Understanding Natural Language

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Integration of World Knowledge for Natural Language Understanding

Ekaterina Ovchinnikova
Integration of World Knowledge for Natural Language Understanding Book PDF

Author : Ekaterina Ovchinnikova
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 242 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2012-02-15
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9789491216534

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Integration of World Knowledge for Natural Language Understanding by Ekaterina Ovchinnikova Pdf

This book concerns non-linguistic knowledge required to perform computational natural language understanding (NLU). The main objective of the book is to show that inference-based NLU has the potential for practical large scale applications. First, an introduction to research areas relevant for NLU is given. We review approaches to linguistic meaning, explore knowledge resources, describe semantic parsers, and compare two main forms of inference: deduction and abduction. In the main part of the book, we propose an integrative knowledge base combining lexical-semantic, ontological, and distributional knowledge. A particular attention is payed to ensuring its consistency. We then design a reasoning procedure able to make use of the large scale knowledge base. We experiment both with a deduction-based NLU system and with an abductive reasoner. For evaluation, we use three different NLU tasks: recognizing textual entailment, semantic role labeling, and interpretation of noun dependencies.

Natural Language Understanding

James Allen
Natural Language Understanding Book PDF

Author : James Allen
Publisher : Pearson
Page : 680 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Computers
ISBN : UOM:39015037312322

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Natural Language Understanding by James Allen Pdf

From a leading authority in artificial intelligence, this book delivers a synthesis of the major modern techniques and the most current research in natural language processing. The approach is unique in its coverage of semantic interpretation and discourse alongside the foundational material in syntactic processing.

Understanding Natural Language

Terry Winograd
Understanding Natural Language Book PDF

Author : Terry Winograd
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 218 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Computers
ISBN : UOM:39015002045055

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Understanding Natural Language by Terry Winograd Pdf

Overview of the language understanding program; Comparison with previous programs; A grammar for english; An introduction to lisp; A description of programmar; Deduction, problem solving, and planner; The blocks world; Semantics; Refenreces; Appendices.

Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding

Georgia M. Green
Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding Book PDF

Author : Georgia M. Green
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 203 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2012-11-12
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781136492822

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Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding by Georgia M. Green Pdf

This book differs from other introductions to pragmatics in approaching the problems of interpreting language use in terms of interpersonal modelling of beliefs and intentions. It is intended to make issues involved in language understanding, such as speech, text, and discourse, accessible to the widest group possible -- not just specialists in linguistics or communication theorists -- but all scholars and researchers whose enterprises depend on having a useful model of how communicative agents understand utterances and expect their own utterances to be understood. Based on feedback from readers over the past seven years, explanations in every chapter have been improved and updated in this thoroughly revised version of the original text published in 1989. The most extensive revisions concern the relevance of technical notions of mutual and normal belief, and the futility of using the notion 'null context' to describe meaning. In addition, the discussion of implicature now includes an extended explication of "Grice's Cooperative Principle" which attempts to put it in the context of his theory of meaning and rationality, and to preclude misinterpretations which it has suffered over the past 20 years. The revised chapter exploits the notion of normal belief to improve the account of conversational implicature.

Ways of Worldmaking

Nelson Goodman
Ways of Worldmaking Book PDF

Author : Nelson Goodman
Publisher : Hackett Publishing
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 1978-01-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0915144514

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Ways of Worldmaking by Nelson Goodman Pdf

Provides a workable notion of the kinds of skills and capacities that are central for those who work in the arts.

