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The Treasures of Alexander the Great by Frank Lee Holt Pdf
War, the most profitable economic activity in the ancient world, transferred wealth violently from the vanquished to the victor. Invasions, massacres, confiscations, deportations, the sacking of cities, and the selling of survivors into slavery all redistributed property with epic consequences for kings and commoners alike. The most notable example occurred in the late fourth century BC, when Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire. For all of its savagery, this invasion has generally been heralded as a positive economic event for all concerned. Even those harshly critical of the king today tend to praise his plundering of Persia as a means of liberating the moribund resources of the East. To test that popular interpretation, this book investigates the kinds and quantities of treasure seized by the Macedonian king, from gold and silver to land and slaves. It reveals what became of the king's wealth, and what Alexander's redistribution of these vast resources can tell us about his much-disputed policies and personality.
The Treasures of Alexander the Great by Frank L. Holt Pdf
War, the most profitable economic activity in the ancient world, transferred wealth from the vanquished to the victor. Invasions, sieges, massacres, annexations, and mass deportations all redistributed property with dramatic consequences for kings and commoners alike. No conqueror ever captured more people or property in so short a lifetime than Alexander the Great in the late fourth century BC. For all its savagery, the creation of Alexander's empire has generally been hailed as a positive economic event for all concerned. Even those harshly critical of Alexander today tend to praise his plundering of Persia as a means of liberating the moribund resources of the East. To test this popular interpretation, The Treasures of Alexander the Great investigates the kinds and quantities of treasure seized by the Macedonian king, from gold and silver to land and slaves. It reveals what became of the king's wealth and what Alexander's redistribution of these vast resources can tell us about his much-disputed policies and personality. Though Alexander owed his vast fortune to war, battle also distracted him from competently managing his spoils and much was wasted, embezzled, deliberately destroyed, or idled unprofitably. The Treasures of Alexander the Great provides a long-overdue and accessible account of Alexander's wealth and its enormous impact on the ancient world.
Education Materialised by Stefanie Brinkmann,Giovanni Ciotti,Stefano Valente,Eva Maria Wilden Pdf
Manuscripts have played a crucial role in the educational practices of virtually all cultures that have a history of using them. As learning and teaching tools, manuscripts become primary witnesses for reconstructing and studying didactic and research activities and methodologies from elementary levels to the most advanced. The present volume investigates the relation between manuscripts and educational practices focusing on four particular research topics: educational settings: teachers, students and their manuscripts; organising knowledge: syllabi; exegetical practices: annotations; modifying tradition: adaptations. The volume offers a number of case studies stretching across geophysical boundaries from Western Europe to South-East Asia, with a time span ranging from the second millennium BCE to the twentieth century CE.
Heracles to Alexander the Great by Ashmolean Museum Pdf
Excavations in the late 1970s in the modern village of Vergina revealed spectacular royal tombs. One was identified as belonging to Philip II and others to members of Alexander the Great's family. This book documents these extraordinary finds.
When Alexander the Great died at the age of thirty-two, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea in the west all the way to modern-day India in the east. In an unusual compromise, his two heirs—a mentally damaged half brother, Philip III, and an infant son, Alexander IV, born after his death—were jointly granted the kingship. But six of Alexander’s Macedonian generals, spurred by their own thirst for power and the legend that Alexander bequeathed his rule “to the strongest,” fought to gain supremacy. Perhaps their most fascinating and conniving adversary was Alexander’s former Greek secretary, Eumenes, now a general himself, who would be the determining factor in the precarious fortunes of the royal family. James Romm, professor of classics at Bard College, brings to life the cutthroat competition and the struggle for control of the Greek world’s greatest empire.
Peter Carter & The Seekers - Alexander The Great’s Treasures by Newman Skyles Pdf
Peter and Zainab slowly stood up, desperately trying to catch their breath. He took out the small flashlight that he had hooked on his utility belt and shone it around where he saw torches on the wall everywhere. Peter took out his lighter, took down a torch, and tried to light it. After a few attempts, the torch ignited into a large flame. The entire room lit up. Zainab scurried to get a torch for herself as Peter approached the wall. It was covered with hieroglyphics. The cavern's vastness and the mystery it held fascinated them, igniting their curiosity to uncover more. "We can't forget why we are here. We must find that bastard and kill him and everyone with him." Zainab nodded in agreement.
