An Invitation To Formal Reasoning

Author : Fred Sommers,George Englebretsen
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2017-03-02
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781351958608

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An Invitation to Formal Reasoning by Fred Sommers,George Englebretsen Pdf

An Invitation to Formal Reasoning introduces the discipline of formal logic by means of a powerful new system formulated by Fred Sommers. This system, term logic, is different in a number of ways from the standard system employed in modern logic; most striking is its greater simplicity and naturalness. Based on a radically different theory of logical syntax than the one Frege used when initiating modern mathematical logic in the 19th Century, term logic borrows insights from Aristotle's syllogistic, Scholastic logicians, Leibniz, and the 19th century British algebraists. Term logic takes its syntax directly from natural language, construing statements as combinations of pairs of terms, where complex terms are taken to have the same syntax as statements. Whereas standard logic requires extensive 'translation' from natural language to symbolic language, term logic requires only 'transcription' into the symbolic language. Its naturalness is the result of its ability to stay close to the forms of sentences usually found in every day discourse. Written by the founders of the term logic approach, An Invitation to Formal Reasoning is a unique introduction and exploration of this new system, offering numerous exercises and examples throughout the text. Summarising the standard system of mathematical logic to set term logic in context, and showing how the two systems compare, this book presents an alternative approach to standard modern logic for those studying formal logic, philosophy of language or computer theory. Fred Sommers is Professor Emeritus, Brandeis University, USA; George Englebretsen is Professor of Philosophy, Bishop's University, Canada.

Author : Wang Pei
Publisher : World Scientific
Page : 276 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2013-05-03
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9789814440295

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Non-axiomatic Logic: A Model Of Intelligent Reasoning by Wang Pei Pdf

This book provides a systematic and comprehensive description of Non-Axiomatic Logic, which is the result of the author's research for about three decades.Non-Axiomatic Logic is designed to provide a uniform logical foundation for Artificial Intelligence, as well as an abstract description of the “laws of thought” followed by the human mind. Different from “mathematical” logic, where the focus is the regularity required when demonstrating mathematical conclusions, Non-Axiomatic Logic is an attempt to return to the original aim of logic, that is, to formulate the regularity in actual human thinking. To achieve this goal, the logic is designed under the assumption that the system has insufficient knowledge and resources with respect to the problems to be solved, so that the “logical conclusions” are only valid with respect to the available knowledge and resources. Reasoning processes according to this logic covers cognitive functions like learning, planning, decision making, problem solving, etc.This book is written for researchers and students in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science, and can be used as a textbook for courses at graduate level, or upper-level undergraduate, on Non-Axiomatic Logic.

Author : Ben Goertzel,Nil Geisweiller,Lucio Coelho,Predrag Janičić,Cassio Pennachin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 269 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2011-12-02
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9789491216114

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Real-World Reasoning: Toward Scalable, Uncertain Spatiotemporal, Contextual and Causal Inference by Ben Goertzel,Nil Geisweiller,Lucio Coelho,Predrag Janičić,Cassio Pennachin Pdf

The general problem addressed in this book is a large and important one: how to usefully deal with huge storehouses of complex information about real-world situations. Every one of the major modes of interacting with such storehouses – querying, data mining, data analysis – is addressed by current technologies only in very limited and unsatisfactory ways. The impact of a solution to this problem would be huge and pervasive, as the domains of human pursuit to which such storehouses are acutely relevant is numerous and rapidly growing. Finally, we give a more detailed treatment of one potential solution with this class, based on our prior work with the Probabilistic Logic Networks (PLN) formalism. We show how PLN can be used to carry out realworld reasoning, by means of a number of practical examples of reasoning regarding human activities inreal-world situations.

Author : Richard L Epstein
Publisher : Advanced Reasoning Forum
Page : 192 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2018-11-05
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781938421044

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Reasoning and Formal Logic by Richard L Epstein Pdf

This series of books presents the fundamentals of logic in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the notes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The basic theme here is the analysis of formal logic in terms of what metaphysical assumptions we need when we develop the formal systems we use. The essays together give a perspective of formal logic as part of the art of reasoning well. The essays are • Possibilities and Valid Inferences, • A General Framework for Semantics for Propositional Logics, • Why Are There So Many Logics? • Truth and Reasoning, • On Translations, • Reflections on Temporal and Modal Logic, • The Timelessness of Classical Predicate Logic, • Events in the Metaphysics of Predicate Logic, • Categoricity with Minimal Metaphysics, • Reflections on Gödel's Theorems, • On the Error in Frege's Proof that Names Denote, and • Postscript: Logic as the Art of Reasoning Well.

Author : John Symons
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2017-08-07
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1524922218

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Formal Reasoning by John Symons Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : IOS Press
Page : 6097 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2024-06-28
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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by Anonim Pdf

Author : George Englebretsen
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 196 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2015-09-14
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783110433814

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Exploring Topics in the History and Philosophy of Logic by George Englebretsen Pdf

While post-Fregean logicians tend to ignore or even denigrate the traditional logic of Aristotle and the Scholastics, new work in recent years has shown the viability of a renewed, extended, and strengthened logic of terms that shares fundamental features of the old syllogistic. A number of logicians, following the lead of Fred Sommers, have built just such a term logic. It is a system of formal logic that not only matches the expressive and inferential powers of today’s standard logic, but surpasses it and is far simpler and more natural. This book aims to substantiate this claim by exhibiting just how the term logic can shed need light on a variety of challenges that face any system of formal logic.