Introduction to Natural Language Processing

Jacob Eisenstein
Introduction to Natural Language Processing Book PDF

Author : Jacob Eisenstein
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 535 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2019-10-01
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262042840

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Introduction to Natural Language Processing by Jacob Eisenstein Pdf

A survey of computational methods for understanding, generating, and manipulating human language, which offers a synthesis of classical representations and algorithms with contemporary machine learning techniques. This textbook provides a technical perspective on natural language processing—methods for building computer software that understands, generates, and manipulates human language. It emphasizes contemporary data-driven approaches, focusing on techniques from supervised and unsupervised machine learning. The first section establishes a foundation in machine learning by building a set of tools that will be used throughout the book and applying them to word-based textual analysis. The second section introduces structured representations of language, including sequences, trees, and graphs. The third section explores different approaches to the representation and analysis of linguistic meaning, ranging from formal logic to neural word embeddings. The final section offers chapter-length treatments of three transformative applications of natural language processing: information extraction, machine translation, and text generation. End-of-chapter exercises include both paper-and-pencil analysis and software implementation. The text synthesizes and distills a broad and diverse research literature, linking contemporary machine learning techniques with the field's linguistic and computational foundations. It is suitable for use in advanced undergraduate and graduate-level courses and as a reference for software engineers and data scientists. Readers should have a background in computer programming and college-level mathematics. After mastering the material presented, students will have the technical skill to build and analyze novel natural language processing systems and to understand the latest research in the field.

Naive Semantics for Natural Language Understanding

Kathleen Dahlgren
Naive Semantics for Natural Language Understanding Book PDF

Author : Kathleen Dahlgren
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 261 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781461310754

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Naive Semantics for Natural Language Understanding by Kathleen Dahlgren Pdf

This book introduces a theory, Naive Semantics (NS), a theory of the knowledge underlying natural language understanding. The basic assumption of NS is that knowing what a word means is not very different from knowing anything else, so that there is no difference in form of cognitive representation between lexical semantics and ency clopedic knowledge. NS represents word meanings as commonsense knowledge, and builds no special representation language (other than elements of first-order logic). The idea of teaching computers common sense knowledge originated with McCarthy and Hayes (1969), and has been extended by a number of researchers (Hobbs and Moore, 1985, Lenat et aI, 1986). Commonsense knowledge is a set of naive beliefs, at times vague and inaccurate, about the way the world is structured. Traditionally, word meanings have been viewed as criterial, as giving truth conditions for membership in the classes words name. The theory of NS, in identifying word meanings with commonsense knowledge, sees word meanings as typical descriptions of classes of objects, rather than as criterial descriptions. Therefore, reasoning with NS represen tations is probabilistic rather than monotonic. This book is divided into two parts. Part I elaborates the theory of Naive Semantics. Chapter 1 illustrates and justifies the theory. Chapter 2 details the representation of nouns in the theory, and Chapter 4 the verbs, originally published as "Commonsense Reasoning with Verbs" (McDowell and Dahlgren, 1987). Chapter 3 describes kind types, which are naive constraints on noun representations.

Natural Language Processing in Action

Hannes Hapke,Cole Howard,Hobson Lane
Natural Language Processing in Action Book PDF

Author : Hannes Hapke,Cole Howard,Hobson Lane
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 798 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2019-03-16
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781638356899

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Natural Language Processing in Action by Hannes Hapke,Cole Howard,Hobson Lane Pdf

Summary Natural Language Processing in Action is your guide to creating machines that understand human language using the power of Python with its ecosystem of packages dedicated to NLP and AI. Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications. About the Technology Recent advances in deep learning empower applications to understand text and speech with extreme accuracy. The result? Chatbots that can imitate real people, meaningful resume-to-job matches, superb predictive search, and automatically generated document summaries—all at a low cost. New techniques, along with accessible tools like Keras and TensorFlow, make professional-quality NLP easier than ever before. About the Book Natural Language Processing in Action is your guide to building machines that can read and interpret human language. In it, you'll use readily available Python packages to capture the meaning in text and react accordingly. The book expands traditional NLP approaches to include neural networks, modern deep learning algorithms, and generative techniques as you tackle real-world problems like extracting dates and names, composing text, and answering free-form questions. What's inside Some sentences in this book were written by NLP! Can you guess which ones? Working with Keras, TensorFlow, gensim, and scikit-learn Rule-based and data-based NLP Scalable pipelines About the Reader This book requires a basic understanding of deep learning and intermediate Python skills. About the Author Hobson Lane, Cole Howard, and Hannes Max Hapke are experienced NLP engineers who use these techniques in production. Table of Contents PART 1 - WORDY MACHINES Packets of thought (NLP overview) Build your vocabulary (word tokenization) Math with words (TF-IDF vectors) Finding meaning in word counts (semantic analysis) PART 2 - DEEPER LEARNING (NEURAL NETWORKS) Baby steps with neural networks (perceptrons and backpropagation) Reasoning with word vectors (Word2vec) Getting words in order with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) Loopy (recurrent) neural networks (RNNs) Improving retention with long short-term memory networks Sequence-to-sequence models and attention PART 3 - GETTING REAL (REAL-WORLD NLP CHALLENGES) Information extraction (named entity extraction and question answering) Getting chatty (dialog engines) Scaling up (optimization, parallelization, and batch processing)

