Booklet On Naval War Changes Climate

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Booklet on Naval War Changes Climate

Arnd Bernaerts
Booklet on Naval War Changes Climate Book PDF

Author : Arnd Bernaerts
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 112 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2006-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 0595413013

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Booklet on Naval War Changes Climate by Arnd Bernaerts Pdf

The British Prime Minister Tony Blair declared recently that there was no bigger long-term question facing the global community than the threat of a climate change due to man-made greenhouse gases. Unfortunately, the focus is misplaced. It is not the atmosphere which determines the fate of the climate. It is the ocean which does it. Naval warfare during the two World Wars determined two major climate changes: a sustained warming which started at the end of World War I and lasted 20 years, and the next climatic shift which started during the winter 1939/40 and caused a four-decades global cooling. The extensive fighting at sea was a real threat for the normal course of the climate. How could the course of international conflicts have been managed if the world's leading statesmen of the 20th century had been concerned with the climatic changes due to the impact that a war at sea could have had on the ocean and on the climate? Would Adolf Hitler have reconsidered his war aims in the summer of 1939 if the United States had warned him of their immediate implication in the looming war in case his decision would bring 1000 naval ships out on sea, thus generating a substantial climatic shift? The naval war thesis is an intriguing contribution to the 'global warming issue' and has the potential of revolutionizing the current climate change debate.

War Changes Climate

Arnd Bernaerts
War Changes Climate Book PDF

Author : Arnd Bernaerts
Publisher : Trafford on Demand Pub
Page : 178 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : History
ISBN : 1412090598

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War Changes Climate by Arnd Bernaerts Pdf

The book explains how naval warfare during WWI and WWII made global climate shifting direction very pronounced by a big warming in 1918 and a four decade cooling since 1940.

Climate Change & Naval War

Arnd Bernaerts
Climate Change Naval War Book PDF

Author : Arnd Bernaerts
Publisher : Trafford Publishing
Page : 346 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2006-10-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781412231954

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Climate Change & Naval War by Arnd Bernaerts Pdf

The book seeks to demonstrate that the industrialized world contributed to at least two significant climatic changes during the 20th century, viz. WWI and WWII. This became particularly obvious when an arctic winter befell Northern Europe only four months after World War II had started, ending a pronounced temperature rise all over the Northern Hemisphere which had started with the end of WWI in 1918. The 'Big Warming' in 1918 started at the Norwegian Island Spitsbergen high in the North bordering the Arctic Sea. Not far away a devastation naval war had been deterred for four years. Winters since 1918 were the warmest for several hundred years. The expression 'Greening of Greenland' and 'Warming of Europe' established. Suddenly, exactly two decades after WWI the trend was reversed. Without any geophysical event, e.g. volcano, earthquake, or meteorite Northern Europe plunged to Ice Age conditions in winter 1939/40. For North Germany it was the coldest winter for 110 years. Not nature had caused weather to change the course but huge naval armadas going into action since September 1st 1939. Two further arctic winters followed. Each is a clear demonstration of naval impact on North and Baltic Sea heat budget usually sustaining moderate regional winters. After German invasion of Norway followed a record winter for South Norway 1940/41. Winter 1941/42 became a record winter for Stockholm after Germans mobilised about hundred naval vessels; viz. 10 large mine layers, 28 torpedo boats, 2-3 dozen minesweepers and many hundred bomber and fighter airplanes to attack Russia over six long months in the Baltic Sea, while the Russian operated with six big war ships, 21 destroyers, 65 submarines, six mine layers, 48 torpedo cutters and 700 air planes. Arctic conditions all over Northern Europe were the prompt result. With commencement of global naval war since Pearl Harbour had been attacked on 7th December 1941, huge sea areas in all oceans were churned and turned up side down for almost four years. The Allies completed over 300.000 Atlantic voyages and lost several thousand ships. 800 German U-boats sunk. Some hundred thousand aerial bombs, and depth charges, and sea mines exploded above or down to 200 meters below the sea surface. A global cooling for four decades was the immediate and lasting result until 1980. From this date on the WWII impact may have reversed, resuming and accelerating the pre-WWII warming trend. With the end of the Little Ice Age in 19th century, the use of the oceans no longer remained 'neutral'. Day by day huge water masses are 'turned about'. What it means in climatic terms is demonstrated by explaining the climatic impact of the war at sea. Understanding the global warming trend since 1880 primarily means understanding the structure, conditions and changes of the oceans and seas.

