Agricultural Diversification In Nepal Status Determinants And Its Impact On Rural Poverty

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Agricultural diversification in Nepal: Status, determinants, and its impact on rural poverty

Thapa, Ganesh,Kumar, Anjani,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Agricultural diversification in Nepal Status determinants and its impact on rural poverty Book PDF

Author : Thapa, Ganesh,Kumar, Anjani,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2017-04-28
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Agricultural diversification in Nepal: Status, determinants, and its impact on rural poverty by Thapa, Ganesh,Kumar, Anjani,Joshi, Pramod Kumar Pdf

As in many parts of the developing world, the share of high value crops in agricultural gross domestic product (AgGDP) has increased substantially in Nepal. We contribute to the literature on trends in agricultural development in the poorest countries by answering the research question on “Does transition from traditional to high-value agriculture reduce rural poverty in poor developing countries”? We also identified the drivers leading to this transition. The study uses survey data from three rounds of the nationally representative Nepal Living Standard Surveys: NLSS I (1994/1995), NLSS II (2004/2005) and NLSS III (2010/2011). Multi-level model was used to study the determinants of agricultural diversification. To estimate the causal impact of agricultural diversification on welfare measures, propensity score matching and instrumental variable techniques were used. Results indicate that there has been a rightward shift in the distribution of the share (percent) of high-value crops between 1995 and 2004 and between 2004 and 2010, respectively. The area as well as the shared by major cereals (paddy, maize, and wheat) is declining over years. However, it is increasing for high-value crops (potato, vegetables, spices/condiments, and fruits). The percentage increase in share of the high-value crops was higher in or adjacent to urbanized districts between 1995 and 2010. The factors positively associated with the agricultural diversification are female-headed households, caste, mother's education, net-buyer status, urban region, remittance, farm size, kitchen garden, improved seeds, telephone and refrigerator. We found positive impact of agricultural diversification towards high-value crops on rural poverty and monthly per capita consumption expenditure. However, for cereal crops grower, we find the negative impact on poverty and monthly per capita consumption expenditure.

Agricultural diversification in Nepal: Status, determinants, and its impact on rural poverty

Thapa, Ganesh,Kumar, Anjani,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Agricultural diversification in Nepal Status determinants and its impact on rural poverty Book PDF

Author : Thapa, Ganesh,Kumar, Anjani,Joshi, Pramod Kumar
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2017-04-28
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Agricultural diversification in Nepal: Status, determinants, and its impact on rural poverty by Thapa, Ganesh,Kumar, Anjani,Joshi, Pramod Kumar Pdf

As in many parts of the developing world, the share of high value crops in agricultural gross domestic product (AgGDP) has increased substantially in Nepal. We contribute to the literature on trends in agricultural development in the poorest countries by answering the research question on “Does transition from traditional to high-value agriculture reduce rural poverty in poor developing countries”? We also identified the drivers leading to this transition. The study uses survey data from three rounds of the nationally representative Nepal Living Standard Surveys: NLSS I (1994/1995), NLSS II (2004/2005) and NLSS III (2010/2011). Multi-level model was used to study the determinants of agricultural diversification. To estimate the causal impact of agricultural diversification on welfare measures, propensity score matching and instrumental variable techniques were used. Results indicate that there has been a rightward shift in the distribution of the share (percent) of high-value crops between 1995 and 2004 and between 2004 and 2010, respectively. The area as well as the shared by major cereals (paddy, maize, and wheat) is declining over years. However, it is increasing for high-value crops (potato, vegetables, spices/condiments, and fruits). The percentage increase in share of the high-value crops was higher in or adjacent to urbanized districts between 1995 and 2010. The factors positively associated with the agricultural diversification are female-headed households, caste, mother's education, net-buyer status, urban region, remittance, farm size, kitchen garden, improved seeds, telephone and refrigerator. We found positive impact of agricultural diversification towards high-value crops on rural poverty and monthly per capita consumption expenditure. However, for cereal crops grower, we find the negative impact on poverty and monthly per capita consumption expenditure.