Author : George Englebretsen
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2019-11-18
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783110624458

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Figuring It Out by George Englebretsen Pdf

Many systems of logic diagrams have been offered both historically and more recently. Each of them has clear limitations. An original alternative system is offered here. It is simpler, more natural, and more expressively and inferentially powerful. It can be used to analyze not only syllogisms but arguments involving relational terms and unanalyzed statement terms.

Author : Peter H. Barnett
Publisher : Schenkman Books
Page : 320 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 1981
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : UVA:X000357883

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Tools of Thought by Peter H. Barnett Pdf

Author : Ben Goertzel,Matthew Iklé,Izabela Freire Goertzel,Ari Heljakka
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 331 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2008-12-16
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780387768724

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Probabilistic Logic Networks by Ben Goertzel,Matthew Iklé,Izabela Freire Goertzel,Ari Heljakka Pdf

Abstract In this chapter we provide an overview of probabilistic logic networks (PLN), including our motivations for developing PLN and the guiding principles underlying PLN. We discuss foundational choices we made, introduce PLN knowledge representation, and briefly introduce inference rules and truth-values. We also place PLN in context with other approaches to uncertain inference. 1.1 Motivations This book presents Probabilistic Logic Networks (PLN), a systematic and pragmatic framework for computationally carrying out uncertain reasoning – r- soning about uncertain data, and/or reasoning involving uncertain conclusions. We begin with a few comments about why we believe this is such an interesting and important domain of investigation. First of all, we hold to a philosophical perspective in which “reasoning” – properly understood – plays a central role in cognitive activity. We realize that other perspectives exist; in particular, logical reasoning is sometimes construed as a special kind of cognition that humans carry out only occasionally, as a deviation from their usual (intuitive, emotional, pragmatic, sensorimotor, etc.) modes of thought. However, we consider this alternative view to be valid only according to a very limited definition of “logic.” Construed properly, we suggest, logical reasoning may be understood as the basic framework underlying all forms of cognition, including those conventionally thought of as illogical and irrational.

Author : Peter H. Barnett
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 229 pages
File Size : 42,9 Mb
Release : 1981
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : OCLC:9978514

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Tools of Thought by Peter H. Barnett Pdf

Author : George Englebretsen
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
Page : 201 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 2013-05-02
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783110325829

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Robust Reality by George Englebretsen Pdf

Contemporary analytic philosophy can generally be characterized by the following tendencies: commitment to first-order predicate logic as the only viable formal logic; rejection of correspondence theories of truth; a view of existence as something expressed by the existential quantifier; a metaphysics that doesn’t give the world as a whole its due. This book seeks to offer an alternative analytic theory, one that provides a unified account of what there is, how we speak about it, the underlying logic of our language, how the truth of what we say is determined, and the central role of the real world in all of this. The result is a robust account of reality. The inspiration for many of the ideas that constitute this overall theory comes from such sources as Aristotle, Leibniz, Ryle, and Sommers.

Author : Ben Goertzel
Publisher : Universal-Publishers
Page : 422 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781581129892

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The Hidden Pattern by Ben Goertzel Pdf

The Hidden Pattern presents a novel philosophy of mind, intended to form a coherent conceptual framework within which it is possible to understand the diverse aspects of mind and intelligence in a unified way. The central concept of the philosophy presented is the concept of "pattern" minds and the world they live in and co-create are viewed as patterned systems of patterns, evolving over time, and various aspects of subjective experience and individual and social intelligence are analyzed in detail in this light. Many of the ideas presented are motivated by recent research in artificial intelligence and cognitive science, and the author's own AI research is discussed in moderate detail in one chapter. However, the scope of the book is broader than this, incorporating insights from sources as diverse as Vedantic philosophy, psychedelic psychotherapy, Nietzschean and Peircean metaphysics and quantum theory. One of the unique aspects of the patternist approach is the way it seamlessly fuses the mechanistic, engineering-oriented approach to intelligence and the introspective, experiential approach to intelligence.

Author : John R. Shook
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 2000 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2005-05-15
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781847144706

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Dictionary Of Modern American Philosophers by John R. Shook Pdf

The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers includes both academic and non-academic philosophers, and a large number of female and minority thinkers whose work has been neglected. It includes those intellectuals involved in the development of psychology, pedagogy, sociology, anthropology, education, theology, political science, and several other fields, before these disciplines came to be considered distinct from philosophy in the late nineteenth century. Each entry contains a short biography of the writer, an exposition and analysis of his or her doctrines and ideas, a bibliography of writings, and suggestions for further reading. While all the major post-Civil War philosophers are present, the most valuable feature of this dictionary is its coverage of a huge range of less well-known writers, including hundreds of presently obscure thinkers. In many cases, the Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers offers the first scholarly treatment of the life and work of certain writers. This book will be an indispensable reference work for scholars working on almost any aspect of modern American thought.

Author : Ben Goertzel,Pei Wang
Publisher : IOS Press
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781586037581

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Advances in Artificial General Intelligence by Ben Goertzel,Pei Wang Pdf

Examines the creation of software programs displaying broad, deep, human-style general intelligence. This work features papers presented at the 2006 AGIRI (Artificial General Intelligence Research Institute) workshop, which illustrates that it is a fit and proper subject for serious science and engineering exploration.