Wastewater Treatment Residues As Resources For Biorefinery Products And Biofuels

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Wastewater Treatment Residues as Resources for Biorefinery Products and Biofuels

Jose Antonio Olivares,Daniel Puyol,Juan Antonio Melero,Javier Dufour
Wastewater Treatment Residues as Resources for Biorefinery Products and Biofuels Book PDF

Author : Jose Antonio Olivares,Daniel Puyol,Juan Antonio Melero,Javier Dufour
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 474 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2019-11-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128165409

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Wastewater Treatment Residues as Resources for Biorefinery Products and Biofuels by Jose Antonio Olivares,Daniel Puyol,Juan Antonio Melero,Javier Dufour Pdf

Wastewater Treatment Residues as Resources for Biorefinery Products and Energy reviews wastewater treatment processes and the use of residues. The viability of end use processes for residues, such as incineration, cement additives, agricultural fertilizers, and methane production are reviewed and analyzed, as are new processes for the use of residues within a fuels production system, such as pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and syngas. Specialized chapters discuss fractionation of biomass, the production of compounds from volatile fatty acids that conceptually proceed from the anaerobic acidogenesis of residues, and a final analysis of the overall productivity and viability that can be expected from these production schemes. Discusses processes for the production of high value-added products and energy development from sludge Provides value-added technologies for resource utilization in wastewater systems Outlines sustainability assessments and comparisons of technologies and processes

Waste Biorefinery

Thallada Bhaskar,Sunita Varjani,Ashok Pandey,Eldon R. Rene
Waste Biorefinery Book PDF

Author : Thallada Bhaskar,Sunita Varjani,Ashok Pandey,Eldon R. Rene
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 540 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2021-02-24
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780128218945

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Waste Biorefinery by Thallada Bhaskar,Sunita Varjani,Ashok Pandey,Eldon R. Rene Pdf

Waste Biorefinery: Value Addition through Resources Utilization provides scientific and technical information surrounding the most advanced and innovative processing technologies used for the conversion of biogenic waste to biofuels, energy products and biochemicals. The book covers recent developments and achievements in the field of biochemical, thermo-chemical and hybrid methods and the necessities and potentials generated by different kinds of residual streams, including biomass in presumably more decentralized biorefineries. An assortment of case-studies from developing and developed countries illustrate the topics presented, covering energy, chemicals, fuels, food for animal recovery from different waste matrices, and more. Finally, the advantages and limitations of different technologies are discussed, considering local energy demand, government policies, environmental impacts and education in bioenergy. This book will serve as an excellent resource for science graduates, chemical engineers, environmental engineers, biotechnologists and industrial experts in these areas. Provides information on the most advanced and innovative processes for biomass conversion Covers information on biochemical and thermochemical processes and product developments surrounding the principles of biorefining Presents information on the integration of processes and technologies for the production of biofuels, energy products and biochemicals

Waste Biorefinery

Thallada Bhaskar,Ashok Pandey,S.Venkata Mohan,Duu-Jong Lee,Samir Kumar Khanal
Waste Biorefinery Book PDF

Author : Thallada Bhaskar,Ashok Pandey,S.Venkata Mohan,Duu-Jong Lee,Samir Kumar Khanal
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 890 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2018-04-13
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780444639936

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Waste Biorefinery by Thallada Bhaskar,Ashok Pandey,S.Venkata Mohan,Duu-Jong Lee,Samir Kumar Khanal Pdf

Waste Biorefinery: Potential and Perspectives offers data-based information on the most cutting-edge processes for the utilisation of biogenic waste to produce biofuels, energy products, and biochemicals – a critical aspect of biorefinery. The book explores recent developments in biochemical and thermo-chemical methods of conversion and the potential generated by different kinds of biomass in more decentralized biorefineries. Additionally, the book discusses the move from 200 years of raw fossil materials to renewable resources and how this shift is accompanied by fundamental changes in industrial manufacturing technologies (from chemistry to biochemistry) and in logistics and manufacturing concepts (from petrochemical refineries to biorefineries). Waste Biorefinery: Potential and Perspectives designs concepts that enable modern biorefineries to utilize all types of biogenic wastes, and to integrate processes that convert byproduct streams to high-value products, achieving higher cost benefits. This book is an essential resource for researchers and students studying biomass, biorefineries, and biofuels/products/processes, as well as chemists, biochemical/chemical engineers, microbiologists, and biotechnologists working in industries and government agencies. Details the most advanced and innovative methods for biomass conversion Covers biochemical and thermo-chemical processes as well as product development Discusses the integration of technologies to produce bio-fuels, energy products, and biochemicals Illustrates specific applications in numerous case studies for reference and teaching purposes

