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Author : Edmund Spencer (Captain.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1855
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OXFORD:600023988
Author : Edmund Spencer
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 450 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 1855
Category : Balkan Peninsula
ISBN : OXFORD:N11948802
Author : Edmund Spencer
Publisher : Theclassics.Us
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2013-09
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 123033579X
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1855 edition. Excerpt: ... VAKSA. CHAPTER XVI. Russia--The Slack Sea--Circassia--Progress of Russia in the EaH--Observations upon the war in the Caucasus--Facility of attacking Russia on the Black Sea-- Public opinion in Europe with reference to Russia--Hangers to be apprehended to the civilization and independence of Europe, from Russia. History has rarely had to record anything more marvellous than the change of feeling that has taken place in the public mind of Europe within the last few months. Christian and Mahometan, despot and republican, priest and liberal, all agreeing--all uniting upon one point--how, or by what means, the aggression of Russia might most effectually be resisted. -What a proud moment for the barbarians of the North, who little more than a century ago were scarcely known by name! and how humiliating to Europe! As we f are now about to enter the dominions of the mighty autocrat that all the world fears, we shall commence our narrative with a glance at the Black Sea, and its connexion with the present war. Having already written a series of articles on the Eastern question in the "United Service Magazine," we shall extract a portion of that entitled the "Black Sea," * because we could not write anything that would better convey our ideas, or give the reader a more correct conception of the political and social state of the various races that inhabit its shores, and of the important influence that France and England may there exercise in a war with Russia. The war at present raging between Turkey and Russia, to which we had occasion so frequently to allude, is confessedly of the last importance to the general interests of Europe; and as it has now extended to those countries bordering on the Black Sea, so long and so carefully shrouded by...
Author : Edmund Spencer
Publisher : Sagwan Press
Page : 438 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2015-08-22
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1297954793
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Author : Edmund Spencer (Capitaine.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 1854
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:458989971
Author : Edouard Taitbout de Marigny (chevalier.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 1837
Category : Caucasus, Northern (Russia)
ISBN : HARVARD:32044011243920
Author : Edmund Spencer
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 452 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 1837
Category : Black Sea
ISBN : UIUC:30112058528867
Author : Edmund Spencer
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 452 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 1839
Category : Black Sea
ISBN : UOM:39015036674110
Author : David Urquhart
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 110 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 1863
Category : Circassia (Russia)
ISBN : BSB:BSB11008949
Author : Kadir I. Natho
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
Page : 576 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2009-12-03
Category : History
ISBN : 9781465316998
Circassian History relates the heroic struggle for survival of one of the most ancient nations in the world, with a unique language and a highly developed distinctive culture. Beginning from 1555, Circassian princes began seeking the friendship and protection of czarist Russia against the aggressions of the Ottoman Turks and Crimean Khans. However, Czarist Russia unleashed its colonial war against Circassia to build the necessary harbors on the Black Sea. Their Nart Epos and archeological finds of the Maikop dolmen and barrow cultures testify that the ancestors of the Circassians lived and prospered on the same territory at least since the advent of the Bronze Age. Their Homeland in North Caucasus stretched from the main ridge of the Caucasus Mountains to the northeastern Black Sea and eastern Azov seacoasts. Its northern boundaries run from Lake Manych and along the Terek Riverthe northern boundary of Kabarda. Beginning from 1555, Circassian princes began seeking the friendship and protection of czarist Russia against the aggressions of the Ottoman Turks and Crimean Khans. However, Czarist Russia unleashed its colonial aggression and conquered Circassia to build the necessary harbors on the Black Sea. Russia planned to seize Bosphorus and Dardanelles with the passage to the Mediterranean Sea, weaken the position of the Ottoman Empire, deal a powerful blow on the trade interests of Great Britain, and gain the upper hand over the European powers in the contest for world supremacy. In this unequal war, Russia occupied Kabarda in 1779. By 1822, it stripped off the Kabardinian princes of the right to rule in their own land and