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This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,National Cancer Policy Forum
Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,National Cancer Policy Forum Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 131 pages File Size : 52,5 Mb Release : 2013-05-16 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309264013
Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,National Cancer Policy Forum Pdf
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in United States, causing more than 440,000 deaths annually and resulting in $193 billion in health-related economic losses each year-$96 billion in direct medical costs and $97 billion in lost productivity. Since the first U.S. Surgeon General's report on smoking in 1964, more than 29 Surgeon General's reports, drawing on data from thousands of studies, have documented the overwhelming and conclusive biologic, epidemiologic, behavioral, and pharmacologic evidence that tobacco use is deadly. This evidence base links tobacco use to the development of multiple types of cancer and other life-threatening conditions, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Smoking accounts for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths, and 80 percent of lung cancer deaths. Despite the widespread agreement on the dangers of tobacco use and considerable success in reducing tobacco use prevalence from over 40 percent at the time of the 1964 Surgeon General's report to less than 20 percent today, recent progress in reducing tobacco use has slowed. An estimated 18.9 percent of U.S. adults smoke cigarettes, nearly one in four high school seniors smoke, and 13 percent of high school males use smokeless tobacco products. In recognition that progress in combating cancer will not be fully achieved without addressing the tobacco problem, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a public workshop, Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality, June 11-12, 2012 in Washington, DC. In opening remarks to the workshop participants, planning committee chair Roy Herbst, professor of medicine and of pharmacology and chief of medical oncology at Yale Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital, described the goals of the workshop, which were to examine the current obstacles to tobacco control and to discuss potential policy, outreach, and treatment strategies that could overcome these obstacles and reduce tobacco-related cancer incidence and mortality. Experts explored a number of topics, including: the changing demographics of tobacco users and the changing patterns of tobacco product use; the influence of tobacco use on cancer incidence and cancer treatment outcomes; tobacco dependence and cessation programs; federal and state level laws and regulations to curtail tobacco use; tobacco control education, messaging, and advocacy; financial and legal challenges to tobacco control efforts; and research and infrastructure needs to support tobacco control strategies, reduce tobacco related cancer incidence, and improve cancer patient outcomes. Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality summarizes the workshop.
IARC Working Group on Reversal of Risk after Quitting Smoking. Meeting,World Health Organization
Author : IARC Working Group on Reversal of Risk after Quitting Smoking. Meeting,World Health Organization Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 376 pages File Size : 43,5 Mb Release : 2007 Category : Antiques & Collectibles ISBN : IND:30000110611005
Reversal of Risk After Quitting Smoking by IARC Working Group on Reversal of Risk after Quitting Smoking. Meeting,World Health Organization Pdf
This is the 11th IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention, and the first in a series focusing on tobacco control. It reviews the scientific literature and evaluates the evidence on changes in the risk of cancer, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral artery disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease observed following smoking cessation. It considers whether the risk of dying from or of developing these diseases decreases after smoking cessation, the time course of the change in risk and whether the risk returns to that of never-smokers? The review and evaluation presented in the Handbook goes on to identify relevant public health and research recommendations.
United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General
Author : United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General Publisher : Unknown Page : 28 pages File Size : 51,9 Mb Release : 2001 Category : Girls ISBN : UCSD:31822028884716
IARC Working Group on Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smoke-free Policies,International Agency for Research on Cancer
Author : IARC Working Group on Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smoke-free Policies,International Agency for Research on Cancer Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 352 pages File Size : 40,7 Mb Release : 2009 Category : Business & Economics ISBN : UCBK:C095473858
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smoke-free Policies by IARC Working Group on Evaluating the Effectiveness of Smoke-free Policies,International Agency for Research on Cancer Pdf
Presents the evidence on the effectiveness of measures enforced at the societal level to eliminate tobacco smoking and tobacco smoke from the environments where exposure takes place. This volume offers a critical review of the evidence on the economic effects and health benefits of smoke-free legislation and the adoption of voluntary smoke-free policies in households.
IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control,International Agency for Research on Cancer
Author : IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control,International Agency for Research on Cancer Publisher : IARC Handbooks of Cancer Preve Page : 380 pages File Size : 55,8 Mb Release : 2011 Category : Health & Fitness ISBN : IND:30000138393123
Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control by IARC Working Group on the Effectiveness of Tax and Price Policies for Tobacco Control,International Agency for Research on Cancer Pdf
This new volume of the IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention in Tobacco Control presents a critical review and evaluation of the evidence by 25 international experts from twelve countries on the economics, epidemiology, public policy and tobacco control aspects of tax and price policies. The working group draws conclusions about the effectiveness of tax and price measures to control tobacco use in the population. The Handbook covers an overview of tobacco taxation; industry pricing strategies and other industry initiatives diluting the effects of taxes on consumption; tax, price and aggregated demand for tobacco, as well as demand at the individual level in adults, young people and the economically disadvantaged; tax avoidance and tax evasion and the economic and health impacts of tobacco taxation. This body of evidence and the consensus evaluation of 18 concluding statements on the impact of interventions to increase the price of tobacco products, can assist policy makers, government officials, evaluators and researchers working in tobacco control and disease prevention, to base their decisions on the latest scientific evidence.
Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 340 pages File Size : 49,5 Mb Release : 2007-01-26 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309133982
Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries by Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Pdf
Cancer is low or absent on the health agendas of low- and middle-income countries (LMCs) despite the fact that more people die from cancer in these countries than from AIDS and malaria combined. International health organizations, bilateral aid agencies, and major foundations—which are instrumental in setting health priorities—also have largely ignored cancer in these countries. This book identifies feasible, affordable steps for LMCs and their international partners to begin to reduce the cancer burden for current and future generations. Stemming the growth of cigarette smoking tops the list to prevent cancer and all the other major chronic diseases. Other priorities include infant vaccination against the hepatitis B virus to prevent liver cancers and vaccination to prevent cervical cancer. Developing and increasing capacity for cancer screening and treatment of highly curable cancers (including most childhood malignancies) can be accomplished using "resource-level appropriateness" as a guide. And there are ways to make inexpensive oral morphine available to ease the pain of the many who will still die from cancer.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,World Health Organization,International Agency for Research on Cancer
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,World Health Organization,International Agency for Research on Cancer Publisher : IARC Page : 1476 pages File Size : 43,6 Mb Release : 2004 Category : Medical ISBN : 9283212835
Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,World Health Organization,International Agency for Research on Cancer Pdf
The IARC Monographs series publishes authoritative independent assessments by international experts of the carcinogenic risks posed to humans by a variety of agents, mixtures and exposures. They are a resource of information for both researchers and national and international authorities. This volume is particularly significant because tobacco smoke not only causes more deaths from cancer than any other known agent; it also causes more deaths from vascular and respiratory diseases. This volume contains all the relevant information on both direct and passive smoking. It is organised by first looking at the nature of agent before collecting the evidence of cancer in humans. This is followed by carcinogenicity studies on animals and then any other data relevant to an evaluation.
Author : Stephen S Hecht,Dorothy K Hatsukami Publisher : World Scientific Page : 450 pages File Size : 52,5 Mb Release : 2022-01-17 Category : Medical ISBN : 9789811239540
Tobacco And Cancer: The Science And The Story by Stephen S Hecht,Dorothy K Hatsukami Pdf
This book tells the fascinating story of the relationship of tobacco products to cancer, from the first discoveries to the present day cancer pandemic and regulatory activities. Although there are already excellent books and monographs on this topic, both in the popular press and as government summaries, none relate the scientific story at the level of non-specialist graduate and medical students, researchers, or educated popular science readers. In this book, with a primary focus on the United States, the editors — Stephen S Hecht and Dorothy K Hatsukami — bring together 24 renowned experts on the subject of tobacco and cancer to summarize specific aspects of this critical topic in relatively non-technical terms while also incorporating some personal insights related to the story of the discovery process. This highly authoritative book is also expected to be an excellent teaching tool and basis for a course for graduate and medical students on this important topic.
National Cancer Policy Forum,Board on Health Care Services,Institute of Medicine
Author : National Cancer Policy Forum,Board on Health Care Services,Institute of Medicine Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 131 pages File Size : 53,9 Mb Release : 2013-04-30 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309264020
Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality by National Cancer Policy Forum,Board on Health Care Services,Institute of Medicine Pdf
Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in United States, causing more than 440,000 deaths annually and resulting in $193 billion in health-related economic losses each year--$96 billion in direct medical costs and $97 billion in lost productivity. Since the first U.S. Surgeon General's report on smoking in 1964, more than 29 Surgeon General's reports, drawing on data from thousands of studies, have documented the overwhelming and conclusive biologic, epidemiologic, behavioral, and pharmacologic evidence that tobacco use is deadly. This evidence base links tobacco use to the development of multiple types of cancer and other life-threatening conditions, including cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Smoking accounts for at least 30 percent of all cancer deaths, and 80 percent of lung cancer deaths. Despite the widespread agreement on the dangers of tobacco use and considerable success in reducing tobacco use prevalence from over 40 percent at the time of the 1964 Surgeon General's report to less than 20 percent today, recent progress in reducing tobacco use has slowed. An estimated 18.9 percent of U.S. adults smoke cigarettes, nearly one in four high school seniors smoke, and 13 percent of high school males use smokeless tobacco products. In recognition that progress in combating cancer will not be fully achieved without addressing the tobacco problem, the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convened a public workshop, Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality, June 11-12, 2012 in Washington, DC. In opening remarks to the workshop participants, planning committee chair Roy Herbst, professor of medicine and of pharmacology and chief of medical oncology at Yale Cancer Center and Smilow Cancer Hospital, described the goals of the workshop, which were to examine the current obstacles to tobacco control and to discuss potential policy, outreach, and treatment strategies that could overcome these obstacles and reduce tobacco-related cancer incidence and mortality. Experts explored a number of topics, including: the changing demographics of tobacco users and the changing patterns of tobacco product use; the influence of tobacco use on cancer incidence and cancer treatment outcomes; tobacco dependence and cessation programs; federal and state level laws and regulations to curtail tobacco use; tobacco control education, messaging, and advocacy; financial and legal challenges to tobacco control efforts; and research and infrastructure needs to support tobacco control strategies, reduce tobacco related cancer incidence, and improve cancer patient outcomes. Reducing Tobacco-Related Cancer Incidence and Mortality summarizes the workshop.