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The Principle of National Treatment in the GATT by Mattia Melloni Pdf
The analysis of the principle of national treatment in the GATT has shown many weaknesses or flaws over the years. The language used by GATT/WTO panels and the Appellate Body in interpreting the two prongs of it, namely, likeness and protection, lags behind economic reality. This study reveals those flaws or weaknesses and offers a clearer and sounder legal analysis based on economic criteria. Marrying law with economics seems to me to better help the WTO promulgate transparency amongst its Members while offering them legal certainty. Analogies with the law and the reasoning of the investigating authorities in the United States and the European Communities are drawn to support the legal arguments.
The Principle of National Treatment in International Economic Law by Anselm Kamperman Sanders Pdf
The principle of national treatment, or the non-discrimination clause, is a principle that applies across many fields of international economic law. This book offers a unique horizontal examination of the principle as it applies within international tr
Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law by Henrik Horn,Petros C. Mavroidis Pdf
The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement covers international commerce in goods and services including measures that directly affect trade, such as import tariffs and quotas, and almost any type of internal measure with an impact on trade. Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law contributes to the analysis of the texts of World Trade Law in law and economics, reporting work done to identify improvements to the interpretation of the Agreement. It starts with background studies, the first summarizes The Genesis of the GATT, which highlights the negotiating history of the GATT 1947–8; the second introduces the economics of trade agreements. These are followed by two main studies. The first, authored by Bagwell, Staiger and Sykes, discusses legal and economic aspects of the GATT regulation of border policy instruments, such as import tariffs and import quotas. The second, written by Grossman, Horn and Mavroidis, focuses on the core provision for the regulation of domestic policy instruments - the National Treatment principles in Art. III GATT.
Most-favoured-nation Treatment by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Pdf
The publication contains an explanation of Most Favored Nation (MFN) treatment and some of the key issues that arise in its negotiation, particularly the scope and application of MFN treatment to the liberalization and protection of foreign investors in recent treaty practice. The paper provides policy options as regards the traditional application of MFN treatment and identifies reactions by States to the unexpected broad use of MFN treatment, and provides several drafting options, such as specifying or narrowing down the scope of application of MFN treatment to certain types of activities, clarifying the nature of "treatment" under the IIA, clarifying the comparison that an arbitral tribunal needs to undertake as well as a qualification of the comparison "in like circumstances" or excluding its use in investor-State cases.
Author : Peter Van den Bossche Publisher : Cambridge University Press Page : 784 pages File Size : 46,5 Mb Release : 2005-06-10 Category : Law ISBN : 1139445553
The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization by Peter Van den Bossche Pdf
This is primarily a textbook for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students of law. However, practising lawyers and policy-makers who are looking for an introduction to WTO law will also find it invaluable. The book covers both the institutional and substantive law of the WTO. While the treatment of the law is often quite detailed, the main aim of this textbook is to make clear the basic principles and underlying logic of WTO law and the world trading system. Each section contains questions and assignments, to allow students to assess their understanding and develop useful practical skills. At the end of each chapter there is a helpful summary, as well as an exercise on specific, true-to-life international trade problems.
The World Trade Organization by Mitsuo Matsushita,Thomas J. Schoenbaum,Petros C. Mavroidis,Michael Hahn Pdf
This is a comprehensive overview of the law and practice of the World Trade Organization. It begins with the institutional law of the WTO, moving eventually to the consequences of globalization. New chapters on Trade in Agriculture and on Government Procurement and Trade.
Author : Sue Arrowsmith,Robert D. Anderson Publisher : Cambridge University Press Page : 895 pages File Size : 46,8 Mb Release : 2011-04-28 Category : Law ISBN : 9781139501422
The WTO Regime on Government Procurement by Sue Arrowsmith,Robert D. Anderson Pdf
Originally an important but relatively obscure plurilateral instrument, the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) is now becoming a pillar of the WTO system as a result of important developments since the Uruguay Round. This collection examines the issues and challenges that this raises for the GPA, as well as future prospects for addressing government procurement at a multilateral level. Coverage includes issues relating to pending accessions to the GPA, particularly those of developing countries with a large state sector such as China; the revised (provisionally agreed) GPA text of 2006, including provisions on electronic procurement and Special and Differential Treatment for Developing Countries; and procurement provisions in regional trade agreements and their significance for the multilateral system. Attention is also given to emerging issues, especially those concerning environmental, social and SME policy; competition law; and the implications of the recent economic crisis.
Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law by Gene M. Grossman,Henrik Horn,Petros C. Mavroidis Pdf
The primary objective of most trade agreements is to restrain members' use of trade policies for protectionist purposes. But it would be pointless to restrict the application of border instruments without regulating the possible use of domestic policies for protectionist purpose. To this end, most agreements include an obligation for National Treatment (NT) of foreign products. The NT provision in the GATT appears in Art. III, which applies to most government actions that have impact trade. It requires that imported products be treated as favorably by domestic policy as similar, indigenous products. This study offers suggestions based on legal and economic analysis about how this vaguely-formulated provision ought to be interpreted. The study first examines the purposes of Art. III, as it appears from an economic point of view, as well as from its negotiating record. It also examines the case law, arguing that the absence of a coherent methodology implies that it is often unclear whether case law interpretations of the key terms promote the intended objectives of the provision. The study then identifies two alternative approaches that might be used to interpret Art. III, and its interplay with the general exceptions clause in Art. XX GATT. The first approach only requires that the products are in sufficiently close potential or actual competition in the market, in a case where an imported product is given a less favourable treatment than a domestic product. The second approach requires additionally that the importing country has no policy rationale other than protectionism for treating the two products differently. The main difference between the two approaches is that under the former, the protectionism test occurs if/when an Art. XX exception is requested, while the latter approach mandates that the protectionism test should be performed as part of the evaluation of the alleged violation of Art. III. As discussed in the study, the second, and favored, approach provides a more permissive regime for domestic policy instruments.