The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War

Neta C. Crawford
The Pentagon Climate Change and War Book PDF

Author : Neta C. Crawford
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 393 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2022-10-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780262047487

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The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War by Neta C. Crawford Pdf

How the Pentagon became the world’s largest single greenhouse gas emitter and why it’s not too late to break the link between national security and fossil fuel consumption. The military has for years (unlike many politicians) acknowledged that climate change is real, creating conditions so extreme that some military officials fear future climate wars. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense—military forces and DOD agencies—is the largest single energy consumer in the United States and the world’s largest institutional greenhouse gas emitter. In this eye-opening book, Neta Crawford traces the U.S. military’s growing consumption of energy and calls for a reconceptualization of foreign policy and military doctrine. Only such a rethinking, she argues, will break the link between national security and fossil fuels. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War shows how the U.S. economy and military together have created a deep and long-term cycle of economic growth, fossil fuel use, and dependency. This cycle has shaped U.S. military doctrine and, over the past fifty years, has driven the mission to protect access to Persian Gulf oil. Crawford shows that even as the U.S. military acknowledged and adapted to human-caused climate change, it resisted reporting its own greenhouse gas emissions. Examining the idea of climate change as a “threat multiplier” in national security, she argues that the United States faces more risk from climate change than from lost access to Persian Gulf oil—or from most military conflicts. The most effective way to cut military emissions, Crawford suggests provocatively, is to rethink U.S. grand strategy, which would enable the United States to reduce the size and operations of the military.

The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society

John S. Dryzek,Richard B. Norgaard,David Schlosberg
The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society Book PDF

Author : John S. Dryzek,Richard B. Norgaard,David Schlosberg
Publisher : OUP Oxford
Page : 742 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2011-08-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780191618574

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The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society by John S. Dryzek,Richard B. Norgaard,David Schlosberg Pdf

Climate change presents perhaps the most profound challenge ever confronted by human society. This volume is a definitive analysis drawing on the best thinking on questions of how climate change affects human systems, and how societies can, do, and should respond. Key topics covered include the history of the issues, social and political reception of climate science, the denial of that science by individuals and organized interests, the nature of the social disruptions caused by climate change, the economics of those disruptions and possible responses to them, questions of human security and social justice, obligations to future generations, policy instruments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and governance at local, regional, national, international, and global levels.

Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change

James Kraska
Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change Book PDF

Author : James Kraska
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 341 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2011-07-25
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781139499330

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Arctic Security in an Age of Climate Change by James Kraska Pdf

This book examines Arctic defense policy and military security from the perspective of all eight Arctic states. In light of climate change and melting ice in the Arctic Ocean, Canada, Russia, Denmark (Greenland), Norway and the United States, as well as Iceland, Sweden and Finland, are grappling with an emerging Arctic security paradigm. This volume brings together the world's most seasoned Arctic political-military experts from Europe and North America to analyze how Arctic nations are adapting their security postures to accommodate increased shipping, expanding naval presence, and energy and mineral development in the polar region. The book analyzes the ascent of Russia as the first 'Arctic superpower', the growing importance of polar security for NATO and the Nordic states, and the increasing role of Canada and the United States in the region.

Failures of Meteorology! Unable to Prevent Climate Change and World Wars?

Arnd Bernaerts
Failures of Meteorology Unable to Prevent Climate Change and World Wars Book PDF

Author : Arnd Bernaerts
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 234 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : History
ISBN : 9783844812848

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Failures of Meteorology! Unable to Prevent Climate Change and World Wars? by Arnd Bernaerts Pdf