Microalgal Biomass for Bioenergy Applications

Jeyabalan Sangeetha,Devarajan Thangadurai
Microalgal Biomass for Bioenergy Applications Book PDF

Author : Jeyabalan Sangeetha,Devarajan Thangadurai
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 468 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2023-10-06
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780443139284

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Microalgal Biomass for Bioenergy Applications by Jeyabalan Sangeetha,Devarajan Thangadurai Pdf

Microalgal Biomass for Bioenergy Applications presents current methods, practical applications, and research trends on diverse biofuel products from microalgae. This comprehensive book provides analyses of microalgal biology, chemical and molecular engineering techniques to scale-up algal biomass processes and biofuels conversion, and economic feasibility of value-added bioenergy co-products from a variety of microalgal strains. Sections cover microalgal biomass availability, suitability, potential for biofuel applications, scientific and methodical aspects of biomass harvesting, sustainable and commercial applications of microalgal biofuels, including LCA, and the technological limitations and future perspectives on microalgal biofuels. Each section offers in-depth knowledge on the fundamental and practical aspects with reference to biofuels and bioenergy production from microalgae. This book will be a valuable update for students, researchers and industry professionals working in bioenergy, and will be of interest to microbial and environmental scientists and phycologists interested in practical applications for microalgae. Reviews all aspects of microalgal biodiversity and its structure in context of cultivation, conversation, harvesting and advantages over other conventional biomass Examines key steps and integrated approaches to enhance biofuels production from microalgae Explains the fundamentals, practical aspects, and scale-up techniques for the production of biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel, biohydrogen and biobutanol from microalgal biomass Includes breakthroughs, recent advances and challenges in microalgal biomass processing as feedstock for renewable biofuels Analyzes chemical and molecular engineering techniques to scale-up algal biomass processes and biofuels conversion, and the economic feasibility of value-added bioenergy co-products from a variety of microalgal strains

Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals

Sunita Varjani,Ashok Pandey,Mohammad Taherzadeh,Huu Hao Ngo,R.D. Tyagi
Biomass Biofuels Biochemicals Book PDF

Author : Sunita Varjani,Ashok Pandey,Mohammad Taherzadeh,Huu Hao Ngo,R.D. Tyagi
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 472 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2022-03-09
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780323984720

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Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals by Sunita Varjani,Ashok Pandey,Mohammad Taherzadeh,Huu Hao Ngo,R.D. Tyagi Pdf

Circular Bioeconomy: Technologies for Waste Remediation covers information about the strategies and approaches facilitating the integration of technologies for wastewater and solid waste remediation. The book highlights the models developed to valorize wastes to produce biobased products. Various chapters presented in the book put a focus on sustainability approaches as a central theme in order to facilitate industries and policymakers to adopt circular economy goals. Since the principal idea of a circular bioeconomy is to transition from a linear economy, it involves advanced technological and designing breakthroughs to reduce waste with a closed looped system. Covers the integration of technologies and processes for waste remediation Narrates recent developments and perspectives on value added products from wastes Summarizes recent developments in lifecycle assessment and techno economic analysis using wastes for sustainable development Offers academicians, engineers, researchers and stakeholders help in adapting suitable technologies for solid waste and wastewater management

Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering

Giorgio Mannina,Ashok Pandey,Ranjna Sirohi
Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering Book PDF

Author : Giorgio Mannina,Ashok Pandey,Ranjna Sirohi
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 456 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2022-09-21
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780323912891

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Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering by Giorgio Mannina,Ashok Pandey,Ranjna Sirohi Pdf

Smart Solutions for Wastewater: Road-mapping the Transition to Circular Economy, the latest release in the Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering presents up-to-date information on research and technological developments of resource recovery in wastewater treatment in terms of carbon, nutrients and energy. The book fulfils the gaps and current challenges that hinder the application of resource recovery facilities in wastewater treatment plants, discusses knowledge gaps, provides future research perspectives, and discusses strategies to solve problems from a circular economy perspective. It is an excellent, interdisciplinary and updated overview of technologies in terms of potential yields, pollutants removal, nutrients recovery and energy production. Covers different aspects of resource recovery technologies and research gaps in wastewater treatment Focuses on different MBR configurations and systems/hybrid systems in treating a large variety of wastewaters Provides state-of-the-art technology developments, including technology, advantages and challenges as well as strategies to overcome limitations Includes technologies for managing sewage sludge in order to foster solutions for recovering in a circular economy context

