Why Don T Jumbo Jets Flap Their Wings

Author : David Alexander
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2009-06-02
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780813548616

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Why Don't Jumbo Jets Flap Their Wings? by David Alexander Pdf

What do a bumble bee and a 747 jet have in common? It’s not a trick question. The fact is they have quite a lot in common. They both have wings. They both fly. And they’re both ideally suited to it. They just do it differently. Why Don’t Jumbo Jets Flap Their Wings? offers a fascinating explanation of how nature and human engineers each arrived at powered flight. What emerges is a highly readable account of two very different approaches to solving the same fundamental problems of moving through the air, including lift, thrust, turning, and landing. The book traces the slow and deliberate evolutionary process of animal flight—in birds, bats, and insects—over millions of years and compares it to the directed efforts of human beings to create the aircraft over the course of a single century. Among the many questions the book answers: Why are wings necessary for flight? How do different wings fly differently? When did flight evolve in animals? What vision, knowledge, and technology was needed before humans could learn to fly? Why are animals and aircrafts perfectly suited to the kind of flying they do? David E. Alexander first describes the basic properties of wings before launching into the diverse challenges of flight and the concepts of flight aerodynamics and control to present an integrated view that shows both why birds have historically had little influence on aeronautical engineering and exciting new areas of technology where engineers are successfully borrowing ideas from animals.

Author : Dr. David E. Alexander
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780199996773

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On the Wing by Dr. David E. Alexander Pdf

"On the Wing is the first book to take a comprehensive look at the evolution of flight in all four groups of powered flyers: insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats."--Book jacket.

Author : David E. Alexander
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 202 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2017-08-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780128498972

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Nature's Machines by David E. Alexander Pdf

Nature’s Machines: An Introduction to Organismal Biomechanics presents the fundamental principles of biomechanics in a concise, accessible way while maintaining necessary rigor. It covers the central principles of whole-organism biomechanics as they apply across the animal and plant kingdoms, featuring brief, tightly-focused coverage that does for biologists what H. M. Frost’s 1967 Introduction to Biomechanics did for physicians. Frequently encountered, basic concepts such as stress and strain, Young’s modulus, force coefficients, viscosity, and Reynolds number are introduced in early chapters in a self-contained format, making them quickly available for learning and as a refresher. More sophisticated, integrative concepts such as viscoelasticity or properties of hydrostats are covered in the later chapters, where they draw on information from multiple earlier sections of the book. Animal and plant biomechanics is now a common research area widely acknowledged by organismal biologists to have broad relevance. Most of the day-to-day activities of an animal involve mechanical processes, and to the extent that organisms are shaped by adaptive evolution, many of those adaptations are constrained and channelized by mechanical properties. The similarity in body shape of a porpoise and a tuna is no coincidence. Many may feel that they have an intuitive understanding of many of the mechanical processes that affect animals and plants, but careful biomechanical analyses often yield counterintuitive results: soft, squishy kelp may be better at withstanding pounding waves during storms than hard-shelled mollusks; really small swimmers might benefit from being spherical rather than streamlined; our bones can operate without breaking for decades, whereas steel surgical implants exhibit fatigue failures in a few months if not fully supported by bone. Offers organismal biologists and biologists in other areas a background in biomechanics to better understand the research literature and to explore the possibility of using biomechanics approaches in their own work Provides an introductory presentation of the everyday mechanical challenges faced by animals and plants Functions as recommended or required reading for advanced undergraduate biology majors taking courses in biomechanics, supplemental reading in a general organismal biology course, or background reading for a biomechanics seminar course

Author : Hendrik Tennekes
Publisher : MIT Press (MA)
Page : 156 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Aerodynamics
ISBN : 0262700654

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The Simple Science of Flight by Hendrik Tennekes Pdf

From the smallest gnat to the largest aircraft, all things that fly obey the same aerodynamic principles. The Simple Science of Flight offers a leisurely introduction to the mechanics of flight and, beyond that, to the scientific attitude that finds wonder in simple calculations, forging connections between, say, the energy efficiency of a peanut butter sandwich that fuels your body and that of the kerosene that fuels a jumbo jet. It is the product of a lifetime of watching and investigating the way flight happens. He covers paper airplanes, kites, gliders, and human-powered flying machines as well as birds and insects, explaining difficult concepts like lift, drag, wing loading, and cruising speed through many fascinating comparisons, anecdotes, and examples. Equations, often the best shorthand to explain and connect phenomena, are integrated seamlessly into the flow of the text in such a way that even math-phobic readers should not be put off. Tennekes begins with a simple comparison of the relative fuel consumption of hummingbirds, cars, and airplanes, then turns to the relations between an airplane's weight, its wing area, and its cruising speed. After showing that it is possible to collect data on all flying creatures and flying machines in a single "Great Flight Diagram", he looks at energetics through the considerable efforts of a little 35-gram bird in a wind tunnel. There are stories on the effects of headwinds, tailwinds, and weather conditions on both birds and planes, on the elegance of the mechanics that makes flight possible, and on the aerodynamics of sophisticated flying toys.

