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Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2003-01-01
Category : Economic development
ISBN : 0821356372
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Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 196 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2002
Category : Developing countries
ISBN : 0195216075
'Institutions fix the confines of and impose form upon the activities of human beings.' --Walton Hamilton, 'Institutions', 1932. The 'World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets' undertakes the complex issue of the basic institutions needed for markets to function properly. This year's 'World Development Report' goes beyond a simple examination of institutional structure and explores the functions of institutions. Recognizing that one size does not fit all, the report asks what do all institutions which support markets do? The answer is simple: Institutions channel information, define and enforce property rights, and increase or prevent competition. Understanding the functions that current institutions and their proposed replacements would provide is the first step. The report contends that once you have identified the institutional functions that are missing, you can then build effective institutions by following some basic principles: - Complement what exists already - in terms of other supporting institutions, human capacities, and technology. - Innovate to suit local norms and conditions. Experimenting with new structures can provide a country with creative solutions that work. - Connect communities of market players through open information flows and open trade. Open trade and information flows create demand for new institutions and improve the functioning of existing structures. - Compete among jurisdictions, firms, and individuals. Increased competition creates demand for new institutions as old ones lose their effectiveness. It also affects how people behave - improving institutional quality. These broad lessons and careful analyses, which links theory with pertinent evidence, are provided in the report. 'World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets' contains selected 'World Development Indicators'.
Author : United Nations Development Programme
Publisher : Human Development Report
Page : 47 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780195221466
This is the 15th report, prepared by a team of independent experts, which explores major development issues of global concern. The 2004 report focuses on issues of cultural liberty and concludes that countries must actively devise multicultural policies to prevent cultural discrimination (whether on grounds of religion, ethnicity or language), since the expansion of cultural freedoms is at the core of human development. Rather than presenting a threat to state unity, the report argues that diversity is the only sustainable option to promote stability and democracy within and across societies. Issues discussed include: confronting extremist movements for cultural domination; myths surrounding cultural liberty and development; the impact of globalisation on cultural choice; social exclusion, human rights and participation. It also includes data tables for the Human Development Index (HDI) which measures key social and economic indicators for rich and poor countries, including life-expectancy, health and sanitation, employment rights, gender equality, education and income per-person.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0195211294
At the start of each decade the World Development Report focuses on poverty reduction. The World Development Report, now in its twenty-third edition, proposes an empowerment-security-opportunity framework of action to reduce poverty in the first decades of the twenty-first century. It views poverty as a multidimensional phenonmenon arising out of complex interactions between assets, markets, and institutions. This Report shows how the experience of poverty reduction in the last fifteen years has been remarkably diverse and how this experience has provided useful lessons as well as warnings against simplistic universal policies and interventions. It shows how current global trends present extraordinary opportunities for poverty reduction but also cause extraordinary risks, including growing inequality, marginalization, and social explosions. The World Development Report 2000/2001 explores the challenge of managing these risks in order to make the most of the opportunities for poverty reduction.
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2018-10-31
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464813566
Work is constantly reshaped by technological progress. New ways of production are adopted, markets expand, and societies evolve. But some changes provoke more attention than others, in part due to the vast uncertainty involved in making predictions about the future. The 2019 World Development Report will study how the nature of work is changing as a result of advances in technology today. Technological progress disrupts existing systems. A new social contract is needed to smooth the transition and guard against rising inequality. Significant investments in human capital throughout a person’s lifecycle are vital to this effort. If workers are to stay competitive against machines they need to train or retool existing skills. A social protection system that includes a minimum basic level of protection for workers and citizens can complement new forms of employment. Improved private sector policies to encourage startup activity and competition can help countries compete in the digital age. Governments also need to ensure that firms pay their fair share of taxes, in part to fund this new social contract. The 2019 World Development Report presents an analysis of these issues based upon the available evidence.
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2008-11-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 082137608X
Rising densities of human settlements, migration and transport to reduce distances to market, and specialization and trade facilitated by fewer international divisions are central to economic development. The transformations along these three dimensions density, distance, and division are most noticeable in North America, Western Europe, and Japan, but countries in Asia and Eastern Europe are changing in ways similar in scope and speed. 'World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography' concludes that these spatial transformations are essential, and should be encouraged. The conclusion is not without controversy. Slum-dwellers now number a billion, but the rush to cities continues. Globalization is believed to benefit many, but not the billion people living in lagging areas of developing nations. High poverty and mortality persist among the world's 'bottom billion', while others grow wealthier and live longer lives. Concern for these three billion often comes with the prescription that growth must be made spatially balanced. The WDR has a different message: economic growth is seldom balanced, and efforts to spread it out prematurely will jeopardize progress. The Report: documents how production becomes more concentrated spatially as economies grow. proposes economic integration as the principle for promoting successful spatial transformations. revisits the debates on urbanization, territorial development, and regional integration and shows how today's developers can reshape economic geography.