Removal of Emerging Contaminants Through Microbial Processes

Maulin P Shah
Removal of Emerging Contaminants Through Microbial Processes Book PDF

Author : Maulin P Shah
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 536 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2020-10-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811559013

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Removal of Emerging Contaminants Through Microbial Processes by Maulin P Shah Pdf

The abundance of organic pollutants found in wastewater affect urban surface waters. Traditional wastewater management technologies focus on the removal of suspended solids, nutrients and bacteria, however, new pollutants such as synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals are often not monitored in the environment despite having the potential to enter the environment and cause adverse ecological and human health effects. Collectively referred to as "emerging contaminants," they are mostly derived from domestic activities and occur in trace concentrations ranging from pico to micrograms per liter. Environmental contaminants are resistant to conventional wastewater treatment processes and most of them remain unaffected, causing contamination of receiving water. This in turn leads to the need for advanced wastewater treatment processes capable of removing environmental contaminants to ensure safe fresh water sources. This book provides an up-to-date overview of the current bioremediation strategies, including their limitations, challenges and their potential application to remove environmental pollutants. It also introduces the latest trends and advances in environmental bioremediation, and presents the state-of-the-art in biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes. As such, it will appeal to researchers and policy-makers, as well as undergraduate and graduate environmental sciences students.

Biodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy

Malgorzata Kacprzak,Eleonore Attard,Kari-Anne Lyng,Helena Raclavska,BalRam Singh,Eyob Tesfamariam,Franck Vandenbulcke
Biodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy Book PDF

Author : Malgorzata Kacprzak,Eleonore Attard,Kari-Anne Lyng,Helena Raclavska,BalRam Singh,Eyob Tesfamariam,Franck Vandenbulcke
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 580 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2022-06-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119679851

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Biodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy by Malgorzata Kacprzak,Eleonore Attard,Kari-Anne Lyng,Helena Raclavska,BalRam Singh,Eyob Tesfamariam,Franck Vandenbulcke Pdf

Biodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy Presents the major developments in new technologies and strategies for more effective recovery of matter, resources, and energy from biodegradable waste The volume of biodegradable waste produced worldwide is progressively increasing—a trend that is predicted to continue well into the foreseeable future. Developing sustainable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approaches for processing food waste, agricultural and organic industrial waste, cardboard, biodegradable plastics, sewage sludge, and other types of biodegradable waste is one of the most significant challenges of the coming decades. Biodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy provides a detailed overview of the latest advances in the management of biomass for economic development. Featuring contributions from an interdisciplinary team of experts, this comprehensive resource addresses various technologies and strategies for recycling organic matter and many other renewable compounds. In-depth chapters describe the concept of circular economy, identify new sources of biodegradable waste, explore technologies for the production of biodegradable waste end-products, discuss the positive and negative effects of end-products on soil and the environment, and more. Throughout the text, the authors explore systematic approaches for secure biodegradable management in various countries and regions around the world. Explores the social, governance, and economic aspects of "waste as a resource" Addresses metal recovery, biofuel and fertilizer production, and biosorbents and biochar derived from biomass waste Discusses nutrient recovery and energy and bio-methane production from biodegradable waste Covers use cases, collection systems, and regulation of agricultural, industrial, and municipal biodegradable waste streams Presents various technologies for the production of biodegradable waste end-products, including biorefineries, anaerobic digestion, and hybrid methods Reflecting the latest trends in the rapidly changing field, Biodegradable Waste Management in the Circular Economy is essential reading for researchers, engineers, scientists, and consultants working in waste engineering and management, resource recovery, renewable resources, environmental science, agricultural and environmental engineering, soil science, and bioenergy.

Clean Energy and Resources Recovery

Vinay Kumar Tyagi,Kaoutar Aboudi
Clean Energy and Resources Recovery Book PDF

Author : Vinay Kumar Tyagi,Kaoutar Aboudi
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 536 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2021-08-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780323852241

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Clean Energy and Resources Recovery by Vinay Kumar Tyagi,Kaoutar Aboudi Pdf

