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Author : Richard G. Hewlett,Oscar Edward Anderson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 836 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 1962
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : WISC:89046873543
Author : R. G. Hewlett
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 1962
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:655587533
Author : Atomic Energy Commission,U. S. Department of Energy,U. S. Government
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 499 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2017-12-11
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 197351768X
This is the highly regarded official history of the birth of the atomic age and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The foreword states: No other development in our lifetime has been fraught with such consequences for good or evil as has atomic fission. None has raised such challenging questions for the historian, the economist, the armed forces, the scientists and the engineers. The wartime scientific developments produced significant new techniques in public administration which came to be more widely used after the war, such as the enlistment of university and private contractors to perform new types of government activities. The fresh light this volume throws on the early history of these new techniques may prove helpful in clarifying current problems of conflict of interest in the "military-industrial complex." Unlike the history of the proximity fuze the development of atomic weapons was an international achievement to which great contributions were made by European as well as American scientists and engineers. All were spurred by the agonizing fear that the Nazis were well ahead of the free world in the development of atomic weapons.CHAPTER 1 - THE INHERITANCE * CHAPTER 2 - IN THE BEGINNING * Discovery of fission; first efforts to gain federal support for nuclear research; growing interest in military potential; all-out investigation of atomic weapons * CHAPTER 3 - EXPLORING THE ROUTES TO THE WEAPON * OSRD efforts to select best production process; expand project 1942 * CHAPTER 4 - COMMITMENT * Decisions leading to the report committing the United States to producing bomb * CHAPTER 5 - RACE FOR THE BOMB: URANIUM 235 * Construction of Oak Ridge; evolution of isotope-separation plants from research through design, development, construction * CHAPTER 6 - RACE FOR THE BOMB: PLUTONIUM * Evolution of the Oak Ridge and Hanford piles and separation plants; selection of Hanford site and construction of plant. * CHAPTER 7 - LABORATORY SET ON A HILL * Selection of the Los Alamos site; organization of weapons laboratory; research and development; implosion and gun; crisis in 1944 * CHAPTER 8 - UNEASY PARTNERSHIP * Problems of the Anglo-American alliance; end of interchange; Churchill's efforts to achieve a completely joint enterprise; Quebec Agreement, resumption of interchange. * CHAPTER 9 - RACE FOR THE BOMB: HOMESTRETCH * Congress and appropriations; procurement of ore and uranium supplies; completing the. production plants and initial operation, 1944-45; final development of weapon. * CHAPTER 10 - THE QUEST FOR POSTWAR PLANNING * Bush-Conant interest in postwar control; Metallurgical Laboratory concern for the future; Roosevelt, Churchill, Hyde Park Aide-Memoire; Britain and the French scientists; Stimson's last advice to Roosevelt * CHAPTER 11 - TERRIBLE SWIFT SWORD * Atomic bombs in the strategy against Japan; sessions of the Interim Committee; scientific opinion and the Scientific Panel; Alamogordo; Potsdam; victory over Japan. * CHAPTER 12 - CONTROLLING THE ATOM: SEARCH FOR A POLICY * Atomic energy in the public forum; Stimson's search for a policy for international control; Army pressure for legislation * CHAPTER 13 - CONTROLLING THE ATOM: FROM POLICY TO ACTION * Rise of the scientists' opposition; McMahon's Special Committee; Army-McMahon dispute; indecision on international control; Truman-Attlee-King conference * CHAPTER 14 - LEGISLATIVE BATTLE * Vandenberg amendment and civilian control; passage of Atomic Energy Act * CHAPTER 15 - INTERNATIONAL CONTROL: LAST BEST HOPE * UN Atomic Energy Commission; drafting the Acheson-Lilienthal plan; Baruch's appointment as U. S. representative * CHAPTER 16 - INTERNATIONAL CONTROL: NO FLESH FOR THE SPIRIT * Bikini test; reactions to the U. S. proposal; explanations of American plan; stalemate with Russians; Wallace controversy * CHAPTER 17 - TIME OF TRANSITION * Appointment of U. S. AEC; Army management of Manhattan project in 1946
Author : Richard G. Hewlett,Oscar E. Anderson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 836 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 1962
Category : History
ISBN : UOM:39015001310864
Author : Richard G. Hewlett,Oscar E. Anderson,Francis Duncan
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 782 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : UIUC:30112062072209
Author : Richard G. Hewlett
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 828 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Electronic
ISBN : MINN:31951D00768198R
Author : R. G. Hewlett