Author : Steven Vogel
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 640 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2013-06-17
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781400847822

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Comparative Biomechanics by Steven Vogel Pdf

The classic textbook on comparative biomechanics—revised and expanded Why do you switch from walking to running at a specific speed? Why do tall trees rarely blow over in high winds? And why does a spore ejected into air at seventy miles per hour travel only a fraction of an inch? Comparative Biomechanics is the first and only textbook that takes a comprehensive look at the mechanical aspects of life—covering animals and plants, structure and movement, and solids and fluids. An ideal entry point into the ways living creatures interact with their immediate physical world, this revised and updated edition examines how the forms and activities of animals and plants reflect the materials available to nature, considers rules for fluid flow and structural design, and explores how organisms contend with environmental forces. Drawing on physics and mechanical engineering, Steven Vogel looks at how animals swim and fly, modes of terrestrial locomotion, organism responses to winds and water currents, circulatory and suspension-feeding systems, and the relationship between size and mechanical design. He also investigates links between the properties of biological materials—such as spider silk, jellyfish jelly, and muscle—and their structural and functional roles. Early chapters and appendices introduce relevant physical variables for quantification, and problem sets are provided at the end of each chapter. Comparative Biomechanics is useful for physical scientists and engineers seeking a guide to state-of-the-art biomechanics. For a wider audience, the textbook establishes the basic biological context for applied areas—including ergonomics, orthopedics, mechanical prosthetics, kinesiology, sports medicine, and biomimetics—and provides materials for exhibit designers at science museums. Problem sets at the ends of chapters Appendices cover basic background information Updated and expanded documentation and materials Revised figures and text Increased coverage of friction, viscoelastic materials, surface tension, diverse modes of locomotion, and biomimetics

Author : Ashok K Goel,Daniel A McAdams,Robert B. Stone
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 325 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2013-07-16
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781447152484

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Biologically Inspired Design by Ashok K Goel,Daniel A McAdams,Robert B. Stone Pdf

From simple cases such as hook and latch attachments found in Velcro to articulated-wing flying vehicles, biology often has been used to inspire many creative design ideas. The scientific challenge now is to transform the paradigm into a repeatable and scalable methodology. Biologically Inspired Design explores computational techniques and tools that can help integrate the method into design practice. With an inspiring foreword from Janine Benyus, Biologically Inspired Design contains a dozen chapters written by some of the leading scholars in the transdisciplinary field of bioinspired design, such as Frank Fish, Julian Vincent and Jeannette Yen from biology, and Amaresk Chakrabarti, Satyandra Gupta and Li Shu from engineering. Based in part on discussions at two workshops sponsored by the United States National Science Foundation, this volume introduces and develops several methods and tools for bioinspired design including: Information-processing theories, Natural language techniques, Knowledge-based tools, and Functional approaches and Pedagogical techniques. By exploring these fundamental theories, techniques and tools for supporting biologically inspired design, this volume provides a comprehensive resource for design practitioners wishing to explore the paradigm, an invaluable guide to design educators interested in teaching the method, and a preliminary reading for design researchers wanting to investigate bioinspired design.

Author : Henk Tennekes
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 217 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2009-09-04
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780262513135

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The Simple Science of Flight, revised and expanded edition by Henk Tennekes Pdf