The Second World War stands for the criminal madness of German Nazi government. Less known is their responsibility for the only climatic shift from warm to cold in an otherwise constantly warming world over the last 150 years. Not knowing the reason for the biggest climatic shift since industrialization, which started in winter 1939/40, rectifies to speak about failures of meteorology. Only four months into Second World War Northern Europe experienced the coldest winter in 100 years. The reason: plain physics! Naval war in Northern European seas released the summer heat too quickly. Polar air got free access to Europe. The same applies to the second and third war winter. Europe was back in the Little Ice Age. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7th, 1941 naval war became a global affair. In close conformity with naval war in European seas, and subsequently in the Pacific, a pronounced global cooling took place, which lasted until about the mid 1970s. Furthermore, a thorough research of strong warming in the Northern Hemisphere from winter 1918/19 to winter 1939/40 would have revealed a convincing link to naval war in Europe from 1914 to 1918. But climatology does not care! The connection between two naval wars and two climatic changes within 25 years has not yet been investigated and explained. If they had warned governments about the threat of climate change, as their successors currently do with the "greenhouse effect", naval activities in two World Wars may have been prevented, or at least been limited. Claims to understand climate should be regarded as a failure as long as meteorology is unable to explain the two most pronounced climatic shifts during the last century and the role two world wars had in this game. These two events would show that the oceans have a dominate role in the climate system, and man is able to change its direction by intensive activities in the marine environment. It took four months to generate the extreme regional winter 19

The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War

Neta C. Crawford
The Pentagon Climate Change and War Book PDF

Author : Neta C. Crawford
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 393 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2022-10-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780262371926

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The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War by Neta C. Crawford Pdf

How the Pentagon became the world’s largest single greenhouse gas emitter and why it’s not too late to break the link between national security and fossil fuel consumption. The military has for years (unlike many politicians) acknowledged that climate change is real, creating conditions so extreme that some military officials fear future climate wars. At the same time, the U.S. Department of Defense—military forces and DOD agencies—is the largest single energy consumer in the United States and the world’s largest institutional greenhouse gas emitter. In this eye-opening book, Neta Crawford traces the U.S. military’s growing consumption of energy and calls for a reconceptualization of foreign policy and military doctrine. Only such a rethinking, she argues, will break the link between national security and fossil fuels. The Pentagon, Climate Change, and War shows how the U.S. economy and military together have created a deep and long-term cycle of economic growth, fossil fuel use, and dependency. This cycle has shaped U.S. military doctrine and, over the past fifty years, has driven the mission to protect access to Persian Gulf oil. Crawford shows that even as the U.S. military acknowledged and adapted to human-caused climate change, it resisted reporting its own greenhouse gas emissions. Examining the idea of climate change as a “threat multiplier” in national security, she argues that the United States faces more risk from climate change than from lost access to Persian Gulf oil—or from most military conflicts. The most effective way to cut military emissions, Crawford suggests provocatively, is to rethink U.S. grand strategy, which would enable the United States to reduce the size and operations of the military.

Cold War III

W. Craig Reed
Cold War III Book PDF

Author : W. Craig Reed
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2015-06-19
Category : Climatic changes
ISBN : 0990893014

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Cold War III by W. Craig Reed Pdf

Human population is skyrocketing, natural resources are dwindling, Russian aggressions are escalating, and Arctic climate changes are forging a new Cold War battleground that's about to turn hot. These alarming world events have converged to create a "perfect storm" that's thrusting the world toward unprecedented economic chaos and global conflict. In Cold War III , W. Craig Reed exposes Russian President Vladimir Putin's plan to dominate world resources, especially in the Arctic, and why the invasion of Ukraine is only the beginning. Reed also reveals details about a scientific breakthrough by the U.S. Navy that could defeat Putin, create jobs, and mitigate climate change. But unless world leaders act now, Putin's plan could plunge the free world into a nightmare scenario of poverty, despair, and chaos not seen since the Great Depression. Reed's previous non-fiction book, Red November, exposed shocking details about a top secret U.S. Navy technology, deployed worldwide by Reed's father, that allowed President John F. Kennedy to avoid World War III and trump Soviet President Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Reed's frightening revelations in Cold War III remind us that the world's superpowers are still bitter enemies, and the third Cold War is heating up rapidly deep beneath the Arctic ice.

To Rule the Waves

Bruce Jones
To Rule the Waves Book PDF

Author : Bruce Jones
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
Page : 416 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2022-11-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781982127268

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To Rule the Waves by Bruce Jones Pdf