Advanced Introduction to International Trade Law by Michael J. Trebilcock,Joel Trachtman Pdf
Written by two leading scholars with 60 years of collective experience in the area, this insightful updated second edition provides a clear and concise introduction to the fundamental components of international trade law, presenting the basic structure and principles of this complex area of law, alongside elucidation of specific GATT and WTO legal rules and institutions. Key updates include references to the most recent cases, decisions and treaty negotiation developments, analysis of populist critiques of international trade law and analysis of new areas including digital trade and security exceptions.
National Treatment on Internal Taxation by Sherzod Shadikhodjaev Pdf
This paper examines GATT Article III:2 on national treatment on internal taxation. The fact that as of 1 January 2008, national treatment violations in the goods sector have been challenged in nearly 29% of the WTO complaints points to the great importance of the national treatment principle in the multilateral trading system on the one hand, and temptation of WTO Members to protect domestic production through internal taxes and regulations on the other. Cases involving de facto discrimination against foreign goods will increase in number given the sophistication of governments' protectionist policy. The examination of a claim on a discriminatory internal tax requires a multi-tiered test of several issues including likeness, discriminatory threshold and protective application of the tax measure. This test applies differently depending on what sentence of Article III:2 is at issue. The controversial "aim-and-effect" approach is not relevant to the determination of likeness, but can still be utilized, to some extent, in examining the protective application of the measure concerned. Some discrepancy in the Appellate Body's approach to the subjective intent issue seems to leave some room for referring to government statements in future analyses of protective application. Korea and its FTA partners have affirmed their adherence to GATT Article III. When the FTA parties enter into a dispute over national treatment, a problem as to the jurisdiction of WTO panels over FTA's GATT-plus provisions on national treatment may arise. Irrespective of what dispute settlement forum is resorted to, GATT-plus provisions, as a lex posterior, would prevail over the corresponding provisions of Article III. Another problem is that FTA panels are not legally constrained by WTO jurisprudence. In this regard, it is suggested that FTA panels, wherever possible, follow the WTO interpretations of Article III to secure consistent and predictable application of the national treatment rule.
Focusing on professional negligence, this 5th edition is divided into two parts, with details on General Principles in Part 1, and Part 2 covering Specific Professions, chapter-by-chapter. It contains comprehensive analysis of case law, with footnotes; and also considers the impact of the Human Rights Act and the Civil Procedure Rules
Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law by Henrik Horn,Petros C. Mavroidis Pdf
The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement covers international commerce in goods and services including measures that directly affect trade, such as import tariffs and quotas, and almost any type of internal measure with an impact on trade. Legal and Economic Principles of World Trade Law contributes to the analysis of the texts of World Trade Law in law and economics, reporting work done to identify improvements to the interpretation of the Agreement. It starts with background studies, the first summarizes The Genesis of the GATT, which highlights the negotiating history of the GATT 1947-8; the second introduces the economics of trade agreements. These are followed by two main studies. The first, authored by Bagwell, Staiger and Sykes, discusses legal and economic aspects of the GATT regulation of border policy instruments, such as import tariffs and import quotas. The second, written by Grossman, Horn and Mavroidis, focuses on the core provision for the regulation of domestic policy instruments - the National Treatment principles in Art. III GATT.
Non-Discrimination and the Role of Regulatory Purpose in International Trade and Investment Law by Andrew D. Mitchell,David Heaton,Caroline Henckels Pdf
Central to this book is an analysis of the obligation upon states to ensure non-discrimination in the form of adherence to the principles of national treatment and most-favoured nation treatment. These are critical principles for both international trade law and international investment law, yet the case-law in both fields reveals significant inconsistencies regarding key elements of non-discrimination. Tribunals have invoked ‘regulatory purpose’ to assist in identifying relevant discrimination, but have done so without offering a definition of regulatory purpose and in significantly differing ways. This book explains these inconsistencies and offers a new definition of regulatory purpose.
The Regulation of International Trade, Volume 3 by Petros C. Mavroidis Pdf
A comprehensive analysis of GATS that considers its historical context, the national preferences that shaped it, and a path to a GATS 2.0. The previous two volumes in The Regulation of International Trade analyzed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the first successful agreement to generate multilateral trade liberalization, and the World Trade Organization (WTO), for which the GATT laid the groundwork. In this third volume, Petros Mavroidis turns to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), a WTO treaty that took effect in 1995, and offers a comprehensive analysis that considers the historical context of the GATS, the national preferences that shaped it, and a path to a GATS 2.0.
