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Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima by Thomas Filburn,Stephan Bullard Pdf
This book examines the three most well-known and socially important nuclear accidents. Each of these accidents had significant, yet dramatically different, human and environmental impacts. Unique factors helped shape the overall pattern and scale of each disaster, but a major contributing factor was the different designs used for each reactor. Fukushima was a boiling water reactor (BWR), Chernobyl was a graphite moderated boiling water reactor, and TMI was a pressurized water reactor (PWR). This book traces the history of nuclear power and the development of each reactor type. We examine how GE’s work with a sodium cooled design did not fare well with the US Navy, and led GE to promulgate the BWR design. We explore the Russian atomic bomb program, its use of graphite moderated reactors, and their design modifications to create power production units. We trace the developments in the US that led the US Navy to select the PWR design, and caused the PWR to be used for nearly 2/3 of all US commercial reactors. In sum, the book uses the three major nuclear accidents as a lens to trace the technological history of nuclear energy production and to link these developments with long-term societal and environmental consequences. The book is intended for readers with an interest in nuclear power and nuclear disasters. The detailed and compelling account will appeal to both the expert and the interested lay-person.
How a Nuclear Event in America Will Probably Go Down: What We Learned from Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima by Charles S. Brocato Pdf
The odds are that a major nuclear event will happen in America much sooner than we'd like. We know damage and death are possible, especially near the source, but what can those of us further away expect? How will a nuclear incident, whether it's a terrorist attack or a nuclear plant accident, develop in America?Dr. "B" answers these questions by examining what happened in prior major incidents, such as Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima. As these accidents developed, certain similarities showed up with the response, things like: It's Worse Than You Think, Nobody Knows What's Going On, Rumors Abound, and Workers Mistrust Their Instruments, all the way to the most surprising, Who's In Charge?When the next nuclear plant accident or nuclear incident occurs anywhere in America, look for most of the key points Dr. "B" lays out to be repeated in some form or fashion, no matter what caused the incident. And as you watch the incident evolve, you will have a better idea of whether you should stay or pack up your family and go.
Three Mile Island explains the far-reaching consequences of the partial meltdown of Pennsylvania’s Three Mile Island power plant on March 28, 1979. Though the disaster was ultimately contained, the fears it triggered had an immediate and lasting impact on public attitudes towards nuclear energy in the United States. In this volume, Grace Halden contextualizes the events at Three Mile Island and the ensuing media coverage, offering a gripping portrait of a nation coming to terms with technological advances that inspired both awe and terror. Including a selection of key primary documents, this book offers a fascinating resource for students of the history of science, technology, the environment, and Cold War culture.
“A gripping, suspenseful page-turner” (Kirkus Reviews) with a “fast-paced, detailed narrative that moves like a thriller” (International Business Times), Fukushima teams two leading experts from the Union of Concerned Scientists, David Lochbaum and Edwin Lyman, with award-winning journalist Susan Q. Stranahan to give us the first definitive account of the 2011 disaster that led to the worst nuclear catastrophe since Chernobyl. Four years have passed since the day the world watched in horror as an earthquake large enough to shift the Earth's axis by several inches sent a massive tsunami toward the Japanese coast and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, causing the reactors' safety systems to fail and explosions to reduce concrete and steel buildings to rubble. Even as the consequences of the 2011 disaster continue to exact their terrible price on the people of Japan and on the world, Fukushima addresses the grim questions at the heart of the nuclear debate: could a similar catastrophe happen again, and—most important of all—how can such a crisis be averted?