Clean Energy and Resources Recovery: Biomass Waste Based Biorefineries, Volume One presents the technological options for energy and resources recovery from all types of organic wastes. The book addresses municipal and industrial sludges, municipal solid waste, agro-residue, animal wastes, industrial waste, forestry residue, and algal biomass, and provides a global overview of biomass waste production, waste handling issues and related GHG emissions and climate change, legislative waste management guidelines, biomass composition, and conventional methods for biomass waste treatment. For each biomass waste, chapters cover energy and bio-based products recovery, pre-treatment methods, process microbiology, community dynamics, co-digestion, reactor design and configuration, and techno-economic evaluation. Case studies on upscaling technology and pilot and industry scale implementation are included, alongside step-by-step calculations that integrate practical field data and regulatory requirements into the environmental design process. Finally, future trends and developments in advanced biotechnological concepts for biomass waste processing and management are also discussed. Provides innovative strategies to increase the efficiency of anaerobic digestion, including during pre- and post-treatment Includes industry case studies that demonstrate successful implementation processes and strategies Addresses municipal and industrial sludges, municipal solid waste, agro-residue, animal wastes, industrial waste, forestry residue, and algal biomass, and provides a global overview of biomass waste production

Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications

Shahid ul-Islam,Aabid Hussain Shalla,Salman Ahmad Khan
Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications Book PDF

Author : Shahid ul-Islam,Aabid Hussain Shalla,Salman Ahmad Khan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 555 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2022-01-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781119818793

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Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications by Shahid ul-Islam,Aabid Hussain Shalla,Salman Ahmad Khan Pdf

HANDBOOK of BIOMASS VALORIZATION for INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS The handbook provides a comprehensive view of cutting-edge research on biomass valorization, from advanced fabrication methodologies through useful derived materials, to current and potential application sectors. Industrial sectors, such as food, textiles, petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals, generate massive amounts of waste each year, the disposal of which has become a major issue worldwide. As a result, implementing a circular economy that employs sustainable practices in waste management is critical for any industry. Moreover, fossil fuels, which are the primary sources of fuel in the transportation sector, are also being rapidly depleted at an alarming rate. Therefore, to combat these global issues without increasing our carbon footprint, we must look for renewable resources to produce chemicals and biomaterials. In that context, agricultural waste materials are gaining popularity as cost-effective and abundantly available alternatives to fossil resources for the production of a variety of value-added products, including renewable fuels, fuel components, and fuel additives. Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications investigates current and emerging feedstocks, as well as provides in-depth technical information on advanced catalytic processes and technologies that enable the development of all possible alternative energy sources. The 22 chapters of this book comprehensively cover the valorization of agricultural wastes and their various uses in value-added applications like energy, biofuels, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment. Audience The book is intended for a very broad audience working in the fields of materials sciences, chemical engineering, nanotechnology, energy, environment, chemistry, etc. This book will be an invaluable reference source for the libraries in universities and industrial institutions, government and independent institutes, individual research groups, and scientists working in the field of valorization of biomass.

Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications

Hüseyin Karaca,Cemil Koyunoğlu
Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications Book PDF

Author : Hüseyin Karaca,Cemil Koyunoğlu
Publisher : Bentham Science Publishers
Page : 363 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2022-10-05
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789815051018

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Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications by Hüseyin Karaca,Cemil Koyunoğlu Pdf

Intensive use of fossil-based energy sources causes significant environmental problems on a global scale. Researchers have been working for several decades to find alternative energy solutions to fossil fuels. Algae are a renewable energy source, with high potential for increasing scarce resources and reducing environmental problems caused by fossil fuel use. Algal Biotechnology for Fuel Applications gives the reader a comprehensive picture of the industrial use of algae for generating power. This book informs readers about the existence of alternative species to the currently used algae species for biofuel production, while also explaining the methods and current concepts in sustainable biofuel production. Key Features - Fifteen chapters covering topics on commercial algae species and algal biofuel production. - Covers anaerobic biotechnology and basic biofuel production from thermal liquefaction - Covers biodiesel production and algal biofuel characterization - Introduces the reader to applied microbial fuel cell technology and algae cultivation methods - Provides concepts about ecological engineering - Covers microalgae culture and biofuel production techniques - Explains the importance of catalysts - Explains the economic evaluation of algae fuel production technology This reference is essential reading for students and academics involved in environmental science, biotechnology, chemical engineering and sustainability education programs. It also serves as a reference for general readers who want to understand the ins and outs of algal biofuel technology.

