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Author : Peter Kosso
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 237 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2017-01-20
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781107129856
This book explores the history of gravity, from Aristotle to Einstein, as a detailed case study for explaining scientific method for non-specialists.
Author : William L. Harper
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 443 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2011-12-08
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780199570409
Includes bibliographical references (p. [397]-410) and index.
Author : Phillip Manning
Publisher : Chelsea House Publications
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Gravitation
ISBN : 1604132965
Gravity dominates the universe. It holds the Earth, the Sun, and the Milky Way together, and it keeps our feet firmly planted on the surface of our planet. When an object goes up, it is pulled back to Earth by gravity. These facts make it easy to conclude that gravity is a strong force, but it is actually a very weak force whose confusing and contradictory nature has stumped many investigators. Gravity explains how two of the greatest scientific minds in history—Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein—finally unraveled most of the mystery surrounding this peculiar force, and how scientists today are continuing to search for answers to the remaining questions.
Author : Bernard Schutz
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 500 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2003-12-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 0521455065
This book invites the reader to understand our Universe, not just marvel at it. From the clock-like motions of the planets to the catastrophic collapse of a star into a black hole, gravity controls the Universe. Gravity is central to modern physics, helping to answer the deepest questions about the nature of time, the origin of the Universe and the unification of the forces of nature. Linking key experiments and observations through careful physical reasoning, the author builds the reader's insight step-by-step from simple but profound facts about gravity on Earth to the frontiers of research. Topics covered include the nature of stars and galaxies, the mysteries of dark matter and dark energy, black holes, gravitational waves, inflation and the Big Bang. Suitable for general readers and for undergraduate courses, the treatment uses only high-school level mathematics, supplemented by optional computer programs, to explain the laws of physics governing gravity.
Author : Chris Woodford
Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2012-07
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 1448872014
Presents an introduction to gravity, describing the history of scientific research which preceded its discovery, the laws of gravitation proposed by Isaac Newton, and the impact of Einstein's theory of relativity on Newton's theories.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 1888
Category : Chemistry
ISBN : UOM:39015073139381
Author : William Crookes,James H. Gardiner,Gerald Druce,H. W. Blood Ryan
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 612 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1888
Category : Chemistry
ISBN : PSU:000067434640
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 1888
Category : Chemistry
ISBN : PRNC:32101075379311
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 634 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 1892
Category : Technology
ISBN : UOM:39015053258540
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 632 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 1892
Category : Technology
ISBN : CORNELL:31924069709248
Author : Nicolae Sfetcu
Publisher : MultiMedia Publishing
Page : 216 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2024-06-30
Category : Science
ISBN : 9786060333210
The evolution of gravitational tests from an epistemological perspective framed in the concept of rational reconstruction of Imre Lakatos, based on his methodology of research programmes. Unlike other works on the same subject, the evaluated period is very extensive, starting with Newton's natural philosophy and up to the quantum gravity theories of today. In order to explain in a more rational way the complex evolution of the gravity concept of the last century, I propose a natural extension of the methodology of the research programmes of Lakatos that I then use during the paper. I believe that this approach offers a new perspective on how evolved over time the concept of gravity and the methods of testing each theory of gravity, through observations and experiments. I argue, based on the methodology of the research programmes and the studies of scientists and philosophers, that the current theories of quantum gravity are degenerative, due to the lack of experimental evidence over a long period of time and of self-immunization against the possibility of falsification. Moreover, a methodological current is being developed that assigns a secondary, unimportant role to verification through observations and/or experiments. For this reason, it will not be possible to have a complete theory of quantum gravity in its current form, which to include to the limit the general relativity, since physical theories have always been adjusted, during their evolution, based on observational or experimental tests, and verified by the predictions made. Also, contrary to a widespread opinion and current active programs regarding the unification of all the fundamental forces of physics in a single final theory, based on string theory, I argue that this unification is generally unlikely, and it is not possible anyway for a unification to be developed based on current theories of quantum gravity, including string theory. In addition, I support the views of some scientists and philosophers that currently too much resources are being consumed on the idea of developing quantum gravity theories, and in particular string theory, to include general relativity and