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1990
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : OCLC:1108995443
Author : Atomic Energy Commission,U. S. Department of Energy,U. S. Government
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 436 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2017-12
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1973438054
This is the second volume of the highly regarded official history of the birth of the atomic age and the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) dealing with the years from 1947 through 1952. Atomic Shield, the second volume in a historical series, begins in January, 1947, when the Commission assumed responsibility for the nation's atomic energy program; it ends with the detonation of the first thermonuclear device and the Presidential election in November, 1952. Thus it covers in a political sense most of the Truman Administration and in the international realm the chaotic years of the Marshall Plan, the Berlin blockade, and the Korean War. In 1947 the nation's atomic energy establishment amounted to little more than the remnants of the military organization and facilities which had produced the world's first atomic weapons. By the end of 1952 the Commission's domain included an arsenal of nuclear weapons, a refurbished and greatly enlarged complex of research and production facilities, and a dozen experimental or research reactors. CHAPTER 1 * TERRIBLE RESPONSIBILITY * Historical setting * CHAPTER 2 * UNCERTAIN MANDATE * CHAPTER 3 * FIRST VENTURE * Weapon research and production, early 1947 * CHAPTER 4 * PEACEFUL IMAGE * accelerators and basic research; Clinton crisis, December, 1947 * CHAPTER 5 * CALL TO ARMS * early plans for Sandstone tests; production at Hanford and Oak Ridge; response to growing crisis in Europe * CHAPTER 6 * NUCLEAR ARSENAL * raw materials procurement; progress at Los Alamos and Sandia, 1948; new weapon requirements * CHAPTER 7 * ATOMIC POWER: QUANDARY AND QUAGMIRE * aircraft and naval propulsion; Wilson's reactor plan; reactor safeguards; Hafstad and four-reactor program, 1948-1949 * CHAPTER 8 * RESEARCH: NEW APPROACHES TO A NEW AGE * high-energy physics, 1946-1948; discovery of transplutonium elements; radiation biology and studies in Japan; meson; bevatron and cosmotron; radioisotopes, cancer research, and studies of radiation effects * CHAPTER 9 * COOPERATION WITH BRITISH: UNTANGLING ALLIANCE * exchanging technical information * CHAPTER 10 * COOPERATION WITH BRITISH: ANXIETY AND TENSION * Cyril Smith affair and breakdown of cooperation; formulating a new policy, 1948-1949; search for Congressional support, 1949; negotiations with British, autumn, 1949; Fuchs and failure, 1950 * CHAPTER 11 * ART OF ADMINISTRATION * Hickenlooper investigations, summer, 1949 * CHAPTER 12 * DECISION OF DESTINY * Soviet detonation, August, 1949; detection and decision to announce, September, 1949; pressure for superweapon; Lilienthal's decision to resign; Joint Committee initiatives; Presidential decision, January 31, 1950 * CHAPTER 13 * TWILIGHT ZONE, FEBRUARY-JUNE, 1950 * decisions on weapons development; reactor development for defense; plans for producing nuclear materials; place of basic and independent research in national security; declining prospects for Super at Los Alamos * CHAPTER 14 * CHANGING PATTERNS OF ADMINISTRATION * Changing role of Commissioners, 1949-1950; search for a new chairman, 1950; labor relations, 1949- 1950; changing requirements in security to 1950; community policy, 1947-1950; Dean's appointment as chairman and Wilson's resignation; labor and security in Korean war * CHAPTER 15 * SCIENCE: SHIELD OF FREE WORLD? * Impact of Korean war on research and development, 1950; reactors for military; new goals for reactor development, 1951; research in shadow of war; advances in high-energy physics, chemistry, radiation biology, and genetics; reactors for propulsion, plutonium production, and power generation; Oppenheimer's retirement * CHAPTER 16 * QUEST FOR SUPER * difficulties in developing Super; Savannah River and Paducah sites; effects of Chinese intervention in Korea; Ulam, Teller; a break in civilian custody of weapons * CHAPTER 17 * FORGING ATOMIC SHIELD * demands for more production, construction at Hanford and Savannah River; debate on a second laboratory; production: "How much is enough?"
Author : Francis George Gosling
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 75 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Atomic bomb
ISBN : 9780788178801
A history of the origins and development of the American atomic bomb program during WWII. Begins with the scientific developments of the pre-war years. Details the role of the U.S. government in conducting a secret, nationwide enterprise that took science from the laboratory and into combat with an entirely new type of weapon. Concludes with a discussion of the immediate postwar period, the debate over the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and the founding of the Atomic Energy Commission. Chapters: the Einstein letter; physics background, 1919-1939; early government support; the atomic bomb and American strategy; and the Manhattan district in peacetime. Illustrated.