An investigation into how machines and living creatures fly, and of the similarities between butterflies and Boeings, paper airplanes and plovers. From the smallest gnat to the largest aircraft, all things that fly obey the same aerodynamic principles. In The Simple Science of Flight, Henk Tennekes investigates just how machines and creatures fly: what size wings they need, how much energy is required for their journeys, how they cross deserts and oceans, how they take off, climb, and soar. Fascinated by the similarities between nature and technology, Tennekes offers an introduction to flight that teaches by association. Swans and Boeings differ in numerous ways, but they follow the same aerodynamic principles. Biological evolution and its technical counterpart exhibit exciting parallels. What makes some airplanes successful and others misfits? Why does the Boeing 747 endure but the Concorde now seem a fluke? Tennekes explains the science of flight through comparisons, examples, equations, and anecdotes. The new edition of this popular book has been thoroughly revised and much expanded. Highlights of the new material include a description of the incredible performance of bar-tailed godwits (7,000 miles nonstop from Alaska to New Zealand), an analysis of the convergence of modern jetliners (from both Boeing and Airbus), a discussion of the metabolization of energy featuring Lance Armstrong, a novel treatment of the aerodynamics of drag and trailing vortices, and an emphasis throughout on evolution, in nature and in engineering. Tennekes draws on new evidence on bird migration, new wind-tunnel studies, and data on new airliners. And his analysis of the relative efficiency of planes, trains, and automobiles is newly relevant. (On a cost-per-seat scale, a 747 is more efficient than a passenger car.)

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 588 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2013
Category : Aeronautics
ISBN : CUB:U183043230903

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Air & Space Smithsonian by Anonim Pdf

Author : Holly Cefrey
Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
Page : 118 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2001-12-15
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 0823961125

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Super Jumbo Jets by Holly Cefrey Pdf

This book will give students an understanding of the history of flight right up to the technology and scientific discoveries that allow us to fly planes as large as today's super jumbo jets. How are airplanes designed so they can operate safely? What is the future of flight? All of these questions and more will be answered as students take a look at super jumbo jets, inside and out!

Author : Chris Lavers
Publisher : Macmillan
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2011-04-01
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781429976695

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Why Elephants Have Big Ears by Chris Lavers Pdf

Why Elephants Have Big Ears is the result of one man's lifelong quest to understand why the creatures of the earth appear and act as they do. In a wry manner and personal tone, Chris Lavers explores and solves some of nature's most challenging evolutionary mysteries, such as why birds are small and plentiful, why rivers and lakes are dominated by the few remaining large reptiles, why most of the large land-dwellers are mammals, and many more.

Author : Greg Roza
Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
Page : 25 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2003-12-15
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 9781435873759

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The Incredible Story of Jets by Greg Roza Pdf

Hans von Ohain of Germany built the first working jet engine in 1937. This book describes some of the improvements made on jet planes since then, including the design of the Concorde and super jumbo jets such as the Airbus A380. Students will be introduced to the forces of flight—lift, thrust, drag, and weight—and to the movable parts of jets, including flaps, ailerons, and rudders and how they work.

Author : Arthur James Wells
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 2744 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Bibliography, National
ISBN : STANFORD:36105211722686

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The British National Bibliography by Arthur James Wells Pdf

Author : Holly Cefrey
Publisher : The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc
Page : 49 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2001-12-15
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 9781435863835

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Super Jumbo Jets by Holly Cefrey Pdf

This book will give students an understanding of the history of flight right up to the technology and scientific discoveries that allow us to fly planes as large as today’s super jumbo jets. How are airplanes designed so they can operate safely? What is the future of flight? All of these questions and more will be answered as students take a look at super jumbo jets, inside and out!

Author : Lou Jacobs
Publisher : Bobbs-Merrill Company
Page : 76 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1976
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 0672522802

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Jumbo Jets by Lou Jacobs Pdf

A brief history of jet airplanes leads to a discussion of the need for new jumbo jets, their design and construction, and their advantages and disadvantages for communities, airports, and passengers.

Author : Chris Gall
Publisher : Roaring Brook Press
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2020-08-04
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
ISBN : 9781250799814

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Jumbo by Chris Gall Pdf

For the 50th anniversary of the Boeing 747’s first commercial flight, a picture book about the development of the iconic passenger plane and how it changed the history of air travel. In 1968, the biggest passenger jet the world had ever seen premiered in Everett, Washington. The giant plane was called the Boeing 747, but reporters named it “the Jumbo jet.” There was only one problem. It couldn’t fly. Yet. Jumbo details the story of the world’s first wide body passenger jet, which could hold more people than any other plane at the time and played a pivotal role in allowing middle class families to afford overseas travel. Author and illustrator Chris Gall, himself a licensed pilot, shows how an innovative design, hard work by countless people, and ground-breaking engineering put the Jumbo jet in the air. On January 22, 1970, the Boeing 747 made it's first transatlantic flight, taking passengers from New York to Paris in seven hours.