subjected them and their country to the dictatorship of the commanding generals of the Russian armed forces. Thus, early and masterfully, Russia had cut off Kabarda from its western kindred and then directed its military might against Western Circassia. During this period, Russia launched a powerful worldwide propaganda campaign, portraying the Circassians to the Western world as the marauding savages who should be obliterated from the face of the earth in order to ensure peace in the region. At the same time, Russia kept increasing its armed forces in this region. For example, during General Yermolovs time, Russia increased its army in this region from 5075,000, excluding the Cossacks. Russia added 47 new battalions since 1831 and another 40,000 soldiers in 1840. In short, a 210,000 Russian armies and 80,000 Cossack Cavalries were conducting military operations in Circassia during 18531856. Later, Russia reinforced it with 24,000 Russian infantry corps and 2 dragoon regiments and artillery. Russia suffered colossal losses in the Russo-Circassian War. Since the time of Catherine II to 1864, 1.5 million Russian soldiers fell in this country, excluding the Cossack losses as they were not considered a part of the regular Russian army. From the beginning until the end of the war, the Russian army had burnt and pillaged twenty, thirty, fifty, and one hundred Circassian villages at a time, destroying the harvest and driving out the cattle; the Russian army killed or uprooted the native inhabitants and settled Cossack and Russian stanitsas in the territory, according to the planned genocide. As Russian generals stated openly, Russia needed the Circassian lands, not the Circassians. Finally, Russia crushed the Circassian nation in 1864, forced them from their historical Motherland, drove them to the Black Sea shore under Russian bayonets, and threw them into the confines of the Ottoman Empire thus completing its planned genocide. At the present time, as a result of the genocide, 90 percent of the Circassian population lives scattered all over the world. They survived the planned Russian genocide, the cold, deprivations, epidemics, and other companions of their forcible exile. They became exemplary citizens of many countries, established their own new republicsAdigey, Kabardino-Balkaria
Author : John Augustus Longworth
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 714 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 1840
Category : Circassia
ISBN : OXFORD:590618282
Author : Adel Bashqawi
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
Page : 683 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-12-11
Category : History
ISBN : 9781796076851
This work is dedicated to Circassia, the historical homeland of the Circassians, who inspired and encouraged emerging generations to maintain the torch of freedom and to lead the way, despite all obstacles and attempts of exclusion that have been tested over the years. Since the subjugation of their homeland, the Circassians were subjected to harsh conditions in all walks of life, which wasn’t easy to withstand and get through. This meant a dictatorial, savage, direct military and security jurisdiction, and domination for the duration of both tyrant tsarist imperial and Soviet/Communist eras. From the beginning of the 1990s on, the general situation has been quite different concerning the circumstances that the Circassian affairs have been clutched to. After decades of being forgotten, the people of the Caucasus region and the world at large have started to become enlightened with information that was prevented and blocked from the public. Even the historians, specialists, and academicians were not in the picture of the pain, destiny, and suffering that the Circassian nation was inflicted with for decades, specifically since the occupation and deportation of 1864.
Author : Edmund Spencer (capt.)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 1837
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OXFORD:555011829
Author : Walter Richmond
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2013-04-09
Category : History
ISBN : 9780813560694
Circassia was a small independent nation on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids the Russians drove the Circassians from their homeland and deported them to the Ottoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history. Using rare archival materials, Walter Richmond chronicles the history of the war, describes in detail the final genocidal campaign, and follows the Circassians in diaspora through five generations as they struggle to survive and return home. He places the periods of acute genocide, 1821–1822 and 1863–1864, in the larger context of centuries of tension between the two nations and updates the story to the present day as the Circassian community works to gain international recognition of the genocide as the region prepares for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the site of the Russians’ final victory.
Author : William Eleroy Curtis
Publisher : Morrison Press
Page : 536 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2008-06
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781409782728
Many of the earliest books, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are now extremely scarce and increasingly expensive. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.