Author : Shantayanan Devarajan,World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 300 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : STANFORD:36105111351644
The World Development Report 2004 Investigates How Countries Can Accelerate Progress Towards The Millennium Development Goals (Mdgs) By Making Services Work For Poor People. Too Often, The Delivery Of Services Falls Far Short Of What Could Be Achieved, Du To Issues Such As Weak Incentives For Performance, Corruption, Imperfect Monitoring, And Administrative Logjams. Some Countires Have Addressed The Problem By Involving Poor People In Service Delivery; The Results Have Been Impressive. Giving Parents Input Into Their Children`S Education, Patients A Say Over Hospital Management, And Making Agency Budgets Transparent All Contribute To Improving Outcomes In Human Development.
Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : IND:30000131713137
This is the 27th edition of the annual World Development Report and this edition focuses on a key development challenge of how governments can promote a strong investment climate in their societies, in order to foster economic growth and address poverty reduction objectives. Drawing on surveys of nearly 30,000 firms in 53 developing countries, as well as country case studies and other new research, the report explores options for expanding opportunities for firms and entrepreneurs of all types, from farmers and microenterprises to local manufacturing concerns and multinationals, to invest productively and create job opportunities. Findings drawn include that a strong investment climate should benefit society as a whole as well as individual firms, requires well-designed regulation and taxation systems. and should recognise and embrace the contributions of all types of firms to growth and poverty reduction. Governments need to address barriers to competitiveness and bridge the gap between policies and their implementation and address deeper sources of policy failure which can undermine a sound investment climate. The report also contains selected data from the World Bank's programme of Investment Climate Surveys and the Doing Business Project, as well as from the World Development Indicators 2004.
Author : Francisco H. G. Ferreira,Michael Walton
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 341 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2005-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780821362501
Inequality of opportunity, both within and among nations, sustains extreme deprivation, results in wasted human potential and often weakens prospects for overall prosperity and economic growth, concludes the 2006 World Development Report. To correct this situation and reduce poverty more effectively, Equity and Development recommends ensuring more equitable access by the poor to health care, education, jobs, capital, and secure land rights, among others. It also calls for greater equality of access to political freedoms and political power, breaking down stereotyping and discrimination, and improving access by the poor to justice systems and infrastructure. To level the playing field among countries, and thereby reduce global inequities that hurt the poor in developing countries, the report calls for removal of trade barriers in rich countries, flexibility to allow greater in-migration of lower-skilled people from developing countries, and increased -- and more effective -- development assistance.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 268 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0195209923
World Development Report 1994 examines the link between infrastructure and development and explores ways in which developing countries can improve both the provision and the quality of infrastructure services. In recent decades, developing countries have made substantial investments in infrastructure, achieving dramatic gains for households and producers by expanding their access to services such as safe water, sanitation, electric power, telecommunications, and transport. Even more infrastructure investment and expansion are needed in order to extend the reach of services - especially to people living in rural areas and to the poor. But as this report shows, the quantity of investment cannot be the exclusive focus of policy. Improving the quality of infrastructure service also is vital. Both quantity and quality improvements are essential to modernize and diversify production, help countries compete internationally, and accommodate rapid urbanization. The report identifies the basic cause of poor past performance as inadequate institutional incentives for improving the provision of infrastructure. To promote more efficient and responsive service delivery, incentives need to be changed through commercial management, competition, and user involvement. Several trends are helping to improve the performance of infrastructure. First, innovation in technology and in the regulatory management of markets makes more diversity possible in the supply of services. Second, an evaluation of the role of government is leading to a shift from direct government provision of services to increasing private sector provision and recent experience in many countries with public-private partnerships is highlighting new ways to increase efficiency and expand services. Third, increased concern about social and environmental sustainability has heightened public interest in infrastructure design and performance.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 135 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 1978
Category : Adaptation (Biology)
ISBN : 9780821372821
This first report deals with some of the major development issues confronting the developing countries and explores the relationship of the major trends in the international economy to them. It is designed to help clarify some of the linkages between the international economy and domestic strategies in the developing countries against the background of growing interdependence and increasing complexity in the world economy. It assesses the prospects for progress in accelerating growth and alleviating poverty, and identifies some of the major policy issues which will affect these prospects.