to unify gravity with other forces, as long as science does not impose such research programs. CONTENTS: Introduction Gravity Gravitational tests Methodology of Lakatos - Scientific rationality The natural extension of the Lakatos methodology Bifurcated programs Unifying programs 1. Newtonian gravity 1.1 Heuristics of Newtonian gravity 1.2 Proliferation of post-Newtonian theories 1.3 Tests of post-Newtonian theories 1.3.1 Newton's proposed tests 1.3.2 Tests of post-Newtonian theories 1.4 Newtonian gravity anomalies 1.5 Saturation point in Newtonian gravity 2. General relativity 2.1 Heuristics of the general relativity 2.2 Proliferation of post-Einsteinian gravitational theories 2.3 Post-Newtonian parameterized formalism (PPN) 2.4 Tests of general relativity and post-Einsteinian theories 2.4.1 Tests proposed by Einstein 2.4.2 Tests of post-Einsteinian theories 2.4.3 Classic tests 2.4.3.1 Precision of Mercury's perihelion 2.4.3.2 Light deflection 2.4.3.3 Gravitational redshift 2.4.4 Modern tests 2.4.4.1 Shapiro Delay 2.4.4.2 Gravitational dilation of time 2.4.4.3 Frame dragging and geodetic effect 2.4.4.4 Testing of the principle of equivalence 2.4.4.5 Solar system tests 2.4.5 Strong field gravitational tests 2.4.5.1 Gravitational lenses 2.4.5.2 Gravitational waves 2.4.5.3 Synchronization binary pulsars 2.4.5.4 Extreme environments 2.4.6 Cosmological tests 2.4.6.1 The expanding universe 2.4.6.2 Cosmological observations 2.4.6.3 Monitoring of weak gravitational lenses 2.5 Anomalies of general relativity 2.6 The saturation point of general relativity 3. Quantum gravity 3.1 Heuristics of quantum gravity 3.2 The tests of quantum gravity 3.3 Canonical quantum gravity 3.3.1 Tests proposed for the CQG 3.3.2. Loop quantum gravity 3.4 String theory 3.4.1 Heuristics of string theory 3.4.2. Anomalies of string theory 3.5 Other theories of quantum gravity 3.6 Unification (The Final Theory) 4. Cosmology Conclusions Notes Bibliography DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35350.70724
Author : Richard Dawid
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 213 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2013-05-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781107067585
String theory has played a highly influential role in theoretical physics for nearly three decades and has substantially altered our view of the elementary building principles of the Universe. However, the theory remains empirically unconfirmed, and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. So why do string theorists have such a strong belief in their theory? This book explores this question, offering a novel insight into the nature of theory assessment itself. Dawid approaches the topic from a unique position, having extensive experience in both philosophy and high-energy physics. He argues that string theory is just the most conspicuous example of a number of theories in high-energy physics where non-empirical theory assessment has an important part to play. Aimed at physicists and philosophers of science, the book does not use mathematical formalism and explains most technical terms.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 718 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 1875
Category : Industrial arts
ISBN : NYPL:33433109802417
Author : Michael Strevens
Publisher : Liveright Publishing
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2020-10-13
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781631491382
“The Knowledge Machine is the most stunningly illuminating book of the last several decades regarding the all-important scientific enterprise.” —Rebecca Newberger Goldstein, author of Plato at the Googleplex A paradigm-shifting work, The Knowledge Machine revolutionizes our understanding of the origins and structure of science. • Why is science so powerful? • Why did it take so long—two thousand years after the invention of philosophy and mathematics—for the human race to start using science to learn the secrets of the universe? In a groundbreaking work that blends science, philosophy, and history, leading philosopher of science Michael Strevens answers these challenging questions, showing how science came about only once thinkers stumbled upon the astonishing idea that scientific breakthroughs could be accomplished by breaking the rules of logical argument. Like such classic works as Karl Popper’s The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The Knowledge Machine grapples with the meaning and origins of science, using a plethora of vivid historical examples to demonstrate that scientists willfully ignore religion, theoretical beauty, and even philosophy to embrace a constricted code of argument whose very narrowness channels unprecedented energy into empirical observation and experimentation. Strevens calls this scientific code the iron rule of explanation, and reveals the way in which the rule, precisely because it is unreasonably close-minded, overcomes individual prejudices to lead humanity inexorably toward the secrets of nature. “With a mixture of philosophical and historical argument, and written in an engrossing style” (Alan Ryan), The Knowledge Machine provides captivating portraits of some of the greatest luminaries in science’s history, including Isaac Newton, the chief architect of modern science and its foundational theories of motion and gravitation; William Whewell, perhaps the greatest philosopher-scientist of the early nineteenth century; and Murray Gell-Mann, discoverer of the quark. Today, Strevens argues, in the face of threats from a changing climate and global pandemics, the idiosyncratic but highly effective scientific knowledge machine must be protected from politicians, commercial interests, and even scientists themselves who seek to open it up, to make it less narrow and more rational—and thus to undermine its devotedly empirical search for truth. Rich with illuminating and often delightfully quirky illustrations, The Knowledge Machine, written in a winningly accessible style that belies the import of its revisionist and groundbreaking concepts, radically reframes much of what we thought we knew about the origins of the modern world.
