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Author : Frederic Schick
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 168 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2003-05-26
Category : Education
ISBN : 0521531713
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Author : Douglas Walton
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 302 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2013-03-09
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789401586320
We are happy to present to the reader the first book of our Applied Logic Series. Walton's book on the fallacies of ambiguity is firmly at the heart of practical reasoning, an important part of applied logic. There is an increasing interest in artifIcial intelligence, philosophy, psychol ogy, software engineering and linguistics, in the analysis and possible mechanisation of human practical reasoning. Continuing the ancient quest that began with Aristotle, computer scientists, logicians, philosophers and linguists are vigorously seeking to deepen our understanding of human reasoning and argumentation. Significant communities of researchers are actively engaged in developing new approaches to logic and argumentation, which are better suited to the urgent needs of today's applications. The author of this book has, over many years, made significant contributions to the detailed analysis of practical reasoning case studies, thus providing solid foundations for new and more applicable formal logical systems. We welcome Doug Walton's new book to our series.
Author : Frederic Schick
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2003-05-26
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521824583
In this book, Frederic Schick extends and applies the decision theory he proposed in two previous Cambridge books: Understanding Action (1991) and Making Choices (1997). He shows how the way we see situations affects the choices we make, and he develops a logic of thought responsive to how things are seen. The book considers many questions of choosing and some familiar human predicaments. Why do people in choice experiments act so often against expectations? How might they and the experimenters be looking at different problems in them? Why do people cooperate so often where the textbook logic excludes that? How can there be weakness of will - and must it always be faulted? Does how we see things affect what they mean, and what are people reporting who say that their lives have no meaning for them? These very different questions turn out to have some closely related answers. There are vivid discussions here of cases drawn from many sources. The book will interest all who study how we choose and act, whether they are philosophers, psychologists, or economists - or any combination. Frederic Schick is Professor of Philosophy at Rutgers University.
Author : Jay David Atlas
Publisher : Clarendon Library of Logic and
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 47,8 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : UCAL:B4953060
In this book, a set of problems which overlap philosophy, linguistics, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence are examined from the point of view of Chomsky's linguistics. The author uses linguistic analysis to shed new light on the philosophical and logical problems of meaning,ambiguity, truth, falsity, negation and existence. He shows that visual and verbal symbols have ways of meaning in common.
Author : Bo Bennett
Publisher : eBookIt.com
Page : 429 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2012-02-19
Category : Education
ISBN : 9781456607371
This book is a crash course in effective reasoning, meant to catapult you into a world where you start to see things how they really are, not how you think they are. The focus of this book is on logical fallacies, which loosely defined, are simply errors in reasoning. With the reading of each page, you can make significant improvements in the way you reason and make decisions. Logically Fallacious is one of the most comprehensive collections of logical fallacies with all original examples and easy to understand descriptions, perfect for educators, debaters, or anyone who wants to improve his or her reasoning skills. "Expose an irrational belief, keep a person rational for a day. Expose irrational thinking, keep a person rational for a lifetime." - Bo Bennett This 2021 Edition includes dozens of more logical fallacies with many updated examples.
Author : Daniel Ellsberg
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 336 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2015-07-03
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781136711985
Ellsberg elaborates on "Risk, Ambiguity, and the Savage Axioms" and mounts a powerful challenge to the dominant theory of rational decision in this book.
Author : Claudia Maienborn,Klaus von Heusinger,Paul Portner
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 577 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2019-02-19
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9783110626391
Discover vital research on the lexical and cognitive meanings of words. In this exciting book from a team of world-class researchers, in-depth articles explain a wide range of topics, including thematic roles, sense relation, ambiguity and comparison. The authors focus on the cognitive and conceptual structure of words and their meaning extensions such as coercion, metaphors and metonymies. The book features highly cited material – available in paperback for the first time since its publication – and is an essential starting point for anyone interested in lexical semantics, especially where it meets other cognitive and conceptual research.