Food inflation and food price volatility in India: Trends and determinants

Sekhar, C.S.C.,Roy, Devesh,Bhatt, Yogesh
Food inflation and food price volatility in India Trends and determinants Book PDF

Author : Sekhar, C.S.C.,Roy, Devesh,Bhatt, Yogesh
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 80 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2017-05-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Food inflation and food price volatility in India: Trends and determinants by Sekhar, C.S.C.,Roy, Devesh,Bhatt, Yogesh Pdf

The study analyzes food inflation trends in India over the last decade. Annual trends show that different commodities have contributed to food inflation in different years and that no single commodity shows uniformly high inflation. A decomposition exercise shows that eggs, meat, fish, milk, cereals, and vegetables were generally the main contributors to recent food inflation. The contribution of pulses, except pigeon peas (arhar), and of edible oils remained low. Fruits and vegetables displayed a much higher degree of intrayear volatility, and high-weight commodities in the national consumption basket also showed very high inflation rates, which is a cause for concern. Results of the econometric analysis show that both supply and demand factors are important. Cereal and edible oil prices appear to be mainly driven by supply-side factors such as production, wage rates, and minimum support prices. For pulses, the effects of supply- and demand-side factors appear almost equal. The prices of eggs, meat, fish, milk, and fruits and vegetables appear to be driven mainly by demand-side factors.

Farming Systems and Poverty

John A. Dixon,David P. Gibbon,Aidan Gulliver,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Farming Systems and Poverty Book PDF

Author : John A. Dixon,David P. Gibbon,Aidan Gulliver,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 424 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9251046271

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Farming Systems and Poverty by John A. Dixon,David P. Gibbon,Aidan Gulliver,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

A joint FAO and World Bank study which shows how the farming systems approach can be used to identify priorities for the reduction of hunger and poverty in the main farming systems of the six major developing regions of the world.

Empowerment, adaptation, and agricultural production

Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie
Empowerment adaptation and agricultural production Book PDF

Author : Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2017-05-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Empowerment, adaptation, and agricultural production by Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie Pdf

Located at the heart of West Africa, Niger is a landlocked country with three-quarters of its territory covered by the Sahara Desert. Niger’s climate is mostly arid, and it is one of the least developed countries in the world. The vast majority of its population lives in rural areas, and the country is strongly dependent on agriculture. Agriculture is predominantly rainfed and yields rely on one rainy season. Although productivity in Niger has shown a positive trend, agriculture has been strongly affected in recent decades by several crises partly or entirely due to extreme weather events. Farmers pursue a number of strategies in the face of climatic (and nonclimatic) stressors including soil and water conservation methods such as barriers, terracing, and planting pits, and their adaptive capacity is deemed critical for estimating the economic impact of climate change. An understanding of climate change adaptation processes at the farm household level is therefore crucial to the development of well-designed and targeted mitigation policies. In this study, we use new data from Niger and regression analysis to study climate change adaptation through the digging of zaї pits and food production and the role of human capital measures therein. We find that adaptation is influenced by the perception that the frequency of droughts has increased and by the availability of financial resources and household labor. Adaptation is also influenced by educational attainment—both formal and Koranic school education. Adaptation of zaї pits is found to play an important role in food productivity. Our counterfactual analysis reveals that even though all households would benefit from adaptation, the effect is found to be significantly larger for households that actually did adapt relative to those that did not, indicating that the prospects of closing the productivity gap through encouraging adaptation in less well-endowed households are limited.

Economic accounts for agriculture and farm income in Senegal

Fofana, Ismaël,Tankari, Mahamadou Roufahi,Traore, Fousseini
Economic accounts for agriculture and farm income in Senegal Book PDF

Author : Fofana, Ismaël,Tankari, Mahamadou Roufahi,Traore, Fousseini
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2017-05-12
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Economic accounts for agriculture and farm income in Senegal by Fofana, Ismaël,Tankari, Mahamadou Roufahi,Traore, Fousseini Pdf

A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system is of critical importance for evidence- and outcome-based planning and implementation in agriculture. The availability of and access to timely and reliable data to inform the M&E system is an undeniable asset. Our analysis highlights the use of survey data to generate relevant information and knowledge on the agricultural sector. The Poverty Monitoring Survey carried out in Senegal in 2011 is used to build the economic accounts for agriculture, which identify a value added of 581 billion CFA francs generated by Senegal’s farm households, representing 60 percent of the sector’s value added in 2011. The average farm household generated 646,500 CFA francs from farming in that same year. The information from the economic accounts for agriculture offers valuable inputs for decision-support tools such as the geographical information platforms (e-atlas) and social accounting matrixes used in strategic analyses and agricultural policy planning.

