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The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960 by Jacob Neufeld Pdf
Following World War II, the onset of nuclear weapons, long-range jet bombers, and ballistic missiles radically changed American foreign policy and military strategy. The United States Air Force, led by men of far-sighted vision and uncommon dedication, accepted the challenge of organizing and leading a massive research and development effort to build ballistic missiles. In the quarter of the century since, these weapons have constituted one of the tree legs of the strategic triad, the basis of AmericaÆs strategy of deterring nuclear war, yet they have received less attention from the public and within the Air Force than the more glamorous manned bombers of the Strategic Air Command or the missile-launching submarines of the U.S. Navy. This volume attempts to correct the imbalance by telling the story of development of Air Force ballistic Missiles. It concentrates on the first generation of ballistic missiles: the intercontinental Atlas and Titan, and the intermediate range Thor. Although the effort to develop rockets has a longer history than commonly assumed, the modern history spans the relatively short era from 1945 to 1960. During this brief interval, missiles advanced from drawing board to alert status, where the next generation now remains poised to deter war
Author : Office of Air Force History,U.s. Air Force Publisher : CreateSpace Page : 424 pages File Size : 43,5 Mb Release : 2015-01-29 Category : History ISBN : 1507761619
The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960 by Office of Air Force History,U.s. Air Force Pdf
Following World War II, the onset of nuclear weapons, long-range jet bombers, and ballistic missiles radically changed American foreign policy and military strategy. The United States Air Force, led by men of far-sighted vision and uncommon dedication, accepted the challenge of organizing and leading a massive research and development effort to build ballistic missiles. In the quarter of a century since, these weapons have constituted one of the three legs of the strategic triad-the basis of America's strategy of deterring nuclear war-yet they have received less attention from the public and within the Air Force than the more glamorous manned bombers of the Strategic Air Command or the missile-launching submarines of the U.S. Navy. This volume attempts to correct the imbalance by telling the story of the development of Air Force ballistic missiles. It concentrates on the first generation of ballistic missiles: the intercontinental Atlas and Titan, and the intermediate range Thor. Although the effort to develop rockets has a longer history than commonly assumed, the modern history spans the relatively short era from 1945 to 1960. During this brief interval, missiles advanced from drawing board to alert status, where the next generation now remains poised to deter war. The author describes the difficulties involved in the technological competition with the Soviets to be first to develop and deploy a ballistic missile force. With innovative leadership, the Air Force succeeded also in overcoming conflict with the Army and Navy, budgetary constraints, administrative complications, and of course formidable engineering problems. Jacob (Jack) Neufeld has done a thoughtful, thorough job of research in an immense amount of documentation. He came to the task with broad experience in the subject matter. He first joined the history program at Eighth Air Force, Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts; his initial assignment was to cover the command's ICBMs, including the Titan II and Minuteman, in the annual history. When he came to Washington and joined the Office of Air Force History in 1970, he produced monographs on missiles and space. He also had other diverse assignments, usually in the area of the history of research, development, and technology generally. Before long he earned a well-deserved reputation as an expert in these fields. In the course of his extensive research, Mr. Neufeld also met and interviewed many of the leading people involved in Air Force science and technology. Although the development of ballistic missiles is largely an administrative history, it is also the story of the herculean efforts of several key individuals. The effort could not have succeeded as it did without the fortuitous appearance on the scene of Trevor Gardner, Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, and Dr. John von Neumann. How these men conceptualized, promoted, and directed the program forms the basis of the story. Additionally, the development of ballistic missiles revolutionized the way the Air Force conducted research and development, having a profound and longlasting effect on how the service acquired weapons of all types. Mr. Neufeld's fascinating history details these important changes in the process of relating how the service conceived, developed, and brought into the arsenal one of the most revolutionary weapons in the long history of warfare.
