Transfer Pricing Developments Around The World 2018

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Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2018

Author : Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2018-08-21
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789041195654

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Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2018 by Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi Pdf

Intensive work on transfer pricing, one of the most relevant and challenging topics in the international tax environment, continues to increase worldwide at every level of government and international policy with far-reaching impact on countries’ legislations, administrative guidelines, and jurisprudence. This book presents an in-depth, issue-by-issue analysis of the current state of developments along with suggestions for future solutions to the problems raised. Emerging from the research conducted by the WU Transfer Pricing Center at the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law at WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business), this book offers seven topic-based papers prepared by international experts on transfer pricing. Greatly helping to define where the line should be drawn to distinguish genuine transfer pricing issues from other anti-avoidance measures, this book encompasses the following topics: • global transfer pricing developments; • transfer pricing developments in the European Union; • transfer pricing developments in the United States; • transfer pricing developments in developing countries and emerging economies; • recent developments on transfer pricing documentation and country-by-country reporting; • recent developments on comparability analysis in transfer pricing; and • recent developments on the profit split method. The intense work of international organizations such as the OECD, UN, EU, World Customs Organization, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and other international organizations is thoroughly analyzed in this book. The detailed analysis will be of immeasurable value to the various players including international organizations, the business community and advisory firms, corporate CEOs and CFOs, and government officials as well as to tax lawyers, in-house counsel, and interested academics in facilitating an efficient dialogue and coordinated approach to transfer pricing in the future.

Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2020

Author : Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2020-09-28
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403523934

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Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2020 by Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi Pdf

Intensive work on transfer pricing, one of the most relevant and challenging topics in the international tax environment, continues to increase worldwide at every level of government and international policy with far-reaching impact on countries’ legislations, administrative guidelines and jurisprudence. This book presents an in-depth, issue-by-issue analysis of the current state of developments along with suggestions for future solutions to the problems raised. Emerging from the research conducted by the WU Transfer Pricing Center at the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law at WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business), this book offers eight topic-based chapters prepared by international experts on transfer pricing. Greatly helping to define recent transfer pricing issues around the world, this book encompasses the following topics: Global Transfer Pricing Developments; Transfer Pricing Developments in the European Union; Transfer Pricing Developments in the United States; Transfer Pricing Developments in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies; Recent Developments on the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of the Economy (New Nexus Rules); Recent Developments on the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalization of the Economy (New Profit Allocation Rules); Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and Intra-Group Financing; and Recent Developments on the Use of New Technologies for Transfer Pricing Analyses. The intense work of international organizations, such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and other international organizations, as well as the intense work of the European Union is thoroughly analyzed in this book. The detailed analysis will be of immeasurable value to the various players including international organizations, the business community and advisory firms, corporate CEOs and CFOs, and government officials as well as to tax lawyers, in-house counsel and academics in facilitating efficient dialogue and a coordinated approach to transfer pricing in the future.

Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2022

Author : Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 292 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2022-10-11
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403546230

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Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2022 by Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi Pdf

Intensive work on transfer pricing, one of the most relevant and challenging topics in the international tax environment, continues to increase worldwide at every level of government and international policy with a far-reaching impact on countries’ legislations, administrative guidelines, and jurisprudence. This book presents an in-depth, issue-by-issue analysis of the current state of developments along with suggestions for future solutions to the problems raised. Emerging from the research conducted by the WU Transfer Pricing Center at the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law at WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business), this book offers eight topic-based chapters prepared by international experts on transfer pricing. Greatly helping to define recent transfer pricing issues around the world, this book encompasses the following topics: Global Transfer Pricing Developments. Transfer Pricing Developments in the European Union. Transfer Pricing Developments in the United States. Transfer Pricing Developments in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies. Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing in the Post-Covid-19 Era. Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and Substance. Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and Business Restructurings. Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and New Technologies. The intense work of international organizations such as the OECD, UN, and other international organizations, as well as the intense work of the EU, is thoroughly analyzed in this book. The detailed analysis will be of immeasurable value to the various players, including international organizations, the business community and advisory firms, corporate CEOs and CFOs, and government officials as well as to tax lawyers, in-house counsel, and interested academics in facilitating efficient dialog and a coordinated approach to transfer pricing in the future.

Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2019

Author : Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi,Alfred Storck
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2019-08-09
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403512839

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Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2019 by Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi,Alfred Storck Pdf

Intensive work on transfer pricing, one of the most relevant and challenging topics in the international tax environment, continues to increase worldwide at every level of government and international policy with far-reaching impact on countries’ legislations, administrative guidelines and jurisprudence. This book presents an in-depth, issue-by-issue analysis of the current state of developments along with suggestions for future solutions to the problems raised. Emerging from the research conducted by the WU Transfer Pricing Center at the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law at WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business), this book offers eight topic-based papers prepared by international experts on transfer pricing. Greatly helping to define recent transfer pricing issues around the world, this book encompasses the following topics: Global Transfer Pricing Developments; Transfer Pricing Developments in the European Union; Transfer Pricing Developments in the United States; Transfer Pricing Developments in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies; Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and Intra-Group Services; Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and Intra-Group Financing; Recent Developments on the Nexus Rules to Tax Business Profits at Source; and Recent Developments on Attribution of Profits to Digital Permanent Establishments. The intense work of international organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and other international organizations as well as the intense work of the European Union is thoroughly analyzed in this book. The detailed analysis will be of immeasurable value to the various players including international organizations, the business community and advisory firms, corporate CEOs and CFOs, and government officials as well as to tax lawyers, in-house counsel and academics in facilitating efficient dialogue and a coordinated approach to transfer pricing in the future.

Transfer Pricing Developments around the World 2017

Author : Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2017-10-18
Category : Transfer pricing
ISBN : 9041183752

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Transfer Pricing Developments around the World 2017 by Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi Pdf

This book presents and analyses relevant developments around the world in transfer pricing, including the following topics: global transfer pricing developments; transfer pricing developments in the European Union (including EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum); transfer pricing developments in the United States; transfer pricing developments at the United Nations; recent developments on transfer pricing and intra-group financing; recent developments on the profit split method; recent developments on attribution of profits to dependent agent permanent establishments; recent developments on a toolkit for developing countries.

Transfer Pricing Developments around the world 2023

Author : Raffaele Petruzzi,Michael Lang
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 275 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2022-01-13
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403501772

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Transfer Pricing Developments around the world 2023 by Raffaele Petruzzi,Michael Lang Pdf

Information Law Series #48 About this book: Imposing Data Sharing among Private Actors is a vital book shedding light on the nature of certain economic and societal balancing exercises required for any compulsory business-to-business (B2B) data-sharing initiatives because data sharing involves both benefits and potential costs. While the economic value originating from data sharing seems evident, identifying the legal framework to be applied to it is a challenge. This is due to the multiple claims and rights aimed at controlling, accessing or benefiting from data processing. What’s in this book: Whether these initiatives pursue economic, societal or empowerment objectives, their potential benefits must be balanced with the following three considerations that are extensively investigated in the book: the economic interests of the data holder; personal data protection considerations; and long-term and collective costs in terms of individual autonomy. The analysis elucidates how these aspects have been factored into existing compulsory B2B data-sharing initiatives so far (particularly in Europe), and on how they may be used as a source of inspiration in future initiatives. Insightful suggestions on the implementation of these balancing exercises conclude the volume. How this will help you: Based on law and literature in competition, personal data protection and intellectual property, the book greatly highlights the necessary balances underlying compulsory B2B data sharing and raises awareness about the crucial need to take the risks involved into consideration. It will be highly appreciated by policymakers, academics and private actors interested in issues linked to competition law in the digital environment, regulation of platforms, data governance or the interaction between competition law and personal data protection law.

Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2021

Author : Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2021-07-12
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9403535253

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Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2021 by Michael Lang,Raffaele Petruzzi Pdf

Intensive work on transfer pricing, one of the most relevant and challenging topics in the international tax environment, continues to increase worldwide at every level of government and international policy with a far-reaching impact on countries' legislations, administrative guidelines, and jurisprudence. This book presents an in-depth, issue-by-issue analysis of the current state of developments along with suggestions for future solutions to the problems raised. Emerging from the research conducted by the WU Transfer Pricing Center at the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law at WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business), this book offers seven topic-based papers prepared by international experts on transfer pricing. Greatly helping to define recent transfer pricing issues around the world, this book encompasses the following topics: Global Transfer Pricing Developments. Transfer Pricing Developments in the European Union. Transfer Pricing Developments in the United States. Transfer Pricing Developments in Developing Countries and Emerging Economies. Recent Developments on the Tax Challenges of the Digitalization of the Economy. Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and COVID-19. Recent Developments on Transfer Pricing and Simplification Measures. The intense work of international organizations such as the OECD, UN, and other international organizations, as well as the intense work of the EU, is thoroughly analysed in this book. The detailed analysis will be of immeasurable value to the various players, including international organizations, the business community and advisory firms, corporate CEOs and CFOs, and government officials as well as to tax lawyers, in-house counsel, and interested academics in facilitating efficient dialogue and a coordinated approach to transfer pricing in the future.

