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Anti-AIDS Drug Development by Prem Mohan,Baba Masanori Pdf
Curative anti-AIDS drug therapy still remains as an unconquered hurdle to drug research. This book covers significant aspects that are involved in the search, design and development of potential anti-AIDS agents with emphasis on areas related to drug development. These include enzyme inhibitors (reverse transcriptase, protease, glucosidase), inhibitors of gene expression (oligonucleotides), viral-binding inhibitors (anionic compounds and CD4 mimetics) and various plant derived products. A focus of this book is the medicinal chemistry of these classes of compounds. In addition, other areas that are pertinent to drug development are also addressed. These include HIV regulatory proteins, the development of anti-HIV-1 assays and resistance to anti-HIV-1 agents.
Institute of Medicine,Roundtable for the Development of Drugs and Vaccines Against AIDS
Author : Institute of Medicine,Roundtable for the Development of Drugs and Vaccines Against AIDS Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 84 pages File Size : 50,6 Mb Release : 1991-02-01 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309044905
Expanding Access to Investigational Therapies for HIV Infection and AIDS by Institute of Medicine,Roundtable for the Development of Drugs and Vaccines Against AIDS Pdf
The call for a "parallel track" for AIDS drug developmentâ€"a proposal that would allow the early distribution of AIDS drugs to large numbers of patients in parallel with the conventional clinical trials that assess the drugs' safety and efficacyâ€"has sparked controversy within the scientific community. Questions have arisen about the risks to patients of such a plan, about its potential effect on the successful completion of standard controlled trials, and about whether the parallel track will generate useful data. Larger questions have also been raised about whether the parallel track heralds fundamental changes in the philosophy underlying drug regulation in the United States, about the costs and financing of investigational therapies and associated medical costs, and about the role of expanded access mechanisms for drugs in reaching those whose health care is generally inadequate. This volume summarizes a conference hosted by the Institute of Medicine that illuminated these issues.
Against the Odds by Peter S. Arno,Karyn Feiden Pdf
"Against the Odds is the most important book yet written about the quest for a cure and treatments for AIDS. Authors Arno and Feiden cut through the complex issues to tell the tragic, inspiring story behind the scenes of the AIDS crisis - how a diverse group of extraordinary people banded together to fight bureaucracy and greed to save lives. AIDS has been called the greatest public health menace of our time, and yet political and bottom-line agendas, couples with fear, racism, and homophobia, have made the battle against it a painful uphill struggle. Against the Odds is the tale of government officials, agencies, and pharmaceutical companies that have delayed the development of life-saving and life-prolonging drugs, and of others who have bent and changed the rules. Most of all, it is the story of the activist and patient communities that have now altered the course of government policy toward AIDS and other diseases with their creative, and often heroic, tactics"--Unedited summary from book.
Drug Delivery and Development of Anti-HIV Microbicides by Jose das Neves,Bruno Sarmento Pdf
The worldwide impact of HIV/AIDS is well recognized. This book provides for the first time a thorough and critical overview of current aspects, recent developments, and trends in the formulation and drug delivery concerning anti-HIV microbicides by leading scientists in the field. Additionally, pertinent regulatory aspects and socioeconomical issue
King K. Holmes,Stefano Bertozzi,Barry R. Bloom,Prabhat Jha
Author : King K. Holmes,Stefano Bertozzi,Barry R. Bloom,Prabhat Jha Publisher : World Bank Publications Page : 506 pages File Size : 53,7 Mb Release : 2017-11-06 Category : Medical ISBN : 9781464805257
Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) by King K. Holmes,Stefano Bertozzi,Barry R. Bloom,Prabhat Jha Pdf
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Monitoring the Social Impact of the AIDS Epidemic
Author : National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Monitoring the Social Impact of the AIDS Epidemic Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 337 pages File Size : 49,5 Mb Release : 1993-02-01 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309046282
The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States by National Research Council,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Panel on Monitoring the Social Impact of the AIDS Epidemic Pdf
Europe's "Black Death" contributed to the rise of nation states, mercantile economies, and even the Reformation. Will the AIDS epidemic have similar dramatic effects on the social and political landscape of the twenty-first century? This readable volume looks at the impact of AIDS since its emergence and suggests its effects in the next decade, when a million or more Americans will likely die of the disease. The Social Impact of AIDS in the United States addresses some of the most sensitive and controversial issues in the public debate over AIDS. This landmark book explores how AIDS has affected fundamental policies and practices in our major institutions, examining: How America's major religious organizations have dealt with sometimes conflicting values: the imperative of care for the sick versus traditional views of homosexuality and drug use. Hotly debated public health measures, such as HIV antibody testing and screening, tracing of sexual contacts, and quarantine. The potential risk of HIV infection to and from health care workers. How AIDS activists have brought about major change in the way new drugs are brought to the marketplace. The impact of AIDS on community-based organizations, from volunteers caring for individuals to the highly political ACT-UP organization. Coping with HIV infection in prisons. Two case studies shed light on HIV and the family relationship. One reports on some efforts to gain legal recognition for nonmarital relationships, and the other examines foster care programs for newborns with the HIV virus. A case study of New York City details how selected institutions interact to give what may be a picture of AIDS in the future. This clear and comprehensive presentation will be of interest to anyone concerned about AIDS and its impact on the country: health professionals, sociologists, psychologists, advocates for at-risk populations, and interested individuals.
Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection by World Health Organization Pdf
These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research: HIV by Atta-ur-Rahman Pdf
Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – HIV is an eBook series that brings updated reviews to readers interested in learning about advances in the development of pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other disorders associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The scope of the eBook series covers a range of topics including the medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of natural and synthetic drugs employed in the treatment of AIDS (including HAART) and resulting complications, and the virology and immunological study of HIV and related viruses. Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research – HIV is a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists, clinicians and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information for developing clinical trials and devising research plans in HIV/AIDS research. The first volume of this series features 7 chapters that cover a variety of topics including: -Antiretroviral drug development -HIV-1 genomics -HIV drug targets such as ribosomes and HIV Integrase -HAART associated nephrotoxicity
Novel Approaches for the Delivery of Anti-HIV Drugs by José das Neves Pdf
HIV/AIDS continues to be one of the most challenging individual and public health concerns of the present day. According to the UNAIDS, nearly 38 million individuals were living with the infection by the end of 2018, while 1.7 million new cases occurred during that same year. In spite of the numerous advances in the development and delivery of antiretroviral agents, both for treatment and prevention, several challenges remain. This book includes original research and review articles on innovative strategies and approaches for the formulation and delivery of anti-HIV drugs, including genetic material and other biopharmaceuticals. Different local and systemic delivery strategies are addressed based on different technologies intended for oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, vaginal, or rectal administration. Authored by eminent scientists in academia and nonprofit organizations involved in the development of antiretroviral drug products, this collection provides useful information for all those involved in HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention.
There are several steps in the replicative cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that could be considered as adequate targets for chemotherapeutic intervention, e.g., virus attachment to the cells, virus penetration and uncoating, transcription of the viral (RNA) genome to proviral DNA, integration of the proviral DNA into host cell DNA, transcription of the proviral precursor proteins to mature viral proteins, assembly and release ('budding') of the viral particles. These processes depend on, and are regulated by, specific viral proteins. This makes many of these processes and proteins plausible targets for the design of selective inhibitors. The contributions assembled in this book are aimed at presenting what is known anno 1990 about (1) the different steps in the HIV replicative cycle that could be considered as targets for anti-HIV agents, (2) the compounds that interact with these targets and offer promise as candidate drugs for the treatment of HIV infection, and (3) to the extent that it has been resolved, the mechanism of interaction of the anti-HIV agents with their putative targets.