Chernobyl and Three Mile Island by Charles River Editors Pdf
*Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the accidents by survivors, workers, and residents *Includes bibliographies for further reading Uranium is best known for the destructive power of the atom bombs, which ushered in the nuclear era at the end of World War II, but given the effectiveness of nuclear power, plants like those at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania were constructed to generate energy for Americans during the second half of the 20th century. While nuclear power plants were previously not an option and thus opened the door to new, more efficient, and more affordable forms of energy for domestic consumption, the use of nuclear energy understandably unnerved people living during the Cold War and amidst ongoing nuclear detonations. After all, the damage wrought on Hiroshima and Nagasaki made clear to everyone what nuclear energy was capable of inflicting, and the health problems encountered by people exposed to the radiation also demonstrated the horrific side effects that could come with the use of nuclear weapons or the inability to harness the technology properly. Thus, it seemed that everyone's worst fears were realized on March 28, 1979 when the nuclear plant at Three Mile Island suffered a partial meltdown. Since it occurred years before Russia's Chernobyl disaster took place, the accident, a combination of mechanical and management failures, was at the time the worst civilian nuclear disaster yet, and the predictions of its consequences were dire. Given the release of radioactive material, nearby residents feared for their lives, and the nature of the radioactive contamination meant it would take nearly 15 years and $1 billion to fully clean up after the disaster. Fortunately, the human cost was eventually ruled insignificant, but the scare forced the implementation of new regulations in an effort to ensure the use of nuclear energy was safer. As a result, Three Mile Island, while still well-known among Americans today, remains more of a caution tale than a tragedy. As bad as it was, Three Mile Island paled in comparison to Chernobyl, which to this day remains the most notorious nuclear accident in history. Located in the Ukraine, the Chernobyl power plant was undergoing experiments in the early morning hours of April 26, 1986 when it suffered a series of explosions in one of its nuclear reactors, killing over 30 people at the plant and spread radioactive fallout across a wide swath of the Soviet Union. Although the Soviets would try to cover up just how disastrous the accident at Chernobyl was, it was impossible to hide the full extent of the damage given that radioactive material was affecting Western Europe as well. All told, the accident caused an estimated $18 billion in damages, forced the evacuation of everybody nearby, and continues to produce adverse health effects that are still being felt in the region. As with Three Mile before it, Chernobyl emphatically demonstrated the dangers of nuclear power plants, and it brought about new regulations across the world in an effort to make the use of nuclear energy safer. Meanwhile, scientists and scholars are still studying the effects of the radiation on people exposed to it and continue to come up with estimates of just how deadly Chernobyl will wind up being. Chernobyl and Three Mile Island chronicles the worst nuclear accident in history and the aftermath of the accident. Along with pictures and a bibliography, you will learn about Chernobyl like never before.
CHOSEN AS A BOOK OF THE YEAR BY SUNDAY TIMES AND HISTORY TODAY 'Absolutely stunning. . . a formidable achievement. A six-part historical thriller that is essential reading for both our politicians and the ordinary citizen' Kai Bird Best-selling historian Serhii Plokhy returns with an illuminating exploration of the atomic age through the history of six nuclear disasters In 2011, a 43-foot-high tsunami crashed into a nuclear power plant in Fukushima, Japan. In the following days, explosions would rip buildings apart, three reactors would go into nuclear meltdown, and the surrounding area would be swamped in radioactive water. It is now considered one of the costliest nuclear disasters ever. But Fukushima was not the first, and it was not the worst. . . In Atoms and Ashes, acclaimed historian Serhii Plokhy tells the tale of the six nuclear disasters that shook the world: Bikini Atoll, Kyshtym, Windscale, Three Mile Island, Chernobyl and Fukushima. Based on wide-ranging research and witness testimony, Plokhy traces the arc of each crisis, exploring in depth the confused decision-making on the ground and the panicked responses of governments to contain the crises and often cover up the scale of the catastrophe. As the world increasingly looks to renewable and alternative sources of energy, Plokhy lucidly argues that the atomic risk must be understood in explicit terms, but also that these calamities reveal a fundamental truth about our relationship with nuclear technology: that the thirst for power and energy has always trumped safety and the cost for future generations.
The Meltdown at Three Mile Island by Susie Derkins Pdf
Presents an overview of how nuclear power plants function, the history of nuclear energy use in the United States, and describes the nuclear accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant in Pennsylvania and the aftermath of that disaster.