Jacob Neufeld,United States. Air Force. Office of Air Force History
Author : Jacob Neufeld,United States. Air Force. Office of Air Force History Publisher : Unknown Page : 415 pages File Size : 52,8 Mb Release : 1989 Category : Atlas (Missile) ISBN : OCLC:1050578572
The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960 by Jacob Neufeld,United States. Air Force. Office of Air Force History Pdf
Following World War II, the onset of nuclear weapons, long-range jet bombers, and ballistic missiles radically changed American foreign policy and military strategy. The U.S. Air Force, led by men of far-sighted vision and uncommon dedication, accepted the challenge of organizing and leading a massive research and development effort to build ballistic missiles. In the quarter of a century since, these weapons have constituted one of the three legs of the strategic triad -- the basis of America's strategy of deterring nuclear war -- yet they have received less attention from the public and within the Air Force than the more glamorous manned bombers of the Strategic Air Command or the missile-launching submarines of the U.S. Navy. This volume attempts to correct the imbalance by telling the story of the development of Air Force ballistic missiles. It concentrates on the first generation of ballistic missiles: the intercontinental Atlas and Titan, and the intermediate-range Thor. Although the effort to develop rockets has a longer history than commonly assumed, the modern history spans the relatively short era from 1945 to 1960. During this brief interval, missiles advanced from drawing board to alert status, where the next generation now remains poised to deter war. The author describes the difficulties involved in the technological competition with the Soviets to be first to develop and deploy a ballistic missile force. With innovative leadership, the Air Force succeeded also in overcoming conflict with the Army and Navy, budgetary constraints, administrative complications, and, of course, formidable engineering problems.
Department of Defense (DoD),U. S. Air Force (USAF),U. S. Government
Author : Department of Defense (DoD),U. S. Air Force (USAF),U. S. Government Publisher : Unknown Page : 299 pages File Size : 40,5 Mb Release : 2017-09-04 Category : Electronic ISBN : 1549666525
Encyclopedia of American Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and Cold War Missile Weapons by Department of Defense (DoD),U. S. Air Force (USAF),U. S. Government Pdf
Eight official histories provide the complete story of America's ICBM forces in this compilation, divided into three parts because of its enormous size: Part 1: ICBM and Missile Summary (Space Primer) * On Alert: An Operational History of the United States Air Force Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Program, 1945-2011 * The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960 Part 2: Inside the Cold War - A Cold Warrior's Reflections (ICBM Excerpt) * The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, 1945-1965 (ICBM Excerpt) * An Examination of Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Development Within the United States from 1952 to 1965 * The Missile Plains: Frontline of America's Cold War Part 3: To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program. Part 1: ICBM and Missile Summary (Space Primer Excerpt) - concise historical overview of the ICBM program. On Alert: An Operational History of the United States Air Force Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Program, 1945-2011 - a fascinating look at a period in our nation's history that is too often overlooked. The vital role the ICBM played in keeping the peace in the Cold War era is increasingly less understood by our populace. The careful documentation of the past and present contribution of the ICBM force to global deterrence will ensure the lessons of this period are not forgotten. The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960 - Although the development of ballistic missiles is largely an administrative history, it is also the story of the herculean efforts of several key individuals. The effort could not have succeeded as it did without the fortuitous appearance on the scene of Trevor Gardner, Gen. Bernard A. Schriever, and Dr. John von Neumann. How these men conceptualized, promoted, and directed the program forms the basis of the story. Part 2: Inside the Cold War - A Cold Warrior's Reflections (ICBM Excerpt) - ICBM combat crew alert was yet another dimension of Cold Warrior dedication and performance. Though the concept of missiles was entirely new to SAC veterans, they adapted quickly to the ICBM weapon systems. Snark, Bomarc, Thor, Atlas, Titan, and Minuteman came into SAC operations as smoothly as new aircraft systems had come in over the years. The United States Air Force and the Culture of Innovation, 1945-1965 (ICBM Excerpt) - Missiles, and particularly ballistic missiles, were disruptive to the Air Force's culture, operations, and organization in several important ways. First, and most obvious, missiles had no pilots so they relegated humans simply to getting the missile somewhere within range of the target and then pushing a button. An Examination of Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Development Within the United States from 1952 to 1965 - Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) development by the United States from 1952 through 1965 is marked by extreme urgency. The initial impetus for the development did not proceed within military channels; this paper explores possible reasons why the military channels were not the originator of the program. The Missile Plains: Frontline of America's Cold War - The story of the Minuteman missile program is a Cold War tale. Journalist Walter Lippmann's 1947 book, The Cold War, first used and popularized the term "cold war" to refer to the post-World War II confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union. Part 3: To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Missile Program - The so-called strategic missiles, which included intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and air-breathing strategic missiles (the predecessors of today's cruise missiles), were deterrent systems. In conjunction with the bombers of the Air Force's Strategic Air Command (SAC), the deterrent systems were intended to discourage an aggressor from attacking.