Advances in Antiviral Drug Design by E. De Clercq Pdf
The fourth volume of Advances in Antiviral Drug Design is keeping up with the recent progress made in the broad field of antiviral drug research and encompasses six specific directions that have opened new avenues for the treatment of HIV and other virus infections. First, as the introductory chapter, the different new anti-HIV agents that are now in preclinical or clinical development are reviewed by E. De Clercq. This includes new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs, but also HIV entry/fusion inhibitors as well as integrase inhibitors, and some of these agents, such as the NRTI emtricitabine [(-)FTC] and the PI atazanavir, may soon be licensed for clinical use. Second, high expectations are vested in the potential therapeutic usefulness of inhibitors of HIV integration, a point of no return in the life cycle of HIV, and this approach is highlighted by D.J. Hazuda and S.D. Young. Third, as all currently available PIs can be described as "peptidomimetic", and, therefore, expected to demonstrate overlapping virus-drug resistance and side effect profiles, it would be interesting to see how a non-peptidic protease inhibitor such as tipranavir behaves, and this is covered by D. Mayers, K. Curry, V. Kohlbrenner and S. McCallister. Fourth, neuraminidase inhibitors such as zanamivir (that has to be inhaled) and oseltamivir (that can be administered via the oral route) have gained a definitive status as antiviral drugs useful for both therapy and prophylaxis of influenza A and B virus infections; as they target a specific influenza viral enzyme, neuraminidase (or sialidase), they may be expected to block newly emerging influenza viruses as well, and the design of neuraminidase inhibitors has received due attention of H. Jin and C.U. Kim. Fifth, while the major current efforts in antiviral drug development have shifted from herpesviruses towards HIV and hepatitis viruses [hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV)], it is interesting to note that by switching from the classical five-membered sugar or acyclic nucleoside strategy, J. Wang, M. Froeyen and P. Herdewijn have gone "upstream" in designing six-membered carbocyclic nucleosides as potential anti-herpesvirus agents. Sixth, following up on the nucleotide prodrug strategy introduced above under ix, to deliver the biologically active nucleotides inside the cells, C. Meier has elaborated on a particular class of such pronucleotides, namely that of the cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides, an approach that should have far reaching implications for compounds effective against HIV, HBV and other viruses. The six topics covered in this fourth volume of Advances in Antiviral Drug Design are in the front line of the present endeavors towards the design and development of new therapeutic agents for virus infections. They pertain to the combat against three of the most important viral pathogens of current times: HIV, HBV, influenza virus and herpesviruses.
This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.
Introduction to Biological and Small Molecule Drug Research and Development by Arun K. Ghosh,Bruno D. Chapsal Pdf
The development of HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) and their inclusion in highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAARTs) marked the beginning of a treatment breakthrough in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The HAART treatment regimen can cut HIV viral load to undetectable levels. Nonetheless, the rapid emergence of HIV drug resistance has continued to seriously compromise long-term treatment options for HIV-infected patients. Our structure-based design strategy to develop PIs that specifically target the enzyme's backbone atoms has resulted in a number of very potent inhibitors with superior drug resistance profiles. Of particular note, our development of stereochemically defined bis(tetrahydrofuranyl) urethane as a high-affinity P2 ligand has led to the development of exceedingly potent inhibitors. One of these inhibitors, darunavir, has shown exceptional potency against the HIV-1 virus and superior activity against multi-PI-resistant viral strains. Our backbone binding strategy was corroborated with detailed crystal structure analyses of darunavir-bound protease complexes which revealed a series of conserved interactions between the inhibitor and key backbone atoms of HIV-1 protease. Darunavir first received accelerated US Food and Drug Administration approval in 2006 for highly treatment-experienced patients with little therapeutic options. It has now become a leading PI in the fight against HIV infection and drug resistance.
Mobilizing Against Aids; the Unfinished Story of a Virus by Eve K. Nichols Pdf
This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1986-07 edition. Excerpt: ...drug's safety in humans and to begin determination of appropriate dose levels and routes of administration. In phase II trials researchers gather additional information about the most effective way to administer the drug and about possible adverse effects, and they begin to assess its clinical potential. Phase III clinical trials are controlled field studies with larger numbers of patients to develop reasonable estimates of safety and efficacy. Two approaches have been used by scientists in the United States and abroad to accelerate the development of anti-AIDS drugs without bypassing established testing procedures. The first has been to examine the susceptibility of HTLV-III/LAV to drugs originally developed for other purposes. The benefit of this approach is that researchers can bypass toxicity studies in animal models and some of the early stages of clinical trials because they already know how the drug affects human tissues. The second approach has been to develop rapid screening systems for new chemical agents, followed by carefully monitored laboratory and early clinical studies of any promising candidates. In the United States this process has been characterized by ongoing collaborations involving scientists from the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, numerous academic medical centers, and the pharmaceutical industry. Constant communication between research scientists and the FDA has accelerated this process even further. Drugs Developed for Other Purposes A variety of existing antiviral drugs have been found to inhibit HTLV-III/LAV in the laboratory, but clinical results have been discouraging. Although some have been shown to reduce viral replication in patients with AIDS, ..