Fundamentals of Transfer Pricing

Author : Michael Lang,Giammarco Cottani,Raffaele Petruzzi,Alfred Storck
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 500 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2019-01-03
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789041190215

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Fundamentals of Transfer Pricing by Michael Lang,Giammarco Cottani,Raffaele Petruzzi,Alfred Storck Pdf

Transfer pricing continues to be one of the most significant areas of heightened controversy in international taxation for multinational enterprises and tax administrations. Due to its far-reaching consequences, tax professionals and individual tax jurisdictions are required to understand the fundamentals of the topic, which is often caught in a maze of literature. Emerging from the joint research conducted by the WU Transfer Pricing Center at the Institute for Austrian and International Tax Law at WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business), the international tax law firm L&P – Ludovici Piccone & Partners, and the experiences from the annual advanced transfer pricing courses and conferences, this first edition of the book acts as a manual for understanding transfer pricing principles and their practical application. It provides a balanced approach by first detailing the basics of transfer pricing and second proceeding to specific topics that are highly relevant in today's tax environment. For the purpose of easy understanding, the book is presented in two parts: Part I: General Topics I. Introduction to Transfer Pricing II. Accurate Delineation and Recognition of Actual Transactions: Comparability Analysis III. Transfer Pricing Methods (Part I): Traditional Transaction Methods IV. Transfer Pricing Methods (Part II): Transactional Profit Methods V. Administrative Approaches to Avoiding/Minimizing Transfer Pricing Disputes VI. Administrative Approaches to Resolving Transfer Pricing Disputes VII. Transfer Pricing Documentation: Master File, Country File and Country-by-Country Reporting Part II: Specific Topics VIII. Attribution of Profits to Permanent Establishments IX. Transfer Pricing and Intra-group Services X. Transfer Pricing and Intra-group Financial Transactions XI. Transfer Pricing and Intangibles XII. Transfer Pricing, Supply Chain Management and Business Restructurings XIII. Transfer Pricing and Customs Valuation XIV. Transfer Pricing and EU State Aid In analysing the above topics, the work undertaken by the OECD, UN, EU, World Customs Organization, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and other international organizations is considered. Moreover, the book contains several practical examples, judicial precedents and illustrative explanations to complement the understanding. The book will be a catalyst for immense learning of students and young professionals who are at the introductory stage of understanding the nuances of transfer pricing. Further, the book also caters to tax lawyers, in-house tax counsels and academics working in international organizations, the business community and advisory firms as well as government officials interested in understanding transfer pricing.

Fundamentals of Transfer Pricing

Author : Michael Lang,Giammarco Cotani,Raffaele Petruzzi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 484 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2021-06-18
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403517247

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Fundamentals of Transfer Pricing by Michael Lang,Giammarco Cotani,Raffaele Petruzzi Pdf

Transfer pricing is one of the most relevant and challenging topics in international taxation. Over the last century, nearly every country in the world introduced transfer pricing rules into their domestic legislation. Indeed, it was estimated that profit shifting generated by the improper application of transfer pricing rules has resulted in global tax losses worth USD 500 billion for governments – 20% of all corporate tax revenues. It is thus imperative that all tax professionals thoroughly understand the nature of transfer pricing and how the growing body of applicable rules works in practice. In this crucially significant volume, stakeholders from government, multinational companies, international organisations, advisory groups and academia offer deeply informed perspectives, both general and specific, on the practical application of transfer pricing rules, taking into consideration all the most recent developments. With approximately 160 practical examples and 90 relevant international judicial precedents, the presentation proceeds from general to more specialised topics. Such aspects of the subject as the following are thoroughly analysed: what is transfer pricing and the purpose of transfer pricing rules; the arm’s length principle and its application; the consequences of a transaction not being in accordance with the arm’s length principle; the transfer pricing methods; the mechanisms to avoid and resolve disputes; the transfer pricing documentation; the attribution of profits to permanent establishments; the transfer pricing aspects of specific transactions, such as services, financing, intangibles and business restructurings. The application of transfer pricing legislation is arguably the most difficult task that taxpayers and tax authorities around the world must face. With this authoritative source of practical guidance, government officials, tax lawyers, in-house tax counsel, academics, advisory firms, the business community and other stakeholders worldwide will have all the detail they need to move forward in tackling this thorny aspect of the current tax environment.

