Toward Universal Health Coverage And Equity In Latin America And The Caribbean

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Toward Universal Health Coverage and Equity in Latin America and the Caribbean

Author : Tania Dmytraczenko,Gisele Almeida
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2015-06-30
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781464804557

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Toward Universal Health Coverage and Equity in Latin America and the Caribbean by Tania Dmytraczenko,Gisele Almeida Pdf

Over the past three decades, many countries of Latin America and the Caribbean have recognized health as a human right. Since the early 2000s, 46 million more people in the countries studied are covered by health programs with explicit guarantees of affordable care. Reforms have been accompanied by a rise in public spending for health, financed largely from general revenues that prioritized or explicitly target the population without capacity to pay. Political commitment has generally translated into larger budgets as well as passage of legislation that ring-fenced funding for health. Most countries have prioritized cost-effective primary care and adopted purchasing methods that incentivize efficiency and accountability for results, and that give stewards of the health sector greater leverage to steer providers to deliver on public health priorities. Evidence from the analysis of 54 household surveys corroborates that investments in extending coverage are yielding results. Though the poor still have worse health outcomes than the rich, disparities have narrowed considerably - particularly in the early stage of the life course. Countries have reached high levels of coverage and equity in utilization of maternal and child health services; coverage of noncommunicable disease interventions is not as high and service utilization is still skewed toward the better off. Catastrophic health expenditures have declined in most countries; the picture regarding equity, however, is mixed. While the rate of impoverishment owing to health-care expenditures is low and generally declining, 2-4 million people in the countries studied still fall below the poverty line after health spending. Efforts to systematically monitor quality of care in the region are still in their infancy. Nonetheless, a review of the literature reveals important shortcomings in quality of care, as well as substantial differences across subsystems. Improving quality of care and ensuring sustainability of investments in health remain an unfinished agenda.

Fiscal Space for Health in Latin America and the Caribbean

Author : Pan American Pan American Health Organization
Publisher : Pan American Health Organization
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2020-06-30
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 927522000X

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Fiscal Space for Health in Latin America and the Caribbean by Pan American Pan American Health Organization Pdf

Countries that have made the most progress toward universal coverage have public expenditures in health equivalent to at least 6% of their gross domestic product (GDP), which is the percentage established in PAHO's universal health strategy as the benchmark for the countries. However, while higher expenditure is a prerequisite, it is not enough to combat inequities and advance toward universal health. In addition to greater resources, the quality of the expenditure must be improved, reducing health system inefficiencies. Moreover, public expenditure in health should be sustainably increased in a fiscally responsible manner. The concept of fiscal space for health refers to the ability of governments to provide additional budgetary resources for the health system without affecting the financial position of the public sector or supplanting other socially necessary expenditures. Any analysis of fiscal space, therefore, will attempt to identify the prospects for increasing health expenditure in the short and medium term to address a series of clearly established health needs. These efforts are under way at a critical time in the Region of the Americas, particularly in the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, which are engaged in a singular health system reform process. For the first time in history, these countries have formalized their intention of increasing public expenditure in health, putting themselves firmly on the path to real and effective access to health care through the universal health strategy. Without achieving basic well-being at this level, it will be impossible to improve social cohesion and social development in the countries of the Region. This publication brings together and summarizes PAHO's studies on fiscal space for universal health in the Americas and draws on the contributions of the regional forum held in Washington, D.C. on 7-8 December 2015. With this publication, whose target audience is the technical personnel responsible for policy development, decision-makers, and authorities, PAHO hopes to contribute to the analysis and discussion of health financing policies on the path toward universal health.

Social Panorama of Latin America 2020

Author : United Nations Publications
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2021-07-29
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9211220696

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Social Panorama of Latin America 2020 by United Nations Publications Pdf

This publication examines the social impact of an unprecedented crisis.

Better Spending for Better Lives

Author : Alejandro Izquierdo,Carola Pessino,Guillermo Vuletin
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2018-08-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1597823309

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Better Spending for Better Lives by Alejandro Izquierdo,Carola Pessino,Guillermo Vuletin Pdf

Tracking Universal Health Coverage

Author : World Health Organization
Publisher : World Health Organization
Page : 98 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2015-07-21
Category : Health & Fitness
ISBN : 9789241564977

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Tracking Universal Health Coverage by World Health Organization Pdf

This report is the first of its kind to measure health service coverage and financial protection to assess countries' progress towards universal health coverage. It shows that at least 400 million people do not have access to one or more essential health services and 6% of people in low- and middle-income countries are tipped into or pushed further into extreme poverty because of health spending. Universal health coverage (UHC) means that all people receive the quality essential health services they need without being exposed to financial hardship. A significant number of countries at all levels of development are embracing the goal of UHC as the right thing to do for their citizens. It is a powerful social equalizer and contributes to social cohesion and stability. Every country has the potential to improve the performance of its health system in the main dimensions of UHC: coverage of quality services and financial protection for all. Priorities strategies and implementation plans for UHC will differ from one country to another. Enhanced and expanded monitoring of health under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) should seek to build on that experience sharpening our focus on the key health service and financial protection interventions that underpin UHC. Effective UHC tracking is central to achieving the global goals for poverty alleviation and health improvement set by the World Bank Group and WHO. Without it policymakers and decision-takers cannot say exactly where they are or set a course for where they want to go. They cannot know whether they are focussing their efforts in the right areas or whether their efforts are making a difference. Monitoring is thus fundamental to the achievement of UHC objectives. It will also be vital to the realization of the SDGs. This report is a critical step to show how monitoring progress can be done telling us what the state of coverage of interventions and financial protection is and telling us where to focus most.