Author : William Byers
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 424 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2010-05-02
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780691145990
To many outsiders, mathematicians appear to think like computers, grimly grinding away with a strict formal logic and moving methodically--even algorithmically--from one black-and-white deduction to another. Yet mathematicians often describe their most important breakthroughs as creative, intuitive responses to ambiguity, contradiction, and paradox. A unique examination of this less-familiar aspect of mathematics, How Mathematicians Think reveals that mathematics is a profoundly creative activity and not just a body of formalized rules and results. Nonlogical qualities, William Byers shows, play an essential role in mathematics. Ambiguities, contradictions, and paradoxes can arise when ideas developed in different contexts come into contact. Uncertainties and conflicts do not impede but rather spur the development of mathematics. Creativity often means bringing apparently incompatible perspectives together as complementary aspects of a new, more subtle theory. The secret of mathematics is not to be found only in its logical structure. The creative dimensions of mathematical work have great implications for our notions of mathematical and scientific truth, and How Mathematicians Think provides a novel approach to many fundamental questions. Is mathematics objectively true? Is it discovered or invented? And is there such a thing as a "final" scientific theory? Ultimately, How Mathematicians Think shows that the nature of mathematical thinking can teach us a great deal about the human condition itself.
Author : Emily R. Grosholz,Emily Grosholz
Publisher : Oxford University Press on Demand
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2007-08-30
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780199299737
Emily Grosholz offers an original investigation of demonstration in mathematics and science, examining how it works and why it is persuasive. Focusing on geometrical demonstration, she shows the roles that representation and ambiguity play in mathematical discovery. She presents a wide range of case studies in mechanics, topology, algebra, logic, and chemistry, from ancient Greece to the present day, but focusing particularly on the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. She argues that reductive methods are effective not because they diminish but because they multiply and juxtapose modes of representation. Such problem-solving is, she argues, best understood in terms of Leibnizian 'analysis' - the search for conditions of intelligibility. Discovery and justification are then two aspects of one rational way of proceeding, which produces the mathematician's formal experience. Grosholz defends the importance of iconic, as well as symbolic and indexical, signs in mathematical representation, and argues that pragmatic, as well as syntactic and semantic, considerations are indispensable for mathematical reasoning. By taking a close look at the way results are presented on the page in mathematical (and biological, chemical, and mechanical) texts, she shows that when two or more traditions combine in the service of problem solving, notations and diagrams are sublty altered, multiplied, and juxtaposed, and surrounded by prose in natural language which explains the novel combination. Viewed this way, the texts yield striking examples of language and notation that are irreducibly ambiguous and productive because they are ambiguous. Grosholtz's arguments, which invoke Descartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant, will be of considerable interest to philosophers and historians of mathematics and science, and also have far-reaching consequences for epistemology and philosophy of language.
Author : Israel Scheffler
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 162 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2013-05-13
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781136961632
Ambiguity, vagueness and metaphor are pervasive features of language, deserving of systematic study in their own right. Yet they have frequently been considered mere deviations from ideal language or obstacles to be avoided in the construction of scientific systems. First published in 1979, Beyond the Letter offers a consecutive study of these features from a philosphical point of view, providing analyses of each and treating their relations to one another. Addressed to the fundamental task of logical and semantic explanation, the book employs an inscriptional methodology in the attempt to avoid prevalent forms of question-begging, and, further, in the conviction that sparseness of assumption often reveals points of theoretical interest irrespective of methodolgical preference. The author distinguishes and analyses several varieties of ambiguity, developing new semantic notions in the process; recasts the philosophical treatment of vagueness in the light of recent criticisms of analyticity; discusses the bearing of vagueness on logic; and provides a systematic critique of major recent interpretations of metaphor, developing a revised version of contextualism.
Author : Harvey Abramson,Veronica Dahl
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 233 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781461236405
Logic grammars have found wide application both in natural language processing and in formal applications such as compiler writing. This book introduces the main concepts involving natural and formal language processing in logic programming, and discusses typical problems which the reader may encounter, proposing various methods for solving them. The basic material is presented in depth; advanced material, involving new logic grammar formalisms and applications, is presented with a view towards breadth. Major sections of the book include: grammars for formal language and linguistic research, writing a simple logic grammar, different types of logic grammars, applications, and logic grammars and concurrency. This book is intended for those interested in logic programming, artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, Fifth Generation computing, formal languages and compiling techniques. It may be read profitably by upper-level undergraduates, post-graduate students, and active researchers on the above-named areas. Some familiarity with Prolog and logic programming would be helpful; the authors, however, briefly describe Prolog and its relation to logic grammars. After reading Logic Grammars, the reader will be able to cope with the ever-increasing literature of this new and exciting field.
