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Water and Health in Europe by Jamie Bartram,Niels Thyssen,Alison Gowers Pdf
Universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation in a manner that protects human health and the environment are key development and welfare issues. Water resources vary greatly throughout Europe and within regions, and future water availability is likely to be influenced by a number of factors including climate change, especially in coastal areas. This joint report by the European Environment Agency and the World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe highlights the state of Europe's water resources, their health implications, and policy initiatives to address these issues. Aspects considered include: drinking and recreational water quality; health impacts such as waterborne diseases and sanitation; irrigation, industrial and agricultural practices; and water pollution.
Water and Liberalisation by Matthias Finger,Jeremy Allouche,Patricia Luis-Manso Pdf
In most network industries, new dynamics are leading to an unprecedented opening up to competition and private sector participation. With the development of a single European market, the in-stages liberalisation process of public utilities has spread to almost all sectors. However, the water supply and sanitation (WSS) sector is considered somehow different and it has been excluded until recently from the restructuring processes achieved in other sectors. Water and Liberalisation: European Water Scenarios presents a better understanding of the specific demands of the WSS sector. Covering the operators' strategies, the regulatory dynamics as well as their interactions on the evolution of the sector, it addresses the likelihood, the nature, and the forms the WSS sector may take in Europe in the foreseeable future. Adopting a neutral political stance, the book analyses the implications of alternative scenarios in economic, ecological, social, legal, and institutional terms. Key sections include: In depth introduction to the current situation in the WSS sector; The European water supply and sanitation markets; The institutional framework of the water supply and sanitation sector in the EU: a comparative analysis; Analysis of the EU explicit and implicit policies and approaches in the sector; Analysis of the strategies of the water operators in Europe scenarios on the evolution of the water sector in Europe; Economic, environmental, & social implications of the scenarios; Major implications per scenario.
OECD Studies on Water Financing Water Supply, Sanitation and Flood Protection Challenges in EU Member States and Policy Options by OECD Pdf
The OECD and the Directorate-General for Environment, the European Commission department responsible for EU policy on the environment, joined forces to examine current and future water-related financing challenges faced by EU member states. These include investments needed to comply with EU regulation for water supply, wastewater collection and treatment, and flood protection.
Small-scale Water Supplies in the Pan-European Region by Anonim Pdf
The provision of safe, acceptable and sufficient drinking-water is a crucial prerequisite for human well-being. Small-scale water supplies are the backbone of water supply in rural areas in the entire pan-European region. Yet experience shows that they find such provision a challenge, for administrative, managerial, operational and resourcing reasons.This publication is intended to help decision-makers, such as policy-makers or regulators in the drinking-water sector, to appreciate better and address the particularities and characteristics of small-scale water supplies. It provides a range of background information, case studies and lessons learned, and ideas for addressing the issues in national programs. Information for further reading as well as international networking activities is also provided.This publication was developed by the German Federal Environment Agency, a WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on Drinking Water Hygiene, in cooperation with the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
This publication presents good practices and lessons learned from throughout the pan-European region on the policies and measures to be enacted to provide equitable access to water and sanitation. It distinguishes three key dimensions of equitable access: geographical disparities; specific barriers faced by vulnerable and marginalized groups; and affordability concerns. A range of available policy options to fight inequities in each of those key dimensions are presented. The examples contained in this publication should support and encourage policy and decision makers at the national and local levels, as well as private and public operators, non-governmental organizations, international donors and other concerned actors to review and, where appropriate, replicate or adapt existing approaches and put in place new or additional measures, to ensure equitable access to water and sanitation.
The Protocol on Water and Health (Russian language) by Economic Commission for Europe Pdf
The publication is aimed at raising awareness on the UNECE-WHO/Europe Protocol on Water and Health. It contains a section introducing the Protocol as a unique international treaty aimed at protecting human health and well-being through sustainable water management and at ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation for everyone. The document further discusses the key obligations of the Protocol and some of the benefits of being a Party, as well as showcasing the technical areas of work in the Protocol's programme of work relating to water, sanitation, hygiene and health. Finally, there is a Q&A section on the accession process, targeted for those countries that may be considering becoming Parties to the Protocol.