Going Universal

Author : Daniel Cotlear,Somil Nagpal,Owen Smith,Ajay Tandon,Rafael Cortez
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2015-09-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781464806117

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Going Universal by Daniel Cotlear,Somil Nagpal,Owen Smith,Ajay Tandon,Rafael Cortez Pdf

This book is about 24 developing countries that have embarked on the journey towards universal health coverage (UHC) following a bottom-up approach, with a special focus on the poor and vulnerable, through a systematic data collection that provides practical insights to policymakers and practitioners. Each of the UHC programs analyzed in this book is seeking to overcome the legacy of inequality by tackling both a “financing gap†? and a “provision gap†?: the financing gap (or lower per capita spending on the poor) by spending additional resources in a pro-poor way; the provision gap (or underperformance of service delivery for the poor) by expanding supply and changing incentives in a variety of ways. The prevailing view seems to indicate that UHC require not just more money, but also a focus on changing the rules of the game for spending health system resources. The book does not attempt to identify best practices, but rather aims to help policy makers understand the options they face, and help develop a new operational research agenda. The main chapters are focused on providing a granular understanding of policy design, while the appendixes offer a systematic review of the literature attempting to evaluate UHC program impact on access to services, on financial protection, and on health outcomes.

Towards Universal Social Protection

Author : Simone Cecchini,Fernando Filgueira,Rodrigo Martínez,Cecilia Rossel Odriozola
Publisher : UN
Page : 478 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UIUC:30112116029015

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Towards Universal Social Protection by Simone Cecchini,Fernando Filgueira,Rodrigo Martínez,Cecilia Rossel Odriozola Pdf

This book reflects on the public policies, programmes and regulatory frameworks that are taking a rights-based approach to expanding social protection coverage and benefits in Latin America, with a view to achieving universal coverage. Its discussion of the policy tools and programmes pursued in the region aims to provide the reader with technical and programmatic insights for assembling and coordinating public policies within consistent and sustainable social protection systems. The combination of normative orientations and stock of technical knowledge, together with advances regarding the rights-based approach to social protection within a life cycle framework, afford the reader not only a tool box of specific social protection instruments, but also an in-depth examination of related political economy aspects.

Beyond Survival

Author : Truman G. Packard,Cristian C. Baeza
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 46,5 Mb
Release : 2006-06-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 082136572X

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Beyond Survival by Truman G. Packard,Cristian C. Baeza Pdf

'Beyond Survival' breaks new ground in the ongoing debate about health finance and financial protection from the costs of health care. The evidence and discussion support the need to consider financial protection, in addition to health status, as a policy objective when setting priorities for health systems. This book reviews the Latin American experience with health reform in the last 20 years and the fundamentals of health system financing, using new evidence to show the magnitude and mechanisms that determine the impoverishing effects of health events (diseases, accidents, and those of the life cycle). It provides options for policy makers on how to protect, and help household to protect themselves,against this impoverishment. The authors use empirical evidence from six case studies commissioned for this report, on Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, and Mexico. This book provides policy makers with a solid conceptual basis for decisions on the contents of mandatory health insurance benefit packages, choices of financing mechanisms, and the roles of public policy in this field. 'Beyond Survival' provides an in-depth analysis of, and organizational alternatives for, risk pooling and health insurance for financial protection. It analyzes the urgent need to extend risk pooling to the informal sector, the challenges for current social insurance arrangements, and options for policy makers to effectively extend risk pooling to the informal sector.

Ethnicity and the Persistence of Inequality

Author : R. Thorp,M. Paredes
Publisher : Springer
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2010-10-20
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780230293137

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Ethnicity and the Persistence of Inequality by R. Thorp,M. Paredes Pdf

Understanding why inequality is so great and has persevered for centuries in a number of Latin American countries requires tools that go beyond economics. Investigating the case of Peru, this book explores how inequality is embedded in institutions that constitute the interface between the economy, the polity and geography of the country.