Transfer Pricing Answer Book (2018 Edition)

Author : David Blair
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2018-05
Category : Double taxation
ISBN : 1402431457

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Transfer Pricing Answer Book (2018 Edition) by David Blair Pdf

The phenomena of increasingly global business enterprises with valuable intangible property expose companies to transfer pricing enforcement by different countries around the world. Many of these countries are increasingly aggressive in enforcing their local transfer pricing rules, as they attempt to protect their tax revenue base. To avoid double taxation of the same income in this environment, companies often are required to deal with the highly specialized, bilateral treaty-based competent authority process developed to prevent double taxation at a time when trade mainly involved only two established countries. Even more challenging today, companies and tax authorities increasingly are faced with the potential for multiple taxation of the same income, as supply chains cross many borders and as the tax authorities of emerging countries become players in the global taxation process, and the resulting stresses, strains, and limitations of the bilateral treaty-based competent authority process have become more apparent.In light of the high-dollar risks presented by the increased enforcement efforts of tax authorities worldwide, the complexity of the ever-changing, inherently uncertain transfer pricing standards, and the continually evolving business models of businesses adapting to the constantly changing global economy, companies need practical guidance to permit them to develop and defend their transfer pricing strategies.Transfer Pricing Answer Book gives companies such guidance by discussing all aspects of transfer pricing, from initially planning a transfer pricing strategy, to alternative ways to defend the strategy from attack by two or more tax authorities, to resolving a case before competent authorities, to bringing a transfer pricing case to court. It also provides an overview of the IRS's approach to transfer pricing enforcement. The book's non-technical discussion is presented in a question-and-answer format that will appeal to readers regardless of their prior level of experience or familiarity with taxes in general and transfer pricing in particular.Transfer Pricing Answer Book is an invaluable resource for company executives and their advisors who are seeking to better understand this important area of tax law that has become such an important economic facet of so many businesses.

Transfer Pricing and Value Creation

Author : Raffaele Petruzzi,Romero J.S. Tavares Esq.
Publisher : Linde Verlag GmbH
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2019-09-02
Category : Law
ISBN : 9783709410387

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Transfer Pricing and Value Creation by Raffaele Petruzzi,Romero J.S. Tavares Esq. Pdf

Value Creation and its effects on Transfer Pricing and tax law Emerging from the OECD/G20 BEPS Project, a new, somewhat fuzzy notion of Value Creation came to permeate not only Transfer Pricing language but also wider allocation rules and anti-abuse provisions in international tax law. The notion of ‘Value Creation’ reframes the interpretation and application of the Arm’s Length Principle (ALP) that is embedded in Articles 7 and 9 of the OECD Model Convention. This new Value Creation notion and approach assist in understanding key enterprise functions while different industry sectors manifest these concepts in various ways. Situating such notions and this approach within the law of tax treaties and analyzing terms of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines alongside their factual context is the aim of this book. Here, law students address Transfer Pricing and Value Creation in sectors as varied as commodities trade, automotive, consumer products, food and beverages, pharmaceutical and life sciences, telecommunications, and the key topic of value creation in a digitalized economy. Our LL.M. students were required to address issues not explored in legal research and to discuss factual topics relevant for Transfer Pricing. All students focused on topics that are new to the international tax debate that keep evolving and on factual matters that often escape legal research.

The Taxation of Permanent Establishments

Author : Sven Hentschel
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 521 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2021-06-26
Category : Law
ISBN : 9783658340001

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The Taxation of Permanent Establishments by Sven Hentschel Pdf

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the rules governing the taxation of permanent establishments as implemented in the OECD Model Tax Convention and German national tax law. Deviations between the OECD approach and the German approach are identified and modifications to the rules as a result of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project are examined. Moreover, challenges imposed to the PE concept as a result of the digitalisation of the economy are identified and discussed. Against this background, the Pillar One Blueprint proposing a long-term solution to overcome the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy is presented and assessed against widely accepted overarching principles of tax policy.