Happiness Is a Cool Reactor A Journey in Nuclear Power Influenced by the Three Mile Island Accident Nuclear power has been and continues to be a mystery to many people. This book tells the story of the journey of an average individual who, for over forty years, because of unintentional turns of events, became an active member of the industry and learned to understand and support this challenging but rewarding technology. With global warming and growing demands for energy worldwide, nuclear power plants in conjunction with renewable energy sources is the most promising way to support our future generations. This book describes the fundamental concepts associated with nuclear power in a manner that can be easily understood by the average individual. It puts into perspective the risks from nuclear plant operation while using the 1979 Three Mile Island accident as a backdrop. It also explains the effects from uncontrolled reactor accidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi in a balanced perspective and explains how the industry has learned from these tragic events to become a much safer one. You will learn about the fission process and how it is controlled, as well as how unstable atoms produce radiation and heat in the reactor core. The book describes how this heat continues to be generated even after a reactor is shut down and thus systems are designed to try to keep the core cool at all times, even during accidents. When a reactor cannot be kept cool, then emergency plans must be activated that provide measures to provide public protection. This book describes how these plans work and are regularly tested. You will also learn about radiation exposure controls that have improved over time and how you can calculate how much exposure to radiation that you personally receive on an annual basis.
Mental Health and Social Issues Following a Nuclear Accident by Jun Shigemura,Rethy Kieth Chhem Pdf
This book focuses on mental health issues arising in the wake of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Three years after the 11 March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, tsunamis, and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, roughly 130,000 individuals continue to face enormous burdens as a result of mandatory evacuation. Many evacuees still live in temporary housing, and returning home remains a distant dream as they wait for the decontamination of the danger zone to be completed. However, the plant recovery process is still evolving, and the complete cleanup will take decades. Beyond all of these hardships, many evacuees are also mourning the loss of their loved ones. The compound disaster with its many uncertainties poses and will continue to pose serious emotional and social challenges. People affected by the nuclear disaster have been facing serious psychological challenges from ongoing fear of radiation exposure. Furthermore, there is continuing debate between various stakeholders on the options for disaster responses. This situation in turn produces adverse public responses, such as discrimination and stigmatization of the evacuees and scapegoating of the authorities and nuclear plant workers. Mental Health and Social Issues Following a Nuclear Accident addresses these issues and their impacts, pursuing both evidence-based and narrative-based approaches. It also contrasts the Fukushima findings with those of other nuclear disasters, namely, Three Mile Island and Cher nobyl.
Author : J. Samuel Walker Publisher : Univ of California Press Page : 344 pages File Size : 53,9 Mb Release : 2004-03-22 Category : History ISBN : 0520239407
On March 28, 1979, the worst accident in the history of commercial nuclear power in the United States occurred at Three Mile Island. For five days, the citizens of central Pennsylvania and the entire world, amid growing alarm, followed the efforts of authorities to prevent the crippled plant from spewing dangerous quantities of radiation into the environment. This book is the first comprehensive, moment-by-moment account of the causes, context, and consequences of the Three Mile Island crisis. Walker captures the high human drama surrounding the accident, sets it in the context of the heated debate over nuclear power in the seventies, and analyzes the social, technical, and political issues it raised. He also looks at the aftermath of the accident on the surrounding area, including studies of its long-term health effects on the population.--From publisher description.
Across the globe, devastating disasters have changed the course of history. This title brings the Chernobyl disaster to life with well-researched, clearly written informational text, primary sources with accompanying questions, charts, graphs, diagrams, timelines, and maps, multiple prompts, and more. Explore the tragedies and triumphs of this disaster, how it helped shape the world as we know it, and how what we've learned from it has made the world a safer place. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Core Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO.
