Time And Space Variation Of Density In The Tropics
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Time and Space Variation of Density in the Tropics by Arthur J. Kantor,Allen E. Cole Pdf
A preliminary analysis of the time and space variability of atmospheric density over tropical regions was developed and is presented herein. Emphasis is placed on horizontal distances out to 200 nmi (370 km) and on time periods of from 1 to 12 hr. Estimated rms differences to 200 nmi and the rms variability of density with time are provided for altitudes up to 60 km.
Variability of Atmospheric Density in the Middle Atmosphere by Arthur J. Kantor Pdf
An analysis of the time and space variability of density in the middle atmosphere has been developed in this report, affording a means to determine density changes that occur over distances out to 200 nmi and time periods of 1 to 72 hr. Spatial variations - The rms differences between densities at locations 50, 100, and 200 nmi apart are provided in Tables 4, 8 and 11 for low- and middle- latitude stations at altitudes from 20 through 60 km. These rms values are estimates of the day-to-day variability around the mean density gradients given in Table 5 for low latitudes and Tables 9 and 12 for middle latitudes. Time variations - The rms variability of density for time periods from 1 to 12 hr in tropical regions is given in Table 13 for altitudes up to 60 km. Estimates were derived using autocorrelation theory and an analysis of the diurnal variation of density, which is the dominant periodic cycle at low latitudes. Analyses of available density observations at several midlatitude locations for altitudes between 30 and 60 km provide reasonable estimates of the magnitude (and changes with season and latitude) of the variability of density with time for periods up to 72 hr. Variations of density at these latitudes are relatively small during summer and do not increase significantly with time. Rms variations remain between 1-1/2 and 4 percent for all periods up to 72 hr.
Arthropods are the most diverse group of organisms on our planet and the tropical rainforests represent the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems. This book, written by 79 authors contributing to 35 chapters, aims to provide an overview of data collected during recent studies in Australia, Africa, Asia, and South America. The book focuses on the distribution of arthropods and their use of resources in the rainforest canopies, providing a basis for comparison between the forest ecosystems of the main biogeographical regions. Topics covered include the distribution of arthropods along vertical gradients and the relationship between the soil/litter habitat and the forest canopy. The temporal dynamics of arthropod communities, habitats and food selection are examined within and among tropical tree crowns, as are the effects of forest disturbance. This important book is a valuable addition to the literature used by community ecologists, conservation biologists entomologists, botanists and forestry experts.
Mathematical Models for Neglected Tropical Diseases: Essential Tools for Control and Elimination by Anonim Pdf
First published in 1963, Advances in Parasitology contains comprehensive and up-to-date reviews in all areas of interest in contemporary parasitology. Advances in Parasitology includes medical studies of parasites of major influence, such as Plasmodium falciparum and trypanosomes. The series also contains reviews of more traditional areas, such as zoology, taxonomy, and life history, which shape current thinking and applications. The 2013 impact factor is 4.36. Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field Contributions from leading authorities and industry experts
Tropical Dry Forests in the Americas by Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa,Jennifer S. Powers,Geraldo W. Fernandes,Mauricio Quesada Pdf
Under threat from natural and human disturbance, tropical dry forests are the most endangered ecosystem in the tropics, yet they rarely receive the scientific or conservation attention they deserve. In a comprehensive overview, Tropical Dry Forests in the Americas: Ecology, Conservation, and Management examines new approaches for data sampling and analysis using remote sensing technology, discusses new ecological and econometric methods, and critically evaluates the socio-economic pressures that these forest are facing at the continental and national levels. The book includes studies from Mexico, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil that provide in-depth knowledge about the function, status, and conservation efforts of these endangered forests. It presents key elements of synthesis from standardized work conducted across all sites. This unique contribution provides new light in terms of these forests compared to each other not only from an ecological perspective but also in terms of the pressures that they are facing, and their respective responses. Written by experts from a diversity of fields, this reference brings together the many facets of function, use, heritage, and future potential of these forests. It presents an important and exciting synthesis of many years of work across countries, disciplines, and cultures. By standardizing approaches for data sampling and analysis, the book gives readers comparison information that cannot be found anywhere else given the high level of disparity that exists in the current literature.
Geospatial Technology for Human Well-Being and Health by Fazlay S. Faruque Pdf
Over the last thirty years or so, there have been tremendous advancements in the area of geospatial health; however, somehow, two aspects have not received as much attention as they should have received. These are a) limitations of different spatial analytical tools and b) progress in making geospatial environmental exposure data available for advanced health science research and for medical practice. This edited volume addresses those two less explored areas of geospatial health with augmented discussions on the theories, methodologies and limitations of contemporary geospatial technologies in a wide range of applications related to human well-being and health. In 20 chapters, readers are presented with an up-to-date assessment of geospatial technologies with an emphasis on understanding general geospatial principles and methodologies that are often overlooked in the research literature. As a result, this book will be of interest to both newcomers and experts in geospatial analysis and will appeal to students and researchers engaged in studying human well-being and health. Chapters are presenting new concepts, new analytical methods and contemporary applications within the framework of geospatial applications in human well-being and health. The topics addressed by the various chapter authors include analytical approaches, newer areas of geospatial health application, introduction to unique resources, geospatial modeling, and environmental pollution assessments for air, water and soil. Although geospatial experts are expected to be the primary readers, this book is designed in such a way so that the public health professionals, environmental health scientists and clinicians also find it useful with or without any familiarity with geospatial analysis.
Spatial Dynamics and Ecology of Large Ungulate Populations in Tropical Forests of India by N. Samba Kumar,K. Ullas Karanth,James D. Nichols,Srinivas Vaidyanathan,Beth Gardner,Jagdish Krishnaswamy Pdf
Large ungulates in tropical forests are among the most threatened taxa of mammals. Excessive hunting, degradation of and encroachments on their natural habitats by humans have contributed to drastic reductions in wild ungulate populations in recent decades. As such, reliable assessments of ungulate-habitat relationships and the spatial dynamics of their populations are urgently needed to provide a scientific basis for conservation efforts. However, such rigorous assessments are methodologically complex and logistically difficult, and consequently many commonly used ungulate population survey methods do not address key problems. As a result of such deficiencies, key parameters related to population distribution, abundance, habitat ecology and management of tropical forest ungulates remain poorly understood. This book addresses this critical knowledge gap by examining how population abundance patterns in five threatened species of large ungulates vary across space in the tropical forests of the Nagarahole-Bandipur reserves in southwestern India. It also explains the development and application of an innovative methodology – spatially explicit line transect sampling – based on an advanced hierarchical modelling under the Bayesian inferential framework, which overcomes common methodological deficiencies in current ungulate surveys. The methods and results presented provide valuable reference material for researchers and professionals involved in studying and managing wild ungulate populations around the globe.