U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles by George Mindling,Robert Bolton Pdf
The U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles, 1949-1969, The Pioneers offers the rich, fascinating history of the first surface-to-surface tactical missiles of the U.S. Air Force, the winged, nuclear-capable Matador and Mace missiles, and their units and personnel in West Germany, Taiwan, Korea, Okinawa and the United States. The U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles, 1949-1969, The Pioneers ties that unique era and those of other tactical missiles together in a remarkably broad, deep and valuable perspective that also includes the World War II German V-1 and reaches back all the way to the first flight in the United States in 1916 of an aircraft not controlled by a pilot.
History of Strategic and Ballistic Missile Defense: Volume I by Barry Leonard Pdf
As part of a larger study of the strategic arms competition which developed after World War II between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., this study of the two countries¿ strategies for air and ballistic missile defense addresses two broad subjects: (1) How did each country approach the problem of defense against the threat from the air? (2) Why did each country accent particular elements of an air defense strategy at various periods between 1945 and 1972? The first question concerns the means that leaders chose for defense against an increasingly sophisticated offensive threat. Includes several appendices of chronologies, tables, charts, maps and notes.
Assured Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force documents the rapid development of nuclear ballistic missiles in the United States and their equally swift demise after the Cuban Missile Crisis, revealing how these drastic changes negatively influenced both the Air Force and the missile community. David W. Bath contends that the struggle to create and control nuclear ballistic missiles threatened both the dominance of the United States during an intensifying Cold War and the strategic airpower mission of the newly created Air Force. The book details the strenuous efforts required to create and prepare a missile arsenal before the Cuban Missile Crisis, which occurred only five years after the first missile was declared operational. It uses the personal recollections of former missileers and the professional military education theses they wrote to highlight some of the concerns that have faced the missileers who operated and worked on these powerful weapons from 1957 to the present. The highlight of the book, however, is the personal stories of the missileers who served during the missile crisis, revealing the efforts that they went to in order to prepare these unique and untried weapons for what many thought might become the third world war.
Department of Defense,U. S. Military,U. S. Air Force (USAF),World Spaceflight News,U. S. Government
Author : Department of Defense,U. S. Military,U. S. Air Force (USAF),World Spaceflight News,U. S. Government Publisher : Unknown Page : 286 pages File Size : 50,7 Mb Release : 2017-04-26 Category : Electronic ISBN : 1521161739
The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force 1945-1960 - Atomic Missiles, Project MX-774, Thor, ICBM Squadrons, Atlas and Titan, IRBM, Pilotless Aircraft by Department of Defense,U. S. Military,U. S. Air Force (USAF),World Spaceflight News,U. S. Government Pdf
Following World War II, the onset of nuclear weapons, long-range jet bombers, and ballistic missiles radically changed American foreign policy and military strategy. The Air Force, led by men of far-sighted vision and uncommon dedication, accepted the challenge of organizing and leading a massive research and development effort to build ballistic missiles. In the quarter of a century since, these weapons have constituted one of the three legs of the strategic triad--the basis of America's strategy of deterring nuclear war--yet they have received less attention from the public and within the Air Force than the more glamorous manned bombers of the Strategic Air Command or the missile-launching submarines of the U.S. Navy. This volume attempts to correct the imbalance by telling the story of the development of Air Force ballistic missiles. It concentrates on the first generation of ballistic missiles: the intercontinental Atlas and Titan, and the intermediate range Thor. Although the effort to