Reflections on the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident by Joonhong Ahn,Cathryn Carson,Mikael Jensen,Kohta Juraku,Shinya Nagasaki,Satoru Tanaka Pdf
This book focuses on nuclear engineering education in the post-Fukushima era. It was edited by the organizers of the summer school held in August 2011 in University of California, Berkeley, as part of a collaborative program between the University of Tokyo and UC Berkeley. Motivated by the particular relevance and importance of social-scientific approaches to various crucial aspects of nuclear technology, special emphasis was placed on integrating nuclear science and engineering with social science. The book consists of the lectures given in 2011 summer school and additional chapters that cover developments in the past three years since the accident. It provides an arena for discussions to find and create a renewed platform for engineering practices, and thus nuclear engineering education, which are essential in the post-Fukushima era for nurturing nuclear engineers who need to be both technically competent and trusted in society.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC),International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),Environmental Protection Agency,U. S. Senate,President's Commission on the Accident at TMI,U. S. Government
Author : Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC),International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),Environmental Protection Agency,U. S. Senate,President's Commission on the Accident at TMI,U. S. Government Publisher : Unknown Page : 628 pages File Size : 46,5 Mb Release : 2017-09-02 Category : Electronic ISBN : 1549655272
Complete Guide to the Three Worst Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Fukushima 2011, Three Mile Island 1979, and Chernobyl 1986 - Authoritative Coverage of Radiation Releases and Effects by Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC),International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA),Environmental Protection Agency,U. S. Senate,President's Commission on the Accident at TMI,U. S. Government Pdf
The three major nuclear power plant accidents - Fukushima Daiichi in 2011, Three Mile Island in 1979, and Chernobyl in 1986 - are fully covered in this authoritative collection of official reports.Fukushima Accident: This thorough compilation of official information and documents includes material from International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), U.S. government agencies, and official sources in Japan - providing an authoritative running narrative of the event as it happened hour by hour, plus important and little-known background data. TEPCO's latest roadmap for achieving a cool shutdown of the damaged reactors and dealing with the accident is covered. Expert testimony before the U.S. Senate and material from the NRC discusses the safety of U.S. nuclear facilities in light of the Fukushima accident; there is extensive discussion of the earthquake risk at California power plants, emergency planning for loss of coolant accidents, and preparations for public health impacts. Information from the EPA and FDA deals with the effects of radiation from Fukushima on the environment and food supply of the United States. A unique chapter provides the running account of TEPCO's problems and radiation leaks from the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Station in Niigata Prefecture following a strong earthquake in 2007.Contents: Chapter 1: Roadmap towards Restoration from the Accident at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station; Chapter 2: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Statements on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Through mid-April; Chapter 3: Japan Government Statements and Notices About the Fukushima Nuclear Crisis - including News Briefings by Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA), Chief Cabinet Secretary Edano, and Prime Minister Kan; Chapter 4: CRS Report for Congress - Fukushima Nuclear Crisis; Chapter 5: Nuclear Regulatory Commission Material; Chapter 6: American Government Agencies; Chapter 7: Energy Department Material; Chapter 8: Testimony before the U.S. Senate; Chapter 9: Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) Press Releases Regarding the Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Station after the Niigata-Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake (2007 Incident and Response).TMI: The 1979 nuclear meltdown accident at the Three Mile Island (TMI) plant in Pennsylvania is fully covered in this authoritative collection of official documents with details about the accident and its aftermath, including the immediate and long-term health effects, a full reproduction of the report of the President's Commission on the Accident at TMI, detailed timelines of the accident with technical information on the accident, fuel core meltdown, the evacuations, political reactions, media reports, and public consequences, and much more. Although the TMI-2 plant suffered a severe core meltdown, the most dangerous kind of nuclear power accident, it did not produce the worst-case consequences that reactor experts had long feared. In a worst-case accident, the melting of nuclear fuel would lead to a breach of the walls of the containment building and release massive quantities of radiation to the environment. But this did not occur as a result of the three Mile Island accident.Chernobyl: The 1986 radiation accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station in the Ukraine is fully covered in this authoritative collection of official documents with details about the accident and its aftermath, including the immediate and long-term health consequences, the release of radioactive cesium and iodine, thyroid cancer cases, the containment of the destroyed Unit 4 reactor, American reaction and response, and much more.This is a privately authored news service and educational publication of Progressive Management.