The DEMPE Concept and Intangibles

Author : Karol Dziwinski
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 243 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2022-06-06
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789403540504

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The DEMPE Concept and Intangibles by Karol Dziwinski Pdf

Under the widely applied rules of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines, allocation of the returns from the exploitation of intellectual property should be shared among all entities that contribute towards the profit-generating value of an intangible. This important book, in its detailed treatment of compliance with this principle – known as DEMPE (development, enhancement, maintenance, protection and exploitation) – describes exactly how both taxpayers and tax authorities can achieve an accurate assessment of transactions in order to arrive at an appropriate transfer pricing outcome. Analysing the legal, economic, and business management aspects of multinational enterprises activities, the book provides a comprehensive understanding of the DEMPE concept both in theory and in practice. Fully covered are such issues and topics as the following: role of the DEMPE concept within the framework of international tax law and transfer pricing; interplay of the DEMPE concept with the arm’s length principle; full description of each DEMPE function and analysis in the light of possible tax and transfer pricing consequences; modes of application of the DEMPE concept which can be directly implemented in practice; and additional tools (e.g., value chain analysis or RACI matrix) useful in applying the DEMPE concept. The book also provides the first in-depth analysis of the interplay between the DEMPE concept and the licence model in its various structural variations. Taking into account that intangibles amount to 84% of the market value of the S&P 500 companies and that over 80% of global trade transactions can be linked to value chains of multinational enterprises – and recognizing the scarcity of guidance heretofore on the application of the DEMPE concept – tax advisors, corporate counsels, tax authorities, and academics around the world are sure to appreciate and benefit greatly from this matchless and practical book.

Transfer Pricing and Intangibles

Author : Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi,Robert Risse
Publisher : Linde Verlag GmbH
Page : 176 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2019-04-11
Category : Law
ISBN : 9783709410103

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Transfer Pricing and Intangibles by Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi,Robert Risse Pdf

Transfer pricing treatment of intangibles: Issues und developments In recent decades, intangibles have become one of the most relevant success factors for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs). Along with the increasing importance of intangibles for economies, their tax treatment has also been under scrutiny which includes inter alia respective transfer pricing issues. MNEs are seeking for the best ways to optimize their business arrangements with the related intangibles while, at the same time, getting the most tax-efficient treatment. On the other hand, tax authorities have become increasingly concerned with the ease that intangibles can be used in aggressive planning. These concerns have been noticed and addressed by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development which presented its main findings with respect to transfer pricing aspects of intangibles in Action 8 of the BEPS Project in 2015 and in the 2017 OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines. This book is based on the outcomes of the presentations and discussions held during the WU Transfer Pricing Symposium, ‘Transfer Pricing and Intangibles: Current Developments, Relevant Issues and Possible Solutions’, that took place in October 2018 at the WU Vienna University of Economics and Business. The publication discusses the most important issues and recent developments related to transfer pricing treatment of intangibles. Starting with the definition of intangibles, it further deals with topics such as appropriate attribution of intangible-related profits, structuring of intangibles in MNEs, and proper valuation of intangibles. The authors, apart from providing a theoretical background to the discussed issues, also present case studies that show how certain issues can be approached in practice. Every chapter ends with a summary of the discussions held during the panels of the Transfer Pricing Symposium in which representatives of tax administrations, multinationals, and tax advisories presented their opinions on the issues at stake.

Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2017

Author : Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
Page : 306 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2016-04-24
Category : Law
ISBN : 9789041183767

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Transfer Pricing Developments Around the World 2017 by Michael Lang,Alfred Storck,Raffaele Petruzzi Pdf

Derived from the renowned multi-volume International Encyclopaedia of Laws, this book describes the social security regime in Slovenia. It conveys a clear working knowledge of the legal mechanics affecting health care, employment injuries and occupational diseases, incapacity to work, pensions, survivors’ benefits, unemployment benefits and services, and family benefits. The analysis covers the field of application, conditions for entitlement, calculation of benefits, financing, the institutional framework, and relevant law enforcement and controls. Allowances for retirees, employees, public sector workers, the self-employed, and the handicapped are all clearly explained, along with full details of claims, adjudication procedures, and appeals. Succinct yet eminently practical, the book will be a valuable resource for lawyers handling social security matters in Slovenia. It will be of practical utility to those both in public service and private practice called on to develop and to apply social security law and policy, and of special interest as a contribution to the comparative study of social security systems.