develop rockets has a longer history than commonly assumed, the modern history spans the relatively short era from 1945 to 1960. During this brief interval, missiles advanced from drawing board to alert status, where the next generation now remains poised to deter war. The author describes the difficulties involved in the technological competition with the Soviets to be first to develop and deploy a ballistic missile force. With innovative leadership, the Air Force succeeded also in overcoming conflict with the Army and Navy, budgetary constraints, administrative complications, and of course formidable engineering problems.Preface * INTRODUCTION * I. PILOTLESS AIRCRAFT * Early Experimental Guided Missiles * Interservice Rivalry * The Postwar Program * II. BALLISTIC MISSILES RESEARCH * Modern Rockets * Project MX-774 * The National Guided Missile Program * USAF Missile Program, 1947-1950 * Atomic-Equipped Missiles * III. THE CONTEST FOR CONTROL * Project MX-1593 Atlas Reorganizing for Missiles Roles and Missions Controversy * IV. A RADICAL REORGANIZATION * The New Look * The Air Force Accelerates * A West Coast Facility * V. A FAMILY OF MISSILES * Parallel Development * A National Priority * Initial Operational Capability * Thor * VI. THE POOR MAN'S APPROACH * ICBM Initial Operational Capability * IRBM Initial Operational Capability * The Economy Axe * The Furor over Sputnik * Final Plans * VII. THE OPERATIONAL FORCE * ICBM Squadrons * The Concurrency Concept * Site Activation * Flight Testing * Construction * Aerospace Corporation * Deploying the First Generation * Reliability Problems * Final Deployments * IRBM Squadrons * Minuteman * Phase-out-Phase-in * Retiring Thor and Jupiter * Retiring Atlas and Titan I * EPILOGUE * APPENDICES * 1. The Teapot Committee Report * 2. The Gillette Report * 3. Major Officials in Ballistic Missiles Development * NOTES * GLOSSARY * BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE
Department of Defense,U. S. Air Force (USAF),Air Force Space Command,U. S. Government
Author : Department of Defense,U. S. Air Force (USAF),Air Force Space Command,U. S. Government Publisher : Unknown Page : 374 pages File Size : 50,5 Mb Release : 2017-01-15 Category : Electronic ISBN : 1520385919
On Alert: an Operational History of the United States Air Force Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) Program, 1945-2011 - Atlas, Titan, Minuteman, Peacekeeper MX, Minuteman III, Nuclear Warhead by Department of Defense,U. S. Air Force (USAF),Air Force Space Command,U. S. Government Pdf
In today's world, it is difficult to fully grasp and appreciate the cultural and geopolitical climate that existed after the Allied victory in World War II. The rise of the Soviet Union, the lack of insight into actual military capabilities held by the Soviets, and the threat of nuclear annihilation were existential concerns for the United States leadership. Ensuring the nation's survival in this environment--particularly in the face of the war-weary mindset of the people--required tremendous wisdom and technical foresight. Developing a credible means to deliver a nuclear weapon to intercontinental distances on very short notice provided a powerful deterrent against aggression toward the United States. The men and women who eventually built these intercontinental-range rockets, as well as the ones who transformed nuclear weapons to be capable of launching on these rockets, deserve a key place in our nation's history. This book describes their struggles, both on the technical front and on the political front, as they pursued game-changing capabilities. From the early Atlas and Titan missiles to the Minuteman and Peacekeeper families of missiles, the prowess of our engineers and scientists was evident.Chapter 1 - The Air Force Enters the Missile Age, 1945-1955 * The Air Force Shuns Ballistic Missiles * Ballistic Missiles Receive New Life * Eisenhower Faces the Threat of Surprise Attack * Trevor Gardner Energizes the Missile Program * Chapter 2 - Creating the Operational Atlas and Titan I First Generation ICBM Force, 1955-1965 * Establishing Force Levels * Developing and Testing the Atlas and Titan * The Development of Vandenberg (Cooke) Air Force Base * Atlas Operational Deployment: F. E. Warren Air Force Base Leads the Way * Titan I Operational Deployment: Lowry Air Force Base Leads the Way * Building the Missile Bases * Training the Operational Force * The Operational Force