Geochemistry of European Bottled Water by Clemens Reimann,Manfred Birke Pdf
In Europe, ca. 1900 "mineral water" brandsare officially registered and bottled for drinking. Bottled waters isgroundwater and is in large parts of the continent rapidly developing into themain supply of drinking water for the general population.This book is the first state of the art overview of the chemistry ofgroundwaters from 40 European countries from Portugal to Russia, measured on1785 bottled water samples, equivalent to 1189 distinct bottled water brandsfrom 1247 wells in 884 locations plus an additional 500 tap water samplesacquired in 2008 by the network of EuroGeoSurveys experts all across Europe.In contrast to previously available compilations, all chemical data (containedon the enclosed CD) were measured in a single laboratory, under strict qualitycontrol with high internal and external reproducibility, affording a singlehigh quality, internally consistent dataset. More than 70 parameters weredetermined on every sample using state of the art analytical techniques withultra low detection limits (ICPMS, ICPOES, IC) at a single hydrochemical labfacility. Because of the wide geographical distributionof the water sources across 40 European countries, the bottled mineral,drinking and tap waters characterized herein may be used for obtaining a firstestimate of "ground- water geochemistry" at the scale of the EuropeanContinent, previously unavailable in this completeness, quality and coverage.The data published here allow for the first time to present a comprehensiveinternally consistent, overview of the natural distribution and variation ofthe determined chemical elements and additional state parameters of groundwaterat the European scale. Most elements show a very widerange, usually 3 to 4 but up to 7 orders of magnitude, of natural variation of their concentration. Data are interpreted in terms of their origin, considering hydrochemical parameters, such as the influence of soil, vegetation cover and mixing with deep waters, as well as other factors (bottling effects, leaching from bottles). A chapter is devoted to comparing the results from the bottled waters with those of European tap waters and previously published datasets. The authors also provide an overview of the legal framework, that any bottled water sold in the European Union must comply with. It provides a comprehensive compilation of current drinking water action levels in European countries, limiting values of the European Drinking/Mineral/Natural Mineral Water directives (1998/83/EC, 2003/40/EC, 2009/54/EC) and legislation in effect in 26 individual European Countries, and for comparison those of the FAO and in effect in the US (EPA, maximum contaminant levels [MCA]). The accompanying CD contains the extensive data sets, sample data (of 1189 different brands) and two previously published European water chemistry data sets.
The Evolution of National Water Regimes in Europe by Stefan Kuks,Ingrid Kissling-Näf Pdf
All over the world countries struggle with water stress. Problems vary from water scarcity and a degrading water quality, to floods and a rising sea level due to climate change. The European Union adopted a Water Framework Directive to improve the sustainability of water management in its member states. Water management should be coordinated at the level of river basins as a whole. Interests of various user groups should be better represented. River basin visions should take into account the impact of all human activities on the status of the resource. Water legislation needs streamlining and more focus on its implementation. The European Union advocates regulating water prices by charging the costs of water services on the basis of full cost recovery and the polluter pays principle. This book examines the development of water management in the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy and Switzerland. It is based on the European research project EUWARENESS. The authors apply a theoretical framework for the analysis of institutional regimes, water governance and property rights. The evolution of national water resource regimes is described over a period of almost 200 years (1800-2000). The long-term perspective enables the reader to see the conditions under which regime transformation and paradigm change are made possible. The book also includes a critical analysis of policy making by the European Union, and a comparative review and analysis of regime development in the six countries involved. This book is followed by another volume published with Kluwer Academic Publishers on "Integrated Governance and Water Basin Management", edited by Hans Bressers and Stefan Kuks.
Collection of Good Practices and Lessons Learned on Target Setting and Reporting under the Protocol on Water and Health by United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Pdf
The Protocol on Water and Health provides a framework for countries to attain an adequate supply of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation for everyone and effectively protect water used as a source of drinking water. Article 6 and 7 of the Protocol require Parties to set targets to improve the water, sanitation and health situation and collect and evaluate data and information on their progress towards the achievement of the targets.In 2010, in order to assist Parties in addressing challenges connected with setting targets and reviewing and assessing progress, Guidelines on the Setting of Targets, Evaluation of Progress and Reporting were published. While applying the Guidelines, countries have accumulated ample experiences including stories and key elements that made their process successful as well as areas where things could have been done differently. Recognizing the usefulness of this collective experience and the benefits from learning from the good practices and replicating them, the Task Force on Target Setting and Reporting decided to prepare the present publication.The objective of the Collection of Good Practices and Lessons Learned on Target Setting and Reporting is to provide concrete advice to countries that are or will embark in the process of setting, revising or implementing their targets, as well as for their reporting on the progress achieved in accordance with the Protocol.The Collection is a compilation of success stories, challenges and diverse approaches applied by Parties and other States working in the framework of the Protocol. It aims at complementing the Guidelines on the Setting of Targets, Evaluation of Progress and Reporting by focusing on how they have been implemented in practice. It follows the logical framework laid out in the Guidelines for the process of setting targets and reporting covering each step of the process.
The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation in Practice by United Nations Pdf
This publication capitalizes on the findings and lessons learned so far from the work on equitable access to water and sanitation under the UNECE / WHO Regional Office for Europe Protocol on Water and Health. It features the experiences of eleven countries from the pan-European region that have established baseline measures of their situation with regard to equitable access to water and sanitation. This was achieved through multi-stakeholders' self-assessment processes by looking at geographical disparities, specific barriers faced by vulnerable and marginalized groups, affordability concerns, as well as the governance framework.