From a brilliant Brookings Institution expert, an “important” (The Wall Street Journal) and “penetrating historical and political study” (Nature) of the critical role that oceans play in the daily struggle for global power, in the bestselling tradition of Robert Kaplan’s The Revenge of Geography. For centuries, oceans were the chessboard on which empires battled for supremacy. But in the nuclear age, air power and missile systems dominated our worries about security, and for the United States, the economy was largely driven by domestic production, with trucking and railways that crisscrossed the continent serving as the primary modes of commercial transit. All that has changed, as nine-tenths of global commerce and the bulk of energy trade is today linked to sea-based flows. A brightly painted forty-foot steel shipping container loaded in Asia with twenty tons of goods may arrive literally anywhere else in the world; how that really happens and who actually profits from it show that the struggle for power on the seas is a critical issue today. Now, in vivid, closely observed prose, Bruce Jones conducts us on a fascinating voyage through the great modern ports and naval bases—from the vast container ports of Hong Kong and Shanghai to the vital naval base of the American Seventh Fleet in Hawaii to the sophisticated security arrangements in the Port of New York. Along the way, the book illustrates how global commerce works, that we are amidst a global naval arms race, and why the oceans are so crucial to America’s standing going forward. As Jones reveals, the three great geopolitical struggles of our time—for military power, for economic dominance, and over our changing climate—are playing out atop, within, and below the world’s oceans. The essential question, he shows, is this: who will rule the waves and set the terms of the world to come?

Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society

Constance Lever-Tracy
Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society Book PDF

Author : Constance Lever-Tracy
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 513 pages
File Size : 40,8 Mb
Release : 2010-07-12
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9781135998509

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Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society by Constance Lever-Tracy Pdf

The Handbook of Climate Change and Society brings together the latest research on climate change from the social sciences. It comprehensively covers social causes, impacts, recognition and responses to climate change and features cutting edge research by leading scholars from Australia, Canada, Europe, UK and USA, and new material on China, India and South East Asia.

Science on a Mission

Naomi Oreskes
Science on a Mission Book PDF

Author : Naomi Oreskes
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 749 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2021-04-19
Category : History
ISBN : 9780226732411

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Science on a Mission by Naomi Oreskes Pdf

A vivid portrait of how Naval oversight shaped American oceanography, revealing what difference it makes who pays for science. What difference does it make who pays for science? Some might say none. If scientists seek to discover fundamental truths about the world, and they do so in an objective manner using well-established methods, then how could it matter who’s footing the bill? History, however, suggests otherwise. In science, as elsewhere, money is power. Tracing the recent history of oceanography, Naomi Oreskes discloses dramatic changes in American ocean science since the Cold War, uncovering how and why it changed. Much of it has to do with who pays. After World War II, the US military turned to a new, uncharted theater of warfare: the deep sea. The earth sciences—particularly physical oceanography and marine geophysics—became essential to the US Navy, which poured unprecedented money and logistical support into their study. Science on a Mission brings to light how this influx of military funding was both enabling and constricting: it resulted in the creation of important domains of knowledge but also significant, lasting, and consequential domains of ignorance. As Oreskes delves into the role of patronage in the history of science, what emerges is a vivid portrait of how naval oversight transformed what we know about the sea. It is a detailed, sweeping history that illuminates the ways funding shapes the subject, scope, and tenor of scientific work, and it raises profound questions about the purpose and character of American science. What difference does it make who pays? The short answer is: a lot.

Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets

Michael Lindberg,Daniel Todd
Brown Green and Blue Water Fleets Book PDF

Author : Michael Lindberg,Daniel Todd
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 249 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2001-11-30
Category : History
ISBN : 9780313070051

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Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets by Michael Lindberg,Daniel Todd Pdf

From riverine operations in the American Civil War and China in the 1860s to the major fleet engagements of the World Wars, plus more recent naval actions in the Falklands/Malvenas War and Gulf War, Lindberg and Todd methodically show how geography has shaped the strategy, tactics, and tools of naval warfare. Alfred T. Mahan was perhaps the first naval professional to recognize and acknowledge fully the influence of geography on navies and naval warfare. Many of his principles of seapower were inherently geographical and influenced both what kind of naval force a state would possess and how it would be utilized. In the time that has passed since Mahan made his observations, naval warfare and navies have experienced major technological changes, yet geographical factors continue to exert their influence on how navies fight, how they are structured, and the design of the ships that they deploy. After providing a comprehensive review of geostrategic theory and its application to naval warfare, the book is organized by major operational environments in which such warfare occurs--the high seas, littoral regions, and inland waterways. Lindberg and Todd illustrate how such geographical factors as distance, location, surface, and subsurface conditions influence naval operations, including fleet-to-fleet engagements, amphibious assault, coastal defense, logistical support, and riverine actions. A separate chapter takes an in-depth look at the ways in which geography influences navies themselves with issues such as primary mission type, force structure development, and ship design. Through the use of historical case studies, this volume applies long held geographical concepts to fundamental naval theories and practices to illustrate just how pervasive geography's influence has been during the past 140 years.