Author : Richard G. Hewlett,Jack M. Holl,Roger M. Anders
Publisher : University of California Press
Page : 742 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2021-01-08
Category : History
ISBN : 9780520329348
This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1989.
Author : Richard G. Hewlett
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 718 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1969
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : LCCN:62014633
Author : U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 238 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 1949
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : WISC:89059296954
Author : Richard Rhodes
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 890 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2012-09-18
Category : History
ISBN : 9781439126226
**Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award** The definitive history of nuclear weapons—from the turn-of-the-century discovery of nuclear energy to J. Robert Oppenheimer and the Manhattan Project—this epic work details the science, the people, and the sociopolitical realities that led to the development of the atomic bomb. This sweeping account begins in the 19th century, with the discovery of nuclear fission, and continues to World War Two and the Americans’ race to beat Hitler’s Nazis. That competition launched the Manhattan Project and the nearly overnight construction of a vast military-industrial complex that culminated in the fateful dropping of the first bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Reading like a character-driven suspense novel, the book introduces the players in this saga of physics, politics, and human psychology—from FDR and Einstein to the visionary scientists who pioneered quantum theory and the application of thermonuclear fission, including Planck, Szilard, Bohr, Oppenheimer, Fermi, Teller, Meitner, von Neumann, and Lawrence. From nuclear power’s earliest foreshadowing in the work of H.G. Wells to the bright glare of Trinity at Alamogordo and the arms race of the Cold War, this dread invention forever changed the course of human history, and The Making of The Atomic Bomb provides a panoramic backdrop for that story. Richard Rhodes’s ability to craft compelling biographical portraits is matched only by his rigorous scholarship. Told in rich human, political, and scientific detail that any reader can follow, The Making of the Atomic Bomb is a thought-provoking and masterful work.
Author : Atomic Energy Commission,U. S. Department of Energy,U. S. Government
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 105 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2017-12-10
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1973514524
The AEC: Almost a year after World War II ended, Congress established the United States Atomic Energy Commission to foster and control the peacetime development of atomic science and technology. Reflecting America's postwar optimism, Congress declared that atomic energy should be employed not only in the Nation's defense, but also to promote world peace, improve the public welfare, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise. After long months of intensive debate among politicians, military planners and atomic scientists, President Harry S. Truman confirmed the civilian control of atomic energy by signing the Atomic Energy Act on August 1, 1946. The provisions of the new Act bore the imprint of the American plan for international control presented to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission two months earlier by U.S. Representative Bernard Baruch. Although the Baruch proposal for a multinational corporation to develop the peaceful uses of atomic energy failed to win the necessary Soviet support, the concept of combining development, production, and control in one agency found acceptance in the domestic legislation creating the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Congress gave the new civilian Commission extraordinary power and independence to carry out its awesome responsibilities. Five Commissioners appointed by the President would exercise authority for the operation of the Commission, while a general manager, also appointed by the President, would serve as chief executive officer. To provide the Commission exceptional freedom in hiring scientists and professionals, Commission employees would be exempt from the Civil Service system. Because of the need for great security, all production facilities and nuclear reactors would be government-owned, while all technical information and research results would be under Commission control, and thereby excluded from the normal application of the patent system.History of Nuclear Energy: The concept of the atom has existed for many centuries. But we only recently began to understand the enormous power contained in the tiny mass. In the years just before and during World War II, nuclear research focused mainly on the development of defense weapons. Later, scientists concentrated on peaceful applications of nuclear technology. An important use of nuclear energy is the generation of electricity. After years of research, scientists have successfully applied nuclear technology to many other scientific, medical, and industrial purposes. This document traces the history of our discoveries about atoms. We begin with the ideas of the Greek philosophers. Then we follow the path to the early scientists who discovered radioactivity. Finally, we reach modern-day use of atoms as a valuable source of energy. This document also includes a detailed chronology of the history of nuclear energy and a glossary. We hope the glossary will explain terms that may be new to some readers and that studying the chronology will encourage readers to explore the resources listed in the bibliography. By doing so, you can discover first-hand our nation's efforts to develop and control this powerful technology. The Discovery of Fission * The First Self-Sustaining Chain Reaction * The Development of Nuclear Energy for Peaceful Applications * Chronology of Nuclear Research and Development, 1942-1994 * Selected References * Glossary
Author : U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 1971
Category : Nuclear energy
ISBN : UOM:39015001566119
