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Absolute Age Determination by Mebus A. Geyh,Helmut Schleicher Pdf
The spectrum of physical and chemical dating methods now covers the entire range of Earth history. But there are so many methods that it is becoming increasingly difficult to select those that are appropriate for solving a specific problem. The objective of this book is to cover the whole spectrum of methods and to give examples of their applications. Thus it is addressed to everybody interested in the application of physical and chemical dating methods to the geosciences and archeology. It is especially valuable as a concise, but comprehensive reference for students and practitioners.
Absolute Age Determination by Mebus A. Geyh,Helmut Schleicher Pdf
With the growing recognition during the last two centuries that the Earth has an immense age and processes over long periods of time have changed the morphology and composition of the Earth's crust, geologists have become increasingly interested in determination of absolute ages. A rela tive geochronology was established on the basis of the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic principles developed during the last century. With the discovery of radioactivity, the basis for a new geoscientific discipline - geochronology - was established (Rutherford 1906). It is the study of geological time, based mainly on the time signatures provided by the isotopic composition in geologic materials. The isotopic signature in a rock yields more information than that provided by the geochemical signature alone because it reflects the origin and history of the element in the rock. The aim of geochronology is to calibrate and standardize chronostrati graphic scales, to develop geological time scales that have a sensitive or at least useful resolution in order to place the geological events in the correct chronological order, and to assign their proper time spans. In practice, the application of geochronology is much wider because the data in the "natural archives" often provide information on the origin, genesis, and history of the materials. This, of course, requires an understanding of the geochemical behavior of the substances involved.
Age Determination of Young Rocks and Artifacts by Günther A. Wagner Pdf
Dating the Quaternary, which covers approximately the last 2 million years, has experienced considerable progress over the past few decades. On the one hand, this resulted from the necessity to obtain a valid age concept for this period which had seen tremendous environmental changes and the advent of the genus Homo. On the other hand, instrumental improvements, such as the introduction of highly sensitive analytical techniques, gave rise to physical and chemical innovations in the field of dating. This rapid methodological development is still in full progress. The broad spectrum of chronometric methods applicable to young rocks and artifacts also becomes increasingly intricate to the specialist. Hence, it is my goal to present a comprehensive, state-of-the-art sum mary of these methods. This book is essentially designed as an aid for scientists who feel a demand for dating tasks falling into this period, i. e., Quaternary geologists and archaeologists in the broadest sense. Since it has been developed from a course of lectures for students of geological and archaeological sciences, held at the University of Heidelberg, it certainly shall serve as an introduction for students of these disciplines.
Recording Structures of Mammals by GalinaA. Klevezal Pdf
This text focuses on the principles and methods of using growth layers formed in teeth and bones of mammals to make a judgement on essential traits of the animal's life history. In nearly all mammalian species, including man, the age of individuals can be determined from the number of growth layers and, at least in some of them, it is possible to estimate the season of an animal's birth and death, age of sexual maturation, periodicity of reproduction, certain feeding habits and other aspects of the individual's biology. It is also possible, from tooth-enamel analysis, to assess doses of radiation accumulated by animals and human beings during their lifetime.;This book is intended for zoologists, wild-game biologists and zoo archaeologists, but some of the sections could also be of interest for anthropologists, radioecologists and conservation biologists.
Accelerated Mass-spectrometric Method of Determination of the Absolute Age of Geological Formations According to the Radioactive Decay of K40 to A40 by Kh. I. Amirkhanev Pdf
Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs by Lars Bengtsson,Reginald W. Herschy,Rhodes W. Fairbridge Pdf
Lakes and reservoirs hold about 90% of the world's surface fresh water, but overuse, water withdrawal and pollution of these bodies puts some one billion people at risk. The Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs reviews the physical, chemical and ecological characteristics of lakes and reservoirs, and describes their uses and environmental state trends in different parts of the world. Superbly illustrated throughout, it includes some 200 entries in a range of topics, including acidification, artificialisation, canals, climate change effects, dams, dew ponds, drainage, eutrofication, evaporation, fisheries, hydro-electric power, nutrients, organic pollution, paleolimnology, reservoir capacities and depths, sedimentation, water resources and more.