Revitalized agriculture for balanced growth and resilient livelihoods: Toward a rural development strategy for Mon State

Filipski, Mateusz J.,Nischan, Ulrike,Van Asselt, Joanna,Belton, Ben,Kennedy, Adam,Hein, Aung,Dorosh, Paul A.,Boughton, Duncan
Revitalized agriculture for balanced growth and resilient livelihoods Toward a rural development strategy for Mon State Book PDF

Author : Filipski, Mateusz J.,Nischan, Ulrike,Van Asselt, Joanna,Belton, Ben,Kennedy, Adam,Hein, Aung,Dorosh, Paul A.,Boughton, Duncan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 54 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2017-05-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Revitalized agriculture for balanced growth and resilient livelihoods: Toward a rural development strategy for Mon State by Filipski, Mateusz J.,Nischan, Ulrike,Van Asselt, Joanna,Belton, Ben,Kennedy, Adam,Hein, Aung,Dorosh, Paul A.,Boughton, Duncan Pdf

This report offers specific policy and investment options articulated around two broad areas: (1) stimulating growth in agriculture and sustainable management of fisheries and (2) providing public infrastructure and services that strengthen the enabling environment. A plan to stimulate growth in agriculture and fisheries, the first broad area, could be centered around the following set of goals: revitalize the rubber sector, develop high-value fresh products, improve rice productivity, modernize land and input markets, expand access to loans for machinery and seasonal input purchases, strengthen agricultural extension services to ensure dynamism in Mon State’s farm sector, improve management of marine capture fisheries, and facilitate expansion of aquaculture. The first part of the report details the challenges and potential solutions presented by each of these points. The second part of the report details options to create a growth-enabling environment through public infrastructure and services, centered around the following goals: improve the budgetary and fiscal process to enable locally driven public investment, improve access to and reliability of infrastructure, expand the formal credit market, promote productive investment by the private sector, strengthen regulatory frameworks for the construction sector, exploit the potential for the development of tourism, and improve the quality of and access to education and health services.

The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI)

Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela,Quisumbing, Agnes R.,Kovarik, Chiara,Sproule, Kathryn,Pinkstaff, Crossley,Malapit, Hazel J.
The Abbreviated Women s Empowerment in Agriculture Index A WEAI Book PDF

Author : Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela,Quisumbing, Agnes R.,Kovarik, Chiara,Sproule, Kathryn,Pinkstaff, Crossley,Malapit, Hazel J.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 56 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2017-07-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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The Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) by Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela,Quisumbing, Agnes R.,Kovarik, Chiara,Sproule, Kathryn,Pinkstaff, Crossley,Malapit, Hazel J. Pdf

The fifth Sustainable Development Goal—to “achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls”—reflects a growing consensus that these are key objectives of development policy in their own right, while also contributing to improved productivity and increased efficiency, especially in agriculture and food production. To deliver on this commitment to women’s empowerment in development calls for appropriate measures that can be used to diagnose the scope and major sources of disempowerment and to measure progress. The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) is a survey-based tool codeveloped by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) (Alkire et al. 2013). The index was originally designed as a monitoring and evaluation tool for the U.S. government’s Feed the Future initiative to directly capture women’s empowerment and inclusion levels in the agricultural sector. Since its launch in February 2012, the WEAI has been implemented in the 19 Feed the Future focus countries. As with any new metric, pilot testing in a few selected countries with limited sample sizes is insufficient to demonstrate how the WEAI would perform when rolled out on a wider scale. Concerns expressed by users of the WEAI led to the creation of an abbreviated version—the A-WEAI. This paper begins by presenting a brief overview of the WEAI and its construction. It then proceeds to discuss (1) the background and motivation behind the creation of the A-WEAI; (2) the steps taken to develop the AWEAI— namely, cognitive testing and piloting of different modules, particularly those that were difficult to administer in the field; (3) analysis of the pilot data from Bangladesh and Uganda; (4) domain-specific comparisons of the different pilot versions; and (5) robustness checks and empowerment diagnostics from the A-WEAI as compared with the original WEAI. The paper concludes by summarizing the modifications to the original WEAI and discussing possibilities for further development of empowerment metrics based on the WEAI.