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Disaster by The Independent Investigation on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Pdf
When the Nuclear Safety Commission in Japan reviewed safety-design guidelines for nuclear plants in 1990, the regulatory agency explicitly ruled out the need to consider prolonged AC power loss. In other words, nothing like the catastrophe at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station was possible—no tsunami of 45 feet could swamp a nuclear power station and knock out its emergency systems. No blackout could last for days. No triple meltdown could occur. Nothing like this could ever happen. Until it did—over the course of a week in March 2011. In this volume and in gripping detail, the Independent Investigation Commission on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, a civilian-led group, presents a thorough and powerful account of what happened within hours and days after this nuclear disaster, the second worst in history. It documents the findings of a working group of more than thirty people, including natural scientists and engineers, social scientists and researchers, business people, lawyers, and journalists, who researched this crisis involving multiple simultaneous dangers. They conducted over 300 investigative interviews to collect testimony from relevant individuals. The responsibility of this committee was to act as an external ombudsman, summarizing its conclusions in the form of an original report, published in Japanese in February 2012. This has now been substantially rewritten and revised for this English-language edition. The work reveals the truth behind the tragic saga of the multiple catastrophic accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station.It serves as a valuable and essential historical reference, which will help to inform and guide future nuclear safety and policy in both Japan and internationally.
The Three Mile Island Accident by Charles River Charles River Editors Pdf
*Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the meltdown by officials and local civilians *Includes a bibliography for further reading "On Wednesday, March 28, 1979, 36 seconds after the hour of 4:00 a.m., several water pumps stopped working in the unit 2 nuclear power plant on Three Mile Island, 10 miles southeast of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Thus began the accident at Three Mile Island. In the minutes, hours, and days that followed, a series of events --compounded by equipment failures, inappropriate procedures, and human errors and ignorance -- escalated into the worst crisis yet experienced by the nation's nuclear power industry. The accident focused national and international attention on the nuclear facility at Three Mile Island and raised it to a place of prominence in the minds of hundreds of millions. For the people living in such communities as Royalton, Goldsboro, Middletown, Hummelstown, Hershey, and Harrisburg, the rumors, conflicting official statements, a lack of knowledge about radiation releases, the continuing possibility of mass evacuation, and the fear that a hydrogen bubble trapped inside a nuclear reactor might explode were real and immediate. ... The reality of the accident, the realization that such an accident could actually occur, renewed and deepened the national debate over nuclear safety and the national policy of using nuclear reactors to generate electricity." - Findings in a report by the Presidential Commission established to investigate the accident Uranium is best known for the destructive power of the atom bombs, which ushered in the nuclear era at the end of World War II, but given the effectiveness of nuclear power, plants like those at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania were constructed to generate energy for Americans during the second half of the 20th century. While nuclear power plants were previously not an option and thus opened the door to new, more efficient, and more affordable forms of energy for domestic consumption, the use of nuclear energy understandably unnerved people living during the Cold War and amidst ongoing nuclear detonations. After all, the damage wrought on Hiroshima and Nagasaki made clear to everyone what nuclear energy was capable of inflicting, and the health problems encountered by people exposed to the radiation also demonstrated the horrific side effects that could come with the use of nuclear weapons or the inability to harness the technology properly. Thus, it seemed that everyone's worst fears were realized on March 28, 1979 when the nuclear plant at Three Mile Island suffered a partial meltdown. Since it occurred years before Russia's Chernobyl disaster took place, the accident, a combination of mechanical and management failures, was at the time the worst civilian nuclear disaster yet, and the predictions of its consequences were dire. Given the release of radioactive material, nearby residents feared for their lives, and the nature of the radioactive contamination meant it would take nearly 15 years and $1 billion to fully clean up after the disaster. Fortunately, the human cost was eventually ruled insignificant, but the scare forced the implementation of new regulations in an effort to ensure the use of nuclear energy was safer. As a result, Three Mile Island, while still well-known among Americans today, remains more of a caution tale than a tragedy. The Three Mile Island Accident chronicles the worst nuclear meltdown in American history and the changes made in the aftermath of the accident. Along with pictures and a bibliography, you will learn about Three Mile Island like never before, in no time at all.