and the Reliability Issue * Phase-out of the Atlas and Titan I ICBMs * The Balance Sheet: Looking Ahead * Chapter 3 - The "Mighty" Titan II, 1963-1987 * From Titan I to Titan II * The Titan II Takes Flight * Deploying the Titan II * Building the Davis-Monthan Missile Complex * Into an Uncertain Future, 1964-1969 * The Titan Combat Crew Experience * Addressing Crewmember Morale * Bringing Women into the Titan Force * Deactivating the Titan II * Chapter 4 - The "Ace in the Hole" Minuteman, 1945-1991 * Colonel Edward N. Hall Envisions a Revolutionary ICBM, 1945-1959 * A Weapon System Takes Shape, 1958-1961 * The Minuteman I Takes Flight * Deploying the Minuteman I * From Minuteman I to Minuteman II and Minuteman III, 1962-1975 * The Minuteman Combat Crew Experience * SAC's Minuteman Education Program Initiative * Women Join Minuteman Crews * The Minuteman in Transition, 1980-1991 * Chapter 5 - The "Ultimate Deterrent" Peacekeeper, 1971-2005 * An MX Advanced ICBM Project Takes Shape * The Carter Administration Commits to a Basing Strategy * The Reagan Administration Pursues Another MX Basing Strategy * The Scowcroft Commission Establishes an Agenda * The Peacekeeper ICBM Takes Shape * The Air Force Selects F. E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming, for the Peacekeeper's Home * The Site Activation Task Force Deploys Peacekeeper Missiles in Minuteman Silos * The Peacekeeper Becomes Operational * The Air Force Adopts Peacekeeper Rail Garrison Mobility * Arms Control Agreements Set the Course for Peacekeeper * The Peacekeeper Combat Crew Experience * Momentum Builds for Peacekeeper Deactivation * The Air Force Deactivates the Peacekeeper * Chapter 6 - The Once and Future Minuteman III, 1991-2011
Steven A. Pomeroy has authored the first history of the American mobile intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), a technology the United States spent four decades and billions of dollars creating but never deployed. An Untaken Road showcases how the evolution of a technology that ultimately never existed and the politics that surrounded it end up significantly shaping American nuclear strategy and forces for decades. Utilizing recently declassified documents, years of experience, and an unrivaled passion for the history of military technologies, Pomeroy has created a new framework on the nature of strategic weapons technology innovation. This thorough study of a “road not taken” is a must read for those seeking to understand the challenges and constraints on U.S. military weapon programs, especially when inter-organization competition, domestic politics, strategic needs, and new technologies collide.
The Bomb and America's Missile Age by Christopher Gainor Pdf
How nuclear weapons helped drive the United States into the missile age. The intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), designed to quickly deliver thermonuclear weapons to distant targets, was the central weapons system of the Cold War. ICBMs also carried the first astronauts and cosmonauts into orbit. More than a generation later, we are still living with the political, technological, and scientific effects of the space race, while nuclear-armed ICBMs remain on alert and in the headlines around the world. In The Bomb and America’s Missile Age, Christopher Gainor explores the US Air Force’s (USAF) decision, in March 1954, to build the Atlas, America’s first ICBM. Beginning with the story of the guided missiles that were created before and during World War II, Gainor describes how the early Soviet and American rocket programs evolved over the course of the following decade. He argues that the USAF was wrongly criticized for unduly delaying the start of its ICBM program, endangering national security, and causing America embarrassment when a Soviet ICBM successfully put Sputnik into orbit ahead of any American satellite. Shedding fresh light on the roots of America’s space program and the development of US strategic forces, The Bomb and America’s Missile Age uses evidence uncovered in the past few decades to set the creation of the Atlas ICBM in its true context—not only in the America of the postwar years but also in comparison with the real story of the Soviet missiles that propelled the space race and the Cold War. Aimed at readers interested in the history of the Cold War and of space exploration, the book makes a major contribution to the history of rocket development and the nuclear age.