Building resilience for food systems in postwar communities

Pal, Chandrashri,Babu, Suresh Chandra,Pathmanathan, Hamsha
Building resilience for food systems in postwar communities Book PDF

Author : Pal, Chandrashri,Babu, Suresh Chandra,Pathmanathan, Hamsha
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 48 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2017-05-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Building resilience for food systems in postwar communities by Pal, Chandrashri,Babu, Suresh Chandra,Pathmanathan, Hamsha Pdf

Prolonged civil wars can have long-lasting adverse effects on food systems, leading to poverty and food insecurity. Overcoming food insecurity and land inequality is particularly difficult because of the highly politicized nature of conflict. This paper builds on the existing literature on food sovereignty to ensure sustainable livelihoods and community ownership of a resilient food system. We identify components of community food security to be strengthened in a post war reconstruction context. We study the impacts of the civil war on food and land administration systems, farmer struggles and current transitional justice process in relation to community food security in the Northern and Eastern Provinces in Sri Lanka and identify the technological, institutional, organizational, and infrastructural setbacks caused by conflict. It explores how such setbacks could be rectified and a resilient food system could be built in the postwar scenario.

Insurance structure, risk sharing, and investment decisions

Munro, Laura
Insurance structure risk sharing and investment decisions Book PDF

Author : Munro, Laura
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2017-05-19
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Insurance structure, risk sharing, and investment decisions by Munro, Laura Pdf

Recognition of take-up and transaction cost challenges in individual microinsurance has led to a surge of interest in group microinsurance. Yet few studies have considered the effect of group insurance on the investment decisions of the insured. In the case of weather index insurance, this is an important omission. Analogous to group microcredit, group weather insurance may exacerbate two key challenges depending on the information environment: moral hazard and group pressure. Experimental results from a framed field experiment in Gujarat, India, confirm that group pressure leads to an 8 percent reduction in risk taking in contexts with perfect information and group insurance (relative to individual insurance). The effects of moral hazard are more limited, however. As higher risk taking is associated with higher average agricultural productivity—and thus, development—these findings put a premium on greater attention to group selection, the information environment, and the regulation of payout distribution.

Can agricultural aspirations influence preferences for new technologies?

Bell, Andrew R.,Ward, Patrick S.,Ashfaq, Muhammad,Davies, Stephen
Can agricultural aspirations influence preferences for new technologies Book PDF

Author : Bell, Andrew R.,Ward, Patrick S.,Ashfaq, Muhammad,Davies, Stephen
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 36 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2017-05-03
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Can agricultural aspirations influence preferences for new technologies? by Bell, Andrew R.,Ward, Patrick S.,Ashfaq, Muhammad,Davies, Stephen Pdf

In the face of increasing environmental stresses, there is a critical need to improve water-use efficiency in many arid and semiarid agroclimatic zones. Drip irrigation is a high-efficiency irrigation technology that can improve water-use efficiency in currently irrigated areas and transform areas that are not otherwise irrigable in practice. Although adoption of drip irrigation is growing rapidly in India, adoption is low in neighboring Pakistan. The authors of this paper undertook a discrete choice experiment framed around the hypothetical subsidized purchase of a drip irrigation system in four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The nonrepresentative sample of adopters and nonadopters in the study districts identified a clear increase in the valuation of drip systems in the first several years following adoption. This finding suggests that farmers may be unaware of the opportunities for the use of drip irrigation on their farms or the benefits that may accrue from such use. In addition, farmers’ aspirations for cropping systems under drip were better predictors of the valuation of drip systems than were current cropping patterns, implying that a different agricultural landscape might reasonably emerge under improved adoption of drip. Aspirations differed across the different agroecological zones and water regimes captured by this study. Aspirations to substitute wheat crops for fruits and vegetables were associated with a higher appreciation of the subsidy level, whereas aspirations to expand wheat were associated with a higher appreciation of the area covered by the drip initiative; together, these findings imply a degree of control over the extent of wheat production in the landscape via careful design of the drip subsidy program. Although the penetration of drip irrigation is not yet sufficient to draw inferences from a representative sample, these results suggest a number of ways in which drip irrigation may transform Pakistan’s agricultural landscape

Climate change and variability

Choufani, Jowel,Davis, Claire,McLaren, Rebecca,Fanzo, Jessica
Climate change and variability Book PDF

Author : Choufani, Jowel,Davis, Claire,McLaren, Rebecca,Fanzo, Jessica
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2017-06-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Climate change and variability by Choufani, Jowel,Davis, Claire,McLaren, Rebecca,Fanzo, Jessica Pdf

The paper uses a food systems approach to analyze the bidirectional relationships between climate change and food and nutrition along the entire food value chain. It then identifies adaptation and mitigation interventions for each step of the food value chain to move toward a more climate-smart, nutrition-sensitive food system. The study focuses on poor rural farmers, a population especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change on nutrition, although we recognize that there are other vulnerable populations, including urban poor and rural populations working outside of agriculture. Although this report does not explicitly exclude overweight and obesity, it focuses primarily on undernutrition because this nutritional status is currently more prevalent than overnutrition among our target population.