Around 550 B.C.E. the Persian people—who were previously practically unknown in the annals of history—emerged from their base in southern Iran (Fars) and engaged in a monumental adventure that, under the leadership of Cyrus the Great and his successors, culminated in the creation of an immense Empire that stretched from central Asia to Upper Egypt, from the Indus to the Danube. The Persian (or Achaemenid, named for its reigning dynasty) Empire assimilated an astonishing diversity of lands, peoples, languages, and cultures. This conquest of Near Eastern lands completely altered the history of the world: for the first time, a monolithic State as vast as the future Roman Empire arose, expanded, and matured in the course of more than two centuries (530–330) and endured until the death of Alexander the Great (323), who from a geopolitical perspective was “the last of the Achaemenids.” Even today, the remains of the Empire-the terraces, palaces, reliefs, paintings, and enameled bricks of Pasargadae, Persepolis, and Susa; the impressive royal tombs of Naqsh-i Rustam; the monumental statue of Darius the Great-serve to remind visitors of the power and unprecedented luxury of the Great Kings and their loyal courtiers (the “Faithful Ones”). Though long eclipsed and overshadowed by the towering prestige of the “ancient Orient” and “eternal Greece,” Achaemenid history has emerged into fresh light during the last two decades. Freed from the tattered rags of “Oriental decadence” and “Asiatic stagnation,” research has also benefited from a continually growing number of discoveries that have provided important new evidence-including texts, as well as archaeological, numismatic, and iconographic artifacts. The evidence that this book assembles is voluminous and diverse: the citations of ancient documents and of the archaeological evidence permit the reader to follow the author in his role as a historian who, across space and time, attempts to understand how such an Empire emerged, developed, and faded. Though firmly grounded in the evidence, the author’s discussions do not avoid persistent questions and regularly engages divergent interpretations and alternative hypotheses. This book is without precedent or equivalent, and also offers an exhaustive bibliography and thorough indexes. The French publication of this magisterial work in 1996 was acclaimed in newspapers and literary journals. Now Histoire de l’Empire Perse: De Cyrus a Alexandre is translated in its entirety in a revised edition, with the author himself reviewing the translation, correcting the original edition, and adding new documentation. Pierre Briant, Chaire Histoire et civilisation du monde achémenide et de l’empire d’Alexandre, Collège de France, is a specialist in the history of the Near East during the era of the Persian Empire and the conquests of Alexander. He is the author of numerous books. Peter T. Daniels, the translator, is an independent scholar, editor, and translator who studied at Cornell University and the University of Chicago. He lives and works in New York City.
Few figures in history have left a legacy of such unparalleled achievements as Alexander the Great. This catalogue sheds light on the legend of Alexander the Great and explores the historical and cultural context of this celebrated figure in Greek history. During his reign, Alexander united the warring City States of Greece, conquered the Persian Empire, and expanded the reign of his empire to the borders of India. While the exhibition included depictions of Alexander, it also painted a vivid portrait of Macedonian life through ancient artifacts of the time. Unique to this catalogue is full illustration and commentary on a collection of rare and precious artifacts recently excavated in Vergina from the tomb of an ancient queen known as "The Lady of Aigai". These finds - including gold plates, golden fibulae, an ornate set of matching gold jewelry, and decorations from a dress - attest to the elegant and lavish lifestyle of the ancient Macedonian noblewomen. Contributors to the exhibition catalogue include, in addition to the curator, Frank L. Holt, Professor of History, University of Houston; Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director, 27th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture; Angeliki Kottaridi, Archaeologist, 17th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture; Maria Lilibaki-Akamati, Director, 17th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture; Eleni Trakosopoulou, Director, 16th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture; and Maria Tsimibidou-Avloniti, Archaeologist, 16th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Hellenic Ministry of Culture.
Alexander the Great is a towering figure in world history, but despite our long-held fascination with him, his burial site is unknown. Alexander's Tomb is the epic tale of the ongoing quest to unlock one of the world's great mysteries.
Author : Frank L. Holt Publisher : Univ of California Press Page : 265 pages File Size : 47,7 Mb Release : 2012-10-03 Category : History ISBN : 9780520953758
The so-called first war of the twenty-first century actually began more than 2,300 years ago when Alexander the Great led his army into what is now a sprawling ruin in northern Afghanistan. Frank L. Holt vividly recounts Alexander's invasion of ancient Bactria, situating in a broader historical perspective America's war in Afghanistan.
Alexander the Great by Waldemar Heckel,Lawrence A. Tritle Pdf
Alexander the Great has been studied and reinterpreted in every culture, from the great thinkers of the Hellenistic age to twenty-first century Hollywood. Alexander the Great: A New History offers an innovative treatment of one of history’s most famous figures. Bringing together leading experts in the field, this book combines traditional scholarship with contemporary research to examine a number of intriguing subjects in Alexander studies. The volume explores such diverse topics as Alexander’s religious views, his entourage during his campaign East, his sexuality, the influence of his legacy, and later representations in art and cinema. Reappraisals of the Macedonian army and Macedonian relations with the Greeks complement these new approaches to Alexander’s reign.
"[...]so young a man, and with so small an army, gaining continual victories, as it did, over such vast numbers of foes, and making conquests of such accumulated treasures of wealth and splendor. King Philip. Extent of Macedon. Olympias. The name of Alexander's father was Philip. The kingdom over which he reigned was called[...]".