Natural Language Understanding and Cognitive Robotics

Masao Yokota
Natural Language Understanding and Cognitive Robotics Book PDF

Author : Masao Yokota
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 204 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Autonomous robots
ISBN : 0367360314

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Natural Language Understanding and Cognitive Robotics by Masao Yokota Pdf

"Describes the method for robots to acquire human-like traits of natural language understanding (NLU), the core of which is mental image directed semantic theory (MIDST). It is based on the hypothesis that NLU by humans is essentially processing of mental image associated with natural language expressions. MIDST is intended to model omnisensory mental image in humans and provide a knowledge representation system for integrative management of knowledge subjective to cognitive mechanisms of intelligent entities, e.g. humans and robots, with a systematic scheme for symbol-grounding. The book is aimed at researchers and students interested in artificial intelligence, robotics, or cognitive science. Based on philosophical considerations, this will also have an appeal in linguistics, psychology, ontology, geography, and cartography"--

Practical Natural Language Processing

Sowmya Vajjala,Bodhisattwa Majumder,Anuj Gupta,Harshit Surana
Practical Natural Language Processing Book PDF

Author : Sowmya Vajjala,Bodhisattwa Majumder,Anuj Gupta,Harshit Surana
Publisher : O'Reilly Media
Page : 455 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2020-06-17
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781492054023

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Practical Natural Language Processing by Sowmya Vajjala,Bodhisattwa Majumder,Anuj Gupta,Harshit Surana Pdf

Many books and courses tackle natural language processing (NLP) problems with toy use cases and well-defined datasets. But if you want to build, iterate, and scale NLP systems in a business setting and tailor them for particular industry verticals, this is your guide. Software engineers and data scientists will learn how to navigate the maze of options available at each step of the journey. Through the course of the book, authors Sowmya Vajjala, Bodhisattwa Majumder, Anuj Gupta, and Harshit Surana will guide you through the process of building real-world NLP solutions embedded in larger product setups. You’ll learn how to adapt your solutions for different industry verticals such as healthcare, social media, and retail. With this book, you’ll: Understand the wide spectrum of problem statements, tasks, and solution approaches within NLP Implement and evaluate different NLP applications using machine learning and deep learning methods Fine-tune your NLP solution based on your business problem and industry vertical Evaluate various algorithms and approaches for NLP product tasks, datasets, and stages Produce software solutions following best practices around release, deployment, and DevOps for NLP systems Understand best practices, opportunities, and the roadmap for NLP from a business and product leader’s perspective

Linguistics for the Age of AI

Marjorie Mcshane,Sergei Nirenburg
Linguistics for the Age of AI Book PDF

Author : Marjorie Mcshane,Sergei Nirenburg
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 449 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2021-03-02
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262362603

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Linguistics for the Age of AI by Marjorie Mcshane,Sergei Nirenburg Pdf

A human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems. One of the original goals of artificial intelligence research was to endow intelligent agents with human-level natural language capabilities. Recent AI research, however, has focused on applying statistical and machine learning approaches to big data rather than attempting to model what people do and how they do it. In this book, Marjorie McShane and Sergei Nirenburg return to the original goal of recreating human-level intelligence in a machine. They present a human-inspired, linguistically sophisticated model of language understanding for intelligent agent systems that emphasizes meaning--the deep, context-sensitive meaning that a person derives from spoken or written language.