Rural livelihoods in Mon State: Evidence from a representative household survey

Filipski, Mateusz J.,Van Asselt, Joanna,Nischan, Ulrike,Belton, Ben,Htoo, Kyan,Win, Myat Thida,Hein, Aung,Kham, L. Seng,Naing, Zaw Min,Payongayong, Ellen,Boughton, Duncan
Rural livelihoods in Mon State Evidence from a representative household survey Book PDF

Author : Filipski, Mateusz J.,Van Asselt, Joanna,Nischan, Ulrike,Belton, Ben,Htoo, Kyan,Win, Myat Thida,Hein, Aung,Kham, L. Seng,Naing, Zaw Min,Payongayong, Ellen,Boughton, Duncan
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2017-05-05
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Rural livelihoods in Mon State: Evidence from a representative household survey by Filipski, Mateusz J.,Van Asselt, Joanna,Nischan, Ulrike,Belton, Ben,Htoo, Kyan,Win, Myat Thida,Hein, Aung,Kham, L. Seng,Naing, Zaw Min,Payongayong, Ellen,Boughton, Duncan Pdf

The purpose of this report is to provide information and analysis to government, civil society, and donors interested in improving the well-being of the rural population of Mon State, Myanmar. Specifically, the report analyzes the different sources of income for rural households, as well as their socioeconomic characteristics, with a view to helping identify constraints on growth and potential pathways to improving incomes. The overall picture that emerges is one of a struggling agricultural sector and an economy heavily dependent on services for local employment and on international migration for income. The analysis is based on a sample of 1,632 rural households, designed to be representative of rural households in Mon State as a whole. The survey included a household questionnaire and a community survey, and gathered information on demographics, all economic aspects of the household, and access to infrastructure and services at the community level.

Pathways from agriculture to nutrition in India: Implications for sustainable development goals

Babu, Suresh Chandra,Sharma, Ajay,Das, Mousumi
Pathways from agriculture to nutrition in India Implications for sustainable development goals Book PDF

Author : Babu, Suresh Chandra,Sharma, Ajay,Das, Mousumi
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2017-06-09
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Pathways from agriculture to nutrition in India: Implications for sustainable development goals by Babu, Suresh Chandra,Sharma, Ajay,Das, Mousumi Pdf

emphasizes the importance of identifying different pathways from agriculture to nutrition for better nutritional outcomes. Using a disaggregated dashboard approach with agriculture, food consumption, and demographic and health survey data, this study examines the progress of Indian states toward the Sustainable Development Goals. There is evidence of both disconnects and linkages among food security indicators along the agriculture-nutrition pathways. Through a broadened and comprehensive approach under one coordinating body with a good set of improved interventions and governance, Indian states can attain food and nutrition security by 2030. Such evidence based policy making is need of the hour to observe impact on the ground, rather than framing policies based on ideologies. At a time when the focus is more and more on impact, the shift

Agribusiness competitiveness: Applying analytics, typology, and measurements to Africa

Shishodia, Mahika,Babu, Suresh Chandra
Agribusiness competitiveness Applying analytics typology and measurements to Africa Book PDF

Author : Shishodia, Mahika,Babu, Suresh Chandra
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2017-07-02
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Agribusiness competitiveness: Applying analytics, typology, and measurements to Africa by Shishodia, Mahika,Babu, Suresh Chandra Pdf

Agribusiness has a major role to play in the transformation of the agricultural sector in Africa. With the demand for high-value food products increasing around the world, the production and export of these goods represents an opportunity to achieve increases in income and employment. To capture the benefits of this trend and capitalize on this opportunity for long-term agricultural growth, agribusiness in Africa must become more competitive. In addition to improving competitiveness, increasing agricultural productivity and food security are also major challenges in African agricultural development. In this paper, we compare the agribusiness competitiveness of African countries and develop typologies connected with their food security and agricultural productivity status. The typologies reveal various stylized facts on the competitiveness of agribusiness to help nations prioritize issues for agricultural development and growth. We develop the measures of agribusiness competitiveness and apply them to African countries. Additionally, we present policy implications and lessons for increasing the competitiveness of agribusiness in African countries.