Enzymes for Solving Humankind's Problems

José J. G. Moura,Isabel Moura,Luisa B. Maia
Enzymes for Solving Humankind s Problems Book PDF

Author : José J. G. Moura,Isabel Moura,Luisa B. Maia
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 507 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2020-12-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030583156

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Enzymes for Solving Humankind's Problems by José J. G. Moura,Isabel Moura,Luisa B. Maia Pdf

This book presents specific key natural and artificial systems that are promising biocatalysts in the areas of health, agriculture, environment and energy. It provides a comprehensive account of the state of the art of these systems and outlines the significant progress made in the last decade using these systems to develop innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Chapters from expert contributors explore how natural enzymes and artificial systems tackle specific targets such as: climate change, carbon footprint and economy and carbon dioxide utilisation; nitrogen footprint and fixation and nitrous oxide mitigation; hydrogen production, fuel cells and energy from bacteria; biomass transformation and production of added-value compounds, as well as biosensors development. This book provides an important and inspiring account for the designing of new natural and artificial systems with enhanced properties, and it appeals not only to students and researchers working in the fields of energy, health, food and environment, but also to a wider audience of educated readers that are interested in these up-to-date and exciting subjects. Chapter “Carbon Dioxide Utilisation—The Formate Route” is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems

Sandra Pérez Solsona,Nicola Montemurro,Serge Chiron,Damià Barceló
Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil Crop Systems Book PDF

Author : Sandra Pérez Solsona,Nicola Montemurro,Serge Chiron,Damià Barceló
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 529 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2021-01-28
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783030612900

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Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems by Sandra Pérez Solsona,Nicola Montemurro,Serge Chiron,Damià Barceló Pdf

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the fate and interaction of pharmaceuticals in soil-crop systems. It addresses the principles of their transport, uptake and metabolism and reviews methodologies for their analytical determination. It also discusses ecotoxicological effects arising from their presence and highlights bioremediation approaches for their removal. The use of treated wastewater to irrigate crops is becoming more widespread in regions where freshwater is limited. This practice conserves freshwater resources and contributes to nutrient recycling. However, concerns remain regarding the safety of irrigation with treated wastewater since it contains residues of pharmaceuticals that have survived treatment, which means that soil and fauna are potentially exposed to these xenobiotics. Various pathways govern the fate of pharmaceuticals in crop-soil systems, including soil degradation; formation of non-extractable residues; uptake by soil-dwelling organisms (e.g. earthworms); and uptake, transport, and metabolism in agricultural crops. Investigations into these aspects have only recently been initiated, and there is still a long way to go before a meaningful assessment of the impact of wastewater has been completed.

Wastewater to Water

Makarand M. Ghangrekar
Wastewater to Water Book PDF

Author : Makarand M. Ghangrekar
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 988 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2022-11-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811940484

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Wastewater to Water by Makarand M. Ghangrekar Pdf

This textbook offers a complete comprehensive coverage of wastewater engineering from pollutant classification, design of collection systems and treatment systems including operational guidelines for the treatment plants. Apart from the primary and conventional secondary wastewater treatment, this book covers the details and design of advanced biological treatment systems such as sequencing batch reactor (SBR), up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors and hybrid reactor, with design examples and photographs of actual working reactors which is useful for students and practicing engineers. This textbook is designed to provide complete solution for the wastewater engineering for easy reference to the users. This textbook is an ideal reference for courses taught at the university undergraduate and postgraduate level in the field of civil/environmental engineering, chemical engineering, water management and environmental science. It should also appeal to practicing engineers in the wastewater engineering and effluent treatment plant designers.

Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry

Anonim
Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry Book PDF

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 84 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Agriculture and energy
ISBN : UIUC:30112104605271

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Biomass as Feedstock for a Bioenergy and Bioproducts Industry by Anonim Pdf

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are both strongly committed to expanding the role of biomass as an energy source. In particular, they support biomass fuels and products as a way to reduce the need for oil and gas imports; to support the growth of agriculture, forestry, and rural economies; and to foster major new domestic industries-- biorefineries--making a variety of fuels, chemicals, and other products. As part of this effort, the Biomass R AND D Technical Advisory Committee, a panel established by the Congress to guide the future direction of federally funded biomass R AND D, envisioned a 30 percent replacement of the current U.S. petroleum consumption with biofuels by 2030. Biomass--all plant and plant-derived materials including animal manure, not just starch, sugar, oil crops already used for food and energy--has great potential to provide renewable energy for America s future. Biomass recently surpassed hydropower as the largest domestic source of renewable energy and currently provides over 3 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States. In addition to the many benefits common to renewable energy, biomass is particularly attractive because it is the only current renewable source of liquid transportation fuel. This, of course, makes it invaluable in reducing oil imports--one of our most pressing energy needs. A key question, however, is how large a role could biomass play in responding to the nation's energy demands. Assuming that economic and financial policies and advances in conversion technologies make biomass fuels and products more economically viable, could the biorefinery industry be large enough to have a significant impact on energy supply and oil imports? Any and all contributions are certainly needed, but would the biomass potential be sufficiently large to justify the necessary capital replacements in the fuels and automobile sectors?