This text, written by a leading researcher in the field, describes the origin and formation of lakes in order to give context to the question of how lacustrine deposits form. It explains the process of sedimentation in lakes and the chemistry of those deposits and describes how the age of lake deposits are determined. Additionally, this book shows how different groups of fossils are used in interpreting the paleontological record of lakes. In order to illustrate the more synthetic approaches to interpreting the history of lakes, the author also discusses such special topics as lake-level history, lake evolution, and the impact of environmental change on lakes.
Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics by Harsh Gupta Pdf
The past few decades have witnessed the growth of the Earth Sciences in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the planet that we live on. This development addresses the challenging endeavor to enrich human lives with the bounties of Nature as well as to preserve the planet for the generations to come. Solid Earth Geophysics aspires to define and quantify the internal structure and processes of the Earth in terms of the principles of physics and forms the intrinsic framework, which other allied disciplines utilize for more specific investigations. The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics was published in 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold publishing company. More than two decades later, this new volume, edited by Prof. Harsh K. Gupta, represents a thoroughly revised and expanded reference work. It brings together more than 200 articles covering established and new concepts of Geophysics across the various sub-disciplines such as Gravity, Geodesy, Geomagnetism, Seismology, Seismics, Deep Earth Processes, Plate Tectonics, Thermal Domains, Computational Methods, etc. in a systematic and consistent format and standard. It is an authoritative and current reference source with extraordinary width of scope. It draws its unique strength from the expert contributions of editors and authors across the globe. It is designed to serve as a valuable and cherished source of information for current and future generations of professionals.
Potassium Argon Dating by O. A. Schaeffer,J. Zähringer Pdf
Perhaps no dating method has the wide range of applicability as does the potassium argon dating method from either consideration of the ranges of ages which can be dated or the availability of suitable material to date. Minerals as young as tens of thousands of years to minerals billions of years old have been successfully dated. Many minerals retain for times of the order of billions of years the daughter, Ar40, and many minerals contain as a component K40 the parent element, potassium being a common element in the earth's crust. As a result, most rock contains at least one mineral which can be successfully dated by the potassium argon method. Even though this method has been applied for over fifteen years, there is as yet no work which summarizes the experimental techniques and the results available. The sixtieth birthday ofW. GENTNER, one of the pioneers in this field of research, is a suitable time to present such a summary.
Groundwater Age by Gholam A. Kazemi,Jay H. Lehr,Pierre Perrochet Pdf
Groundwater Age is the first book of its kind that incorporates and synthesizes the state-of-the-art knowledge about the business of groundwater dating - including historical development, principles, applications, various methods, and likely future progress in the concept. It is a well-organized, advanced, clearly written resource for all the professionals, scientists, graduate students, consultants, and water sector managers who deal with groundwater and who seek a comprehensive treatment of the subject of groundwater age.
Petroleum Science and Technology by Muhammad Abdul Quddus Pdf
Petroleum Science and Technology: Petroleum Generation, Accumulation and Prospecting describes natural hydrocarbon geology along with applicable aspects of physics, chemistry, biology, environmental science, mathematics, and engineering/technology. It starts off with a brief coverage of the origin and evolution of the universe, petroleum origin and generation in subsurface condition, source rock, oil/gas migration path and reservoir rock. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical petroleum surveys are also included. This book covers both theory and applied information. Aimed at graduate students, researchers, and professionals in petroleum engineering and chemical engineering, it: Covers petroleum geology and technology including petroleum generation, migration, and reservoir formation Introduces the nature and formation of petroleum and its exploration Describes oil/gas prospecting using geophysico-chemical methods under subsurface condition Includes a detailed geochemical survey along with an analysis of kerogen and bitumen Explains petroleum migration and accumulation using two-dimensional graphs MA Quddus PhD, has served in the petroleum sector and R&D organization, both national and multinational, for more than 40 years and has worked in various capacities including in the laboratory, office, field, and plant, and has also engaged in teaching petroleum technology as a visiting professor for 17 years. He earned BSc (Hons) and MSc degrees along with a PhD with thesis titled "Oxidation of Asphalt." As a result of his constant research, he has published nine international and 12 national papers, obtained one patent, presented five papers in conferences and prepared six technical reports. He has also visited the USA, Canada, and Indonesia for short courses in petroleum technology and teacher training.