theoretical knowledge, but detailed, practical information from actual Case Studies.

Model-Assisted Bayesian Designs for Dose Finding and Optimization

Author : Ying Yuan,Ruitao Lin,J. Jack Lee
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 239 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2022-11-11
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780429626838

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Model-Assisted Bayesian Designs for Dose Finding and Optimization by Ying Yuan,Ruitao Lin,J. Jack Lee Pdf

Bayesian adaptive designs provide a critical approach to improve the efficiency and success of drug development that has been embraced by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This is particularly important for early phase trials as they form the basis for the development and success of subsequent phase II and III trials. The objective of this book is to describe the state-of-the-art model-assisted designs to facilitate and accelerate the use of novel adaptive designs for early phase clinical trials. Model-assisted designs possess avant-garde features where superiority meets simplicity. Model-assisted designs enjoy exceptional performance comparable to more complicated model-based adaptive designs, yet their decision rules often can be pre-tabulated and included in the protocol—making implementation as simple as conventional algorithm-based designs. An example is the Bayesian optimal interval (BOIN) design, the first dose-finding design to receive the fit-for-purpose designation from the FDA. This designation underscores the regulatory agency's support of the use of the novel adaptive design to improve drug development. Features Represents the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of model-assisted designs for various types of dose-finding and optimization clinical trials Describes the up-to-date theory and practice for model-assisted designs Presents many practical challenges, issues, and solutions arising from early-phase clinical trials Illustrates with many real trial applications Offers numerous tips and guidance on designing dose finding and optimization trials Provides step-by-step illustrations of using software to design trials Develops a companion website (www.trialdesign.org) to provide freely available, easy-to-use software to assist learning and implementing model-assisted designs Written by internationally recognized research leaders who pioneered model-assisted designs from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, this book shows how model-assisted designs can greatly improve the efficiency and simplify the design, conduct, and optimization of early-phase dose-finding trials. It should therefore be a very useful practical reference for biostatisticians, clinicians working in clinical trials, and drug regulatory professionals, as well as graduate students of biostatistics. Novel model-assisted designs showcase the new KISS principle: Keep it simple and smart!

Textbook of Sports and Exercise Cardiology

Author : Axel Pressler,Josef Niebauer
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 1093 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2020-04-08
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030353742

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Textbook of Sports and Exercise Cardiology by Axel Pressler,Josef Niebauer Pdf

This textbook provides a comprehensive, yet practically orientated overview of classic and novel sports cardiology topics, based on current evidence, guidelines, recommendations and expert experience. Numerous publications have provided guidance to these issues, but it has become increasingly difficult for both students and doctors to obtain a thorough, but practicable overview for optimal clinical care of athletes and patients. This book is intended as an educational work, filling the large gaps that are still present in the current educational guidelines for medical students and cardiology trainees. Textbook of Sports and Exercise Cardiology differs from other sports cardiology books by focusing on clear, practical recommendations based on the latest evidence, primarily targeting those who seek professional background information and education that can easily be transferred into everyday care.

Hemodiafiltration

Author : Claudio Ronco,Bernard Canaud,Pedro Aljama
Publisher : Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
Page : 249 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2007-01-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783805582889

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Hemodiafiltration by Claudio Ronco,Bernard Canaud,Pedro Aljama Pdf

A concise handbook on clinical and technical possibilities The application of hemodiafiltration has been restricted until recently, when a broader clinical application has been made possible due to evidence from large studies and clinical investigations. This book provides an updated review of the evolution, advances and recent results achieved by hemodiafiltration in the clinical arena. The first part is devoted to historical notes and an outline of the evolution of different forms of hemodiafiltration, made possible by technological developments in the fields of membranes, machines and fluids. The next section describes the theoretical rationale for hemodiafiltration, providing a detailed analysis of the involved mass separation processes, the hydraulic properties of the dialyzers, fluid mechanics and crossfiltration in hollow fiber hemodialyzers. An outline of different hemodiafiltration techniques, also reporting peculiar transport mechanisms and related technology, is given next, and a section on the clinical effects of hemodiafiltration concludes this book. Including different technologies, the publication offers a complete overview of the technical and clinical possibilities provided by hemodiafiltration in its widest concept, ranging from the molecular basis to the most practical application. It will be a valuable tool for the implementation of hemodiafiltration in daily practice aimed at beginners and experts, scientists and physicians, students and senior faculty members alike.