Author : United Nations Development Programme. Regional Bureau for Arab States,Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
Publisher : UN
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : UOM:39015060824748
This is the third in a series of development reports which focus on the Arab world, based on the collective work of an independent group of scholars, policymakers and practitioners in the region. The 2004 report examines issues of freedom and human rights, good governance and political reform within Arab societies; considers the challenges and constraints involved in moves towards democratic reforms; and sets out a broad strategic vision for future progress. The report finds that despite some improvements in the human rights situation in some Arab countries, the overall picture in the region is grave and deteriorating. Key priorities for urgent action to reform governance practices are identified, including: the abolition of 'states of emergency' by governments in the region; ending all forms of discrimination against minority groups; and guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary.
Author : World Bank Group
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2016-01-14
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464806728
Digital technologies are spreading rapidly, but digital dividends--the broader benefits of faster growth, more jobs, and better services--are not. If more than 40 percent of adults in East Africa pay their utility bills using a mobile phone, why can’t others around the world do the same? If 8 million entrepreneurs in China--one third of them women--can use an e-commerce platform to export goods to 120 countries, why can’t entrepreneurs elsewhere achieve the same global reach? And if India can provide unique digital identification to 1 billion people in five years, and thereby reduce corruption by billions of dollars, why can’t other countries replicate its success? Indeed, what’s holding back countries from realizing the profound and transformational effects that digital technologies are supposed to deliver? Two main reasons. First, nearly 60 percent of the world’s population are still offline and can’t participate in the digital economy in any meaningful way. Second, and more important, the benefits of digital technologies can be offset by growing risks. Startups can disrupt incumbents, but not when vested interests and regulatory uncertainty obstruct competition and the entry of new firms. Employment opportunities may be greater, but not when the labor market is polarized. The internet can be a platform for universal empowerment, but not when it becomes a tool for state control and elite capture. The World Development Report 2016 shows that while the digital revolution has forged ahead, its 'analog complements'--the regulations that promote entry and competition, the skills that enable workers to access and then leverage the new economy, and the institutions that are accountable to citizens--have not kept pace. And when these analog complements to digital investments are absent, the development impact can be disappointing. What, then, should countries do? They should formulate digital development strategies that are much broader than current information and communication technology (ICT) strategies. They should create a policy and institutional environment for technology that fosters the greatest benefits. In short, they need to build a strong analog foundation to deliver digital dividends to everyone, everywhere.
Author : Anonim
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 317 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2006-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821365495
World Development Report 2007 [...] discusses priorities for government actions across five youth transitions that shape young people's human capital: learning working, staying healthy, forming families, and exercising citizenship. Within these transitions, priorities for investment vary across countries. The report highlights three lenses that help assess priorities: expanding opportunities, enhancing capabilities, and providing second chances. Expanding opportunities focuses on increasing the quality (not just quantity) of education, smoothing the transition to work, and providing young people with a platform for engagement. Enhancing capabilities involves making young people aware of the consequences of their actions, especially consequences that will affect them much later in life; building their decsion-making skills; and giving them the right incentives. Providing second chances calls for helping young people recover from missed opportunities through remedial education, retraining, treatment, and rehabilitation.
Author : World Bank Group
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2017-01-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464809514
Why are carefully designed, sensible policies too often not adopted or implemented? When they are, why do they often fail to generate development outcomes such as security, growth, and equity? And why do some bad policies endure? World Development Report 2017: Governance and the Law addresses these fundamental questions, which are at the heart of development. Policy making and policy implementation do not occur in a vacuum. Rather, they take place in complex political and social settings, in which individuals and groups with unequal power interact within changing rules as they pursue conflicting interests. The process of these interactions is what this Report calls governance, and the space in which these interactions take place, the policy arena. The capacity of actors to commit and their willingness to cooperate and coordinate to achieve socially desirable goals are what matter for effectiveness. However, who bargains, who is excluded, and what barriers block entry to the policy arena determine the selection and implementation of policies and, consequently, their impact on development outcomes. Exclusion, capture, and clientelism are manifestations of power asymmetries that lead to failures to achieve security, growth, and equity. The distribution of power in society is partly determined by history. Yet, there is room for positive change. This Report reveals that governance can mitigate, even overcome, power asymmetries to bring about more effective policy interventions that achieve sustainable improvements in security, growth, and equity. This happens by shifting the incentives of those with power, reshaping their preferences in favor of good outcomes, and taking into account the interests of previously excluded participants. These changes can come about through bargains among elites and greater citizen engagement, as well as by international actors supporting rules that strengthen coalitions for reform.