Analysis of Pathways to Reach Net Zero Naval Operations by 2050

Kristen Fletcher
Analysis of Pathways to Reach Net Zero Naval Operations by 2050 Book PDF

Author : Kristen Fletcher
Publisher : Nimble Books
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2024-02-27
Category : History
ISBN : 1608882845

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Analysis of Pathways to Reach Net Zero Naval Operations by 2050 by Kristen Fletcher Pdf

The US Navy faces daunting and historic challenges today and for many years to come. It is unable to protect even US-flagged shipping in the Red Sea from attacks by a well-armed faction of rebels in one of the poorest countries in the Middle East. In the Pacific, the USN faces a Chinese Navy that is growing rapidly, powered by Chinese shipbuilding capacity that outmasses the US 200:1. Meanwhile, national strategy imposes the new and, frankly, orthogonal, requirement that the Department of Defense, the world's largest single emitter, should be at net zero carbon emissions by 2050. These circumstances make the following 2022 thesis by ten students at the Naval War College essential, if teeth-grinding, reading. From it, the climate-change-conscious reader may hope to: - Gain valuable insights into strategies and technologies for achieving net zero emissions in the Navy by 2050, aligning with global efforts to combat climate change. - Understand the potential impact of alternative fuels, hydrogen, batteries, and renewable energy on reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Navy, addressing the urgent need for sustainability and clean energy solutions. - Connect with current public concerns about climate change and the transition to a more sustainable future by exploring the Navy's efforts to reduce emissions, contribute to national and international climate action, and lead the way in decarbonizing operations. The navalist reader, most concerned with the Navy getting places on time, spending its money on war-fighting, and emerging victorious from conflict, may find the experience more frustrating-but still essential, as the logic demanding reduction in emissions is ineluctable. This annotated edition illustrates the capabilities of the AI Lab for Book-Lovers to add context and ease-of-use to manuscripts. It includes several types of abstracts, building from simplest to more complex: TLDR (one word), ELI5, TLDR (vanilla), Scientific Style, and Action Items; essays to increase viewpoint diversity, such as Grounds for Dissent, Red Team Critique, and MAGA Perspective; and Notable Passages and Nutshell Summaries for each page.

A Good War

Seth Klein
A Good War Book PDF

Author : Seth Klein
Publisher : ECW Press
Page : 352 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2020-09-01
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781773055916

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A Good War by Seth Klein Pdf

“This is the roadmap out of climate crisis that Canadians have been waiting for.” — Naomi Klein, activist and New York Times bestselling author of This Changes Everything and The Shock Doctrine • One of Canada’s top policy analysts provides the first full-scale blueprint for meeting our climate change commitments • Contains the results of a national poll on Canadians’ attitudes to the climate crisis • Shows that radical transformative climate action can be done, while producing jobs and reducing inequality as we retool how we live and work. • Deeply researched and targeted specifically to Canada and Canadians while providing a model that other countries could follow Canada needs to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 50% to prevent a catastrophic 1.5 degree increase in the earth’s average temperature — assumed by many scientists to be a critical “danger line” for the planet and human life as we know it. It’s 2020, and Canada is not on track to meet our targets. To do so, we’ll need radical systemic change to how we live and work—and fast. How can we ever achieve this? Top policy analyst and author Seth Klein reveals we can do it now because we’ve done it before. During the Second World War, Canadian citizens and government remade the economy by retooling factories, transforming their workforce, and making the war effort a common cause for all Canadians to contribute to. Klein demonstrates how wartime thinking and community efforts can be repurposed today for Canada’s own Green New Deal. He shares how we can create jobs and reduce inequality while tackling our climate obligations for a climate neutral—or even climate zero—future. From enlisting broad public support for new economic models, to job creation through investment in green infrastructure, Klein shows us a bold, practical policy plan for Canada’s sustainable future. More than this: A Good War offers a remarkably hopeful message for how we can meet the defining challenge of our lives. COVID-19 has brought a previously unthinkable pace of change to the world—one which demonstrates our ability to adapt rapidly when we’re at risk. Many recent changes are what Klein proposes in these very pages. The world can, actually, turn on a dime if necessary. This is the blueprint for how to do it.