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Author : Merlinda D. Ingco
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Free trade
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Author : Merlinda Ingco
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 68 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290704595
After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by quot;dirty tariffication:quot; the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Author : D. Merlinda Ingco
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:913715569
August 1995 After evaluating the Uruguay Round's impact on agriculture and border protection in the next decade, the author concludes that while there was significant reform of the rules - particularly the conversion of nontariff barriers into tariffs and the reduction and binding of all tariffs - in practice, trade will probably be liberalized less than expected. The objective of the Round was to reverse protectionism and remove trade distortions. This may not be achieved in practice, at least not until further reductions are carried out in future rounds of negotiations. The major exception to this conclusion is in high-income Asian countries, where protection for major commodities will be significantly reduced. The tariffication and binding of all tariffs on agricultural products represents a significant step forward. Liberalization is implicit because countries are prohhibited from arbitrarily raising tariffs to new higher levels. But many of the newly established tariffs are so high in many countries as to effectively prohibit trade. Patterns of liberalization vary considerably by commodity and by country. Generally, the extent of liberalization was diminished by binding tariffs to the base period of 1986-88, when border protection was at a high point. In most OECD countries, this was worsened by dirty tariffication: the new base tariffs offered even greater protection than the nontariff barriers they replaced. Even after the commitments to tariff reductions in the Round, the ad valorem measure of the final binding tariffs will remain higher than the average rate of protection in 1982-93. A number of developing countries in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East chose to lock in prior liberalization efforts on some products. But for most commodities, there will be little actual liberalization, since most developing countries chose to bind their tariffs at a maximum level. Even when countries reduced already-bound rates, bound tariffs remained significantly higher than current applied rates, giving countries the flexibility to raise tariffs later. The high level of bound tariffs may allow countries to apply variable tariffs below the bound level, thus failing to stabilize tariffs and improve market access. Moreover, the Round did not touch many of the worst distortions in developing countries, such as import subsidies, export taxes, state-trading monopolies, and domestic policies that implicitly tax agriculture.
Author : Merlinda D. Ingco,L. Alan Winters
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 174 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2001-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821349864
Annotation This collection highlights the main trade issues of importance to different regions of the world.
Author : United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 44 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 1988
Category : Agricultural trade, International
ISBN : STANFORD:36105127376304
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
Page : 160 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2002-03-28
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9789264196292
This report provides information on the average tariff levels and on the use of tariff-rate quotas, export subsidies and export credits by selected OECD countries for temperate-zone agricultural products.
Author : Niek Koning,Per Pinstrup-Andersen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 264 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2007-05-07
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 1402060858
Developing countries as a group stand to gain very substantially from trade reform in agricultural commodities. Agricultural Trade Liberalization and the Least Developed Countries is the first book to address important questions relating to this subject. The authors are world renowned experts on international trade and development and they address a very important and timely issue.
Author : Ontario Agricultural College. Department of Agricultural Economics and Business
Publisher : Guelph, Ont. : Department of Agricultural Economics and Business, University of Guelph
Page : 136 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Agriculture and state
ISBN : UIUC:30112019039707
Author : Ramesh Adhikari,Premachandra Athukoralge
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2002-01-01
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781781009581
Experience suggests that trade liberalization has contributed substantially to the remarkable growth of industrialized countries. However, for various reasons many developing countries have not yet been able to integrate successfully into global markets and reap the growth-inducing and poverty-reducing benefits of trade. This book argues that while developing countries are heavily represented in the WTO - accounting for about four-fifths of its membership - there is still plenty of scope for the world trading system to work more effectively in their interests.
Author : Antonio Salazar Pessôa Brandão,Will Martin
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 45 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 1993
Category : Agriculture
ISBN : 8210379456XXX
Global trade liberalization-- reducing both negative and positive protection in line with the Dunkel proposal-- would gain developing countries an estimated $60 billion a year.
Author : Carl Mabbs-Zeno,United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Agriculture and Trade Analysis Division
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 20 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Agriculture
ISBN : UIUC:30112018845872
Author : Alex F. McCalla,John D. Nash
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 274 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2006-11-09
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 082136717X
In the ongoing Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations, developing countries have had much greater leverage, due at least in part to their large and growing share of world trade. But will the increased influence of developing countries translate into a final agreement that is truly more development-friendly? What would be key ingredients in such a final outcome of the negotiations, and what would the developing countries really get out of it. This two volume set seeks to answer these questions. This volume (Volume 2) addresses the question of how a development-friendly outcome to the talks would affect developing countries by quantifying the impact of multilateral trade reform. It presents several different approaches to modeling the effects of the outcome of negotiations, and then investigates why these (and other) modeling efforts produce such divergent results. Volume 1 is issues-oriented. It takes up some key questions in the negotiations, setting the stage with a historical overview of the Doha Development Agenda to help identify issues of most significance to developing countries, and then explores select issues in greater depth. Aimed at policymakers and stakeholders, this two-volume effort puts into the public domain important analytical work that will improve the chance for a pro-development outcomes of the Doha round negotiations.
Author : Joseph F. Francois,Bradley J. McDonald
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 30 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 1996
Category : Commercial policy
ISBN : UCSD:31822023964992
Author : United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 26 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 1991
Category : International trade
ISBN : UCSD:31822006897714
Author : Benoit Blarel,Garry Pursell,Alberto Valdés
Publisher : Allied Publishers
Page : 224 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 1999
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0821342754