Statistical Methods for Dose-Finding Experiments

Author : Sylvie Chevret
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 344 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2006-05-26
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : IND:30000121289189

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Statistical Methods for Dose-Finding Experiments by Sylvie Chevret Pdf

Dose-finding experiments define the safe dosage of a drug in development, in terms of the quantity given to a patient. Statistical methods play a crucial role in identifying optimal dosage. Used appropriately, these methods provide reliable results and reduce trial duration and costs. In practice, however, dose-finding is often done poorly, with widely used conventional methods frequently being unreliable, leading to inaccurate results. However, there have been many advances in recent years, with new statistical techniques being developed and it is important that these new techniques are utilized correctly. Statistical Methods for Dose-Finding Experiments reviews the main statistical approaches for dose-finding in phase I/II clinical trials and presents practical guidance on their correct use. Includes an introductory section, summarizing the essential concepts in dose-finding. Contains a section on algorithm-based approaches, such as the traditional 3+3 design, and a section on model-based approaches, such as the continual reassessment method. Explains fundamental issues, such as how to stop trials early and how to cope with delayed or ordinal outcomes. Discusses in detail the main websites and software used to implement the methods. Features numerous worked examples making use of real data. Statistical Methods for Dose-Finding Experiments is an important collaboration from the leading experts in the area. Primarily aimed at statisticians and clinicians working in clinical trials and medical research, there is also much to benefit graduate students of biostatistics.

The miraculous results of extremely high doses of the sunshine hormone vitamin D3 : my experiment with huge doses of D3, from 25,000 to 50,000 to 100,000 IU, a day over a 1 year period

Author : Jeff T. Bowles
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2013-09-02
Category : Cholecalciferol
ISBN : 1491243821

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The miraculous results of extremely high doses of the sunshine hormone vitamin D3 : my experiment with huge doses of D3, from 25,000 to 50,000 to 100,000 IU, a day over a 1 year period by Jeff T. Bowles Pdf

This updated edition has a fascinating new look at diabetes as an evolved defense to freezing damage in winter gone out of control- Don''t miss it! 144+ Pages of Fact-Packed Science Based Information-But FUN to read- Upon realizing that taking 4,000 IU of Vitamin D3 a day was not enough for me, I decided to embark on a "dangerous" experiment that directly contradicted everything MD''s had told me for years: "DON''T TAKE TOO MUCH VITAMIN D IT IS DANGEROUS!" I started taking 20,000 IU a day-50X times the recommended dose of 400 IU a day. After about 4 months upped the dose to 50,000 IU a day or 150X the old recommended "safe" dose I then boosted it to 100,000 IU a day or 300 x TIMES the old maximum safe dose! What happened over these last 10 months? Did I die? get sick? No! Just the opposite!! High dose Vitamin D3 therapy over the last year- CURED ALL MY CHRONIC CONDITIONS- SOME THAT I''D HAD FOR 20+ YEARS! A painful snapping hip syndrome which I had been suffering from for 23 years and no Dr could help me-It is now 100% gone. No pain and NO SNAPPING!! Yellow fungus infected toenails (under the nail)- I tried everything over 20 years and nothing worked-10 months of high dose Vitamin D3 and they are clear as a bell! 100% cured. A knobby bone spur on my elbow that made me look like Popeye the sailor man-It has now 100% dissolved and my elbow is back to the way it used to be 20 years ago. Painful , clicking, popping, stiff Arthritic shoulders that prevented me from even throwing a ball from home plate past the infield. A condition I''ve had for 15 years. Gone. No more popping snapping or clicking and I can throw the ball twice as far . A ganglion cyst that persisted on my wrist for over 5 years has shrunk from the size of half a golf ball to the size of a pea and now it is rock hard ,painless, and shrinking. A small subcutaneous cyst on my face that had not gone away for 20 years -now gone! AND-Without even trying my weight has dropped by 25 pounds from 204 to 179. This book tells you detailed results of my experiment, dangers to avoid, and also discusses a simple and elegant new theory that suggests how High Dose Vitamin D3 therapy Should help PREVENT OR CURE all the epidemics of disease and health issues that have been plaguing us since the 1980''s when Doctors started warning us to stay out of the sun and always use sunscreen. This has created the huge epidemics we see today of Obesity, Autism, Asthma, and many others! When your Vitamin D3 levels are low, your body gets you to prepare for winter by overeating, slowing you down to conserve energy, and even making you depressed to keep you housebound. Interestingly it is this same drop in Vitamin D3 levels that signals a bear to start hibernating! If your body expects famine-like conditions caused by winter to be likely- it will conserve your critical resources for the future. This leads to what I call the Incomplete Repair Syndrome which in turn causes most of the diseases humans face other than spontaneous gene mutations that cause syndromes and diseases caused exclusively by aging. High D3 can be used to prevent or treat a huge number of diseases MS, asthma, 17 kinds of cancer, lupus, arthritis, heart disease, obesity, depression, Parkinsons+many more... This IS the better mousetrap! Most MD''s get just a basic 4 years in Med School, then work to earn not learn. I''ve researched diseases and aging for 20+ years, with a 10 year stint where I spent 12 hrs/day everyday in the Northwestern Med School''s library just reviewing clinical and scientific studies! I''ve had 3 major papers published; the publishing journal has 5 Nobel Prizes between the editors. And described my papers as extremely exciting and of major importance

Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms

Author : Jerry Battista
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 418 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2019-01-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781351676144

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Introduction to Megavoltage X-Ray Dose Computation Algorithms by Jerry Battista Pdf

Read an exclusive interview with Dr. Jerry Battista here. A critical element of radiation treatment planning for cancer is the accurate prediction and delivery of a tailored radiation dose distribution inside the patient. Megavoltage x-ray beams are aimed at the tumour, while collateral damage to nearby healthy tissue and organs is minimized. The key to optimal treatment therefore lies in adopting a trustworthy three-dimensional (3D) dose computation algorithm, which simulates the passage of both primary and secondary radiation throughout the exposed tissue. Edited by an award-winning university educator and pioneer in the field of voxel-based radiation dose computation, this book explores the physics and mathematics that underlie algorithms encountered in contemporary radiation oncology. It is an invaluable reference for clinical physicists who commission, develop, or test treatment planning software. This book also covers a core topic in the syllabus for educating graduate students and residents entering the field of clinical physics. This book starts with a historical perspective gradually building up to the three most important algorithms used for today’s clinical applications. These algorithms can solve the same general radiation transport problem from three vantages: firstly, applying convolution-superposition principles (i.e. Green’s method); secondly, the stochastic simulation of radiation particle interactions with tissue atoms (i.e. the Monte Carlo method); and thirdly, the deterministic solution of the fundamental equations for radiation fields of x-rays and their secondary particles (i.e. the Boltzmann method). It contains clear, original illustrations of key concepts and quantities thoughout, supplemented by metaphors and analogies to facilitate comprehension and retention of knowledge. Features: Edited by an authority in the field, enhanced with chapter contributions from physicists with clinical experience in the fields of computational dosimetry and dose optimization Contains examples of test phantom results and clinical cases, illustrating pitfalls to avoid in clinical applications to radiation oncology Introduces four-dimensional (4D) dose computation, on-line dose reconstruction, and dose accumulation that accounts for tissue displacements and motion throughout a course of radiation therapy

Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc

Author : Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee of Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients,Panel on Micronutrients
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 804 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2002-07-19
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0309072794

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc by Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board,Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee of Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes,Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients,Panel on Micronutrients Pdf

This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient. Based on the Institute of Medicine's review of the scientific literature regarding dietary micronutrients, recommendations have been formulated regarding vitamins A and K, iron, iodine, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and other potentially beneficial trace elements such as boron to determine the roles, if any, they play in health. The book also: Reviews selected components of food that may influence the bioavailability of these compounds. Develops estimates of dietary intake of these compounds that are compatible with good nutrition throughout the life span and that may decrease risk of chronic disease where data indicate they play a role. Determines Tolerable Upper Intake levels for each nutrient reviewed where adequate scientific data are available in specific population subgroups. Identifies research needed to improve knowledge of the role of these micronutrients in human health. This book will be important to professionals in nutrition research and education.