Applied Natural Language Processing in the Enterprise

Ankur A. Patel,Ajay Uppili Arasanipalai
Applied Natural Language Processing in the Enterprise Book PDF

Author : Ankur A. Patel,Ajay Uppili Arasanipalai
Publisher : "O'Reilly Media, Inc."
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2021-05-12
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781492062547

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Applied Natural Language Processing in the Enterprise by Ankur A. Patel,Ajay Uppili Arasanipalai Pdf

NLP has exploded in popularity over the last few years. But while Google, Facebook, OpenAI, and others continue to release larger language models, many teams still struggle with building NLP applications that live up to the hype. This hands-on guide helps you get up to speed on the latest and most promising trends in NLP. With a basic understanding of machine learning and some Python experience, you'll learn how to build, train, and deploy models for real-world applications in your organization. Authors Ankur Patel and Ajay Uppili Arasanipalai guide you through the process using code and examples that highlight the best practices in modern NLP. Use state-of-the-art NLP models such as BERT and GPT-3 to solve NLP tasks such as named entity recognition, text classification, semantic search, and reading comprehension Train NLP models with performance comparable or superior to that of out-of-the-box systems Learn about Transformer architecture and modern tricks like transfer learning that have taken the NLP world by storm Become familiar with the tools of the trade, including spaCy, Hugging Face, and fast.ai Build core parts of the NLP pipeline--including tokenizers, embeddings, and language models--from scratch using Python and PyTorch Take your models out of Jupyter notebooks and learn how to deploy, monitor, and maintain them in production

Natural Language Processing in Artificial Intelligence

Brojo Kishore Mishra,Raghvendra Kumar
Natural Language Processing in Artificial Intelligence Book PDF

Author : Brojo Kishore Mishra,Raghvendra Kumar
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2020-11-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000711318

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Natural Language Processing in Artificial Intelligence by Brojo Kishore Mishra,Raghvendra Kumar Pdf

This volume focuses on natural language processing, artificial intelligence, and allied areas. Natural language processing enables communication between people and computers and automatic translation to facilitate easy interaction with others around the world. This book discusses theoretical work and advanced applications, approaches, and techniques for computational models of information and how it is presented by language (artificial, human, or natural) in other ways. It looks at intelligent natural language processing and related models of thought, mental states, reasoning, and other cognitive processes. It explores the difficult problems and challenges related to partiality, underspecification, and context-dependency, which are signature features of information in nature and natural languages. Key features: Addresses the functional frameworks and workflow that are trending in NLP and AI Looks at the latest technologies and the major challenges, issues, and advances in NLP and AI Explores an intelligent field monitoring and automated system through AI with NLP and its implications for the real world Discusses data acquisition and presents a real-time case study with illustrations related to data-intensive technologies in AI and NLP.

Natural Language Processing with SAS

Anonim
Natural Language Processing with SAS Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 74 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2020-08-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1952363187

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Natural Language Processing with SAS by Anonim Pdf

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that helps computers understand, interpret, and emulate written or spoken human language. NLP draws from many disciplines including human-generated linguistic rules, machine learning, and deep learning to fill the gap between human communication and machine understanding. The papers included in this special collection demonstrate how NLP can be used to scale the human act of reading, organizing, and quantifying text data.

Natural Language Processing

Yue Zhang,Zhiyang Teng
Natural Language Processing Book PDF

Author : Yue Zhang,Zhiyang Teng
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 487 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2021-01-07
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781108420211

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Natural Language Processing by Yue Zhang,Zhiyang Teng Pdf

This undergraduate textbook introduces essential machine learning concepts in NLP in a unified and gentle mathematical framework.