Left Behind

Author : Renos Vakis,Jamele Rigolini,Leonardo Lucchetti
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 156 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2016-07-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464806612

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Left Behind by Renos Vakis,Jamele Rigolini,Leonardo Lucchetti Pdf

One out of every five Latin Americans or around 130 million people have never known anything but poverty, subsisting on less than US$4-a-day throughout their lives. These are the region ́s chronically poor, who have remained so despite unprecedented inroads against poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean since the turn of the century. Left Behind: Chronic Poverty in Latin America and the Caribbean takes a closer look at the region’s entrenched poor, who and where they are, and how existing policies need to change in order to effectively assist them. The book shows significant variations of rates of chronic poverty both across and within countries. Within a single country, some regions show incidence rates up to eight times higher than the lowest. Despite the higher rates of chronic poverty in rural areas, chronic poverty is as much an urban as a rural issue. In fact, considering absolute numbers, urban areas in many countries, including Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia and the Dominican Republic, have more chronic poor than rural areas. Undoubtedly the region has come a long way during the decade in terms of poverty reduction, guided by a mix of sustained growth and increased levels in amounts and quality of public spending and programs targeted directly or indirectly to the chronic poor. While improving endowments and the context where the chronic poor live is a necessary condition going forward, the decade’s experience suggests that it may not be enough to reach the chronic poor. The book posits that refinements to the existing policy toolkit †“ as opposed to more programs †“ may come a long way in helping the remaining poor. These refinements include intensifying efforts to improve coordination between different social and economic programs, which can boost the income generation process and deal with the intergenerational transmission of chronic poverty by investing in early childhood development. Equally important though, there is an urgent need to adapt programs to directly address the psychological toll of chronic poverty on people’s mindset and aspirations, which currently undermines the effectiveness of the existing policy efforts.

Handbook of Development Policy

Author : Habib, Zafarullah,Huque, Ahmed S.
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 592 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2021-09-07
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781839100871

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Handbook of Development Policy by Habib, Zafarullah,Huque, Ahmed S. Pdf

This authoritative Handbook provides a thorough exploration of development policy from both scholarly and practical perspectives and offers insights into the policy process dynamics and a range of specific policy issues, including corruption and network governance.

Health Technology Assessment, Courts and the Right to Healthcare

Author : Daniel Wei Liang Wang
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781351371315

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Health Technology Assessment, Courts and the Right to Healthcare by Daniel Wei Liang Wang Pdf

Both developing and developed countries face an increasing mismatch between what patients expect to receive from healthcare and what the public healthcare systems can afford to provide. Where there has been a growing recognition of the entitlement to receive healthcare, the frustrated expectations with regards to the level of provision has led to lawsuits challenging the denial of funding for health treatments by public health systems. This book analyses the impact of courts and litigation on the way health systems set priorities and make rationing decisions. In particular, it focuses on how the judicial protection of the right to healthcare can impact the institutionalization, functioning and centrality of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) for decisions about the funding of treatment. Based on the case study of three jurisdictions – Brazil, Colombia, and England – it shows that courts can be a key driver for the institutionalization of HTA. These case studies show the paradoxes of judicial control, which can promote accountability and impair it, demand administrative competence and undermine bureaucratic capacities. The case studies offer a nuanced and evidence-informed understanding of these paradoxes in the context of health care by showing how the judicial control of priority-setting decisions in health care can be used to require and control an explicit scheme for health technology assessment, but can also limit and circumvent it. It will be essential for those researching Medical Law and Healthcare Policy, Human Rights Law, and Social Rights.

Latin American Economic Outlook 2018 Rethinking Institutions for Development

Author : OECD,CAF Development Bank of Latin America,United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2018-04-09
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264288836

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Latin American Economic Outlook 2018 Rethinking Institutions for Development by OECD,CAF Development Bank of Latin America,United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Pdf

The Latin American Economic Outlook 2018: Rethinking Institutions for Development focuses on how institutions can underpin the foundations of a long period of sustained and inclusive growth and increased well-being. The report begins with an overview of the main macroeconomic challenges ...

The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy

Author : Edmund Amann,Carlos Azzoni,Werner Baer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 864 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2018-08-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780190499990

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The Oxford Handbook of the Brazilian Economy by Edmund Amann,Carlos Azzoni,Werner Baer Pdf

Brazil is a globally vital but troubled economy. This volume offers comprehensive insight into Brazil's economic development, focusing on its most salient characteristics and analyzing its structural features across various dimensions. This innovative Oxford Handbook provides an understanding of the economy's evolution over time and highlights the implications of the past trajectory and decisions for current challenges and opportunities. The opening section covers the country's economic history, beginning with the colonial economy, through import-substitution, to the era of neoliberalism. Second, it analyses Brazil's broader place in the global economy, and considers the ways in which this role has changed, and is likely to change, over coming years. Particular attention is given to the productive sectors of Brazil's economy, for example manufacturing, agriculture, services, energy, and infrastructure. In addition to discussions of regional differences within Brazil, socio-economic dimensions are examined. These include income distribution, human capital, environmental issues, and health. Also included is a discussion of Brazil in the world economy, such as the increase in "South-South" cooperation and trade as well as foreign direct investment. Last but not least is a discussion of the role of the Brazilian state in the economy, whether through state enterprises, competition policy, or corruption.