Author : F. Heny
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 335 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789400983779
The essays in this book deal with a number of problems in the analysis of intensional language - more especially with the analysis of the personal modalities in natural language. Together they cover a representative spectrum of the problems of contemporary ,interest in this area, in a way that should make them of interest to linguists, logicians and philosophers concerned with natural language. The contributors are mostly more linguists than logicians or philosophers but some are more logicians or philosophers than linguists. As far as possible, we have tried to conduct the discussion in terms that will enable students from any of these fields to come to grips with the central issues. This volume will provide, I think, material for a very stimulating course. I have used it as the basis for a course at the introductory level in the philosophy of language. The essays in the book led us back to look at the classic texts and a good deal of the intervening literature crept in of its own accord. Out of that experience grew the introduction that follows. In contrast with the rest of the book, the introduction is frankly pedagogical. I hope and believe that many who would otherwise find the papers themselves hard to digest will ~e helped on their way by that summary.
Author : Manfred Pinkal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 392 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2013-04-17
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9789401584456
Semantic underspecification is an essential and pervasive property of natural language. This monograph provides a comprehensive survey of the various phenomena in the field of ambiguity and vagueness. The book discusses the major theories of semantic indefiniteness, which have been proposed in linguistics, philosophy and computer science. It argues for a view of indefiniteness as the potential for further contextual specification, and proposes a unified logical treatment of indefiniteness on this basis. The inherent inconsistency of natural language induced by irreducible imprecision is investigated, and treated in terms of a dynamic extension of the proposed logic. The book is an extended edition of a German monograph and is addressed to advanced students and researchers in theoretical and computational linguistics, logic, philosophy of language, and NL- oriented AI. Although it makes extensive use of logical formalisms, it requires only some basic familiarity with standard predicate logic concepts since all technical terms are carefully explained.
Author : Martin Vöhler,Therese Fuhrer,Stavros Frangoulidis
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 431 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2021-02-22
Category : Literary Criticism
ISBN : 9783110715811
Ambiguity in the sense of two or more possible meanings is considered to be a distinctive feature of modern art and literature. It characterizes the "open artwork" (Eco) and is generated by "disruptive tactics" (Wellershoff) and strategies to engender uncertainty. While ambiguity is seen as a "paradigm of modernity" (Bode), there is skepticism regarding its use in the pre-modern era. Older studies were dominated by the conviction that there was a lack of ambiguity in pre-modernity because, according to the rules of the "old rhetoric", ambiguity was seen as an avoidable error (vitium) and a violation of the dictate of clarity (perspicuitas). The aim of the volume is to re-examine the putative "absence of ambiguity" in the pre-modern era. Is it not possible to find clear examples of deliberately employed (intended) ambiguity in antiquity? Are the oracles and riddles, the Palinode of Stesichoros and Socrates (Phaedrus), the dissoi logoi of rhetoric, the ambiguities of the tragedies all exceptions or do they not indicate a distinct interest in the artistic use of ambiguity? The presentations of the conference, which will include scholars from various philologies, will combine a recourse to theoretical concepts of intended ambiguity with exemplary analyses from the field of pre-modern art and literature.
Author : Gaurav Suri,Hartosh Singh Bal
Publisher : Princeton University Press
Page : 296 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2010-07-01
Category : Fiction
ISBN : 9781400834778
While taking a class on infinity at Stanford in the late 1980s, Ravi Kapoor discovers that he is confronting the same mathematical and philosophical dilemmas that his mathematician grandfather had faced many decades earlier--and that had landed him in jail. Charged under an obscure blasphemy law in a small New Jersey town in 1919, Vijay Sahni is challenged by a skeptical judge to defend his belief that the certainty of mathematics can be extended to all human knowledge--including religion. Together, the two men discover the power--and the fallibility--of what has long been considered the pinnacle of human certainty, Euclidean geometry. As grandfather and grandson struggle with the question of whether there can ever be absolute certainty in mathematics or life, they are forced to reconsider their fundamental beliefs and choices. Their stories hinge on their explorations of parallel developments in the study of geometry and infinity--and the mathematics throughout is as rigorous and fascinating as the narrative and characters are compelling and complex. Moving and enlightening, A Certain Ambiguity is a story about what it means to face the extent--and the limits--of human knowledge.