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Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer by Julian Little Pdf
Cancer is the second commonest cause of death, after accidents, among children in developed countries, while in developing countries, improvements in the control of communicable diseases and the occurrence of premature delivery may lead to the emergence of cancer in children as a greater public health problem than in the past. The rationale for considering childhood cancers separately from cancers in adults in that there are differences in the sites of occurrence, in the histological appearance and in their clinical behavior. This book reviews the epidemiology of specific types of childhood cancer to mid-1997. The scale of the problem is first reviewed in a major compilation of data on the descriptive epidemiology of childhood cancer, then separate chapters describe studies of the different postulated causal factors and summarize what can be concluded from them.
This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Publisher : Unknown Page : 332 pages File Size : 50,6 Mb Release : 1999 Category : Carcinogens ISBN : UOM:39015054299550
Institute of Medicine,Committee on Cancer Research Among Minorities and the Medically Underserved
Author : Institute of Medicine,Committee on Cancer Research Among Minorities and the Medically Underserved Publisher : National Academies Press Page : 353 pages File Size : 50,8 Mb Release : 1999-06-11 Category : Medical ISBN : 9780309071543
The Unequal Burden of Cancer by Institute of Medicine,Committee on Cancer Research Among Minorities and the Medically Underserved Pdf
We know more about cancer prevention, detection, and treatment than ever beforeâ€"yet not all segments of the U.S. population have benefited to the fullest extent possible from these advances. Some ethnic minorities experience more cancer than the majority population, and poor peopleâ€"no matter what their ethnicityâ€"often lack access to adequate cancer care. This book provides an authoritative view of cancer as it is experienced by ethnic minorities and the medically underserved. It offers conclusions and recommendations in these areas: Defining and understanding special populations, and improving the collection of cancer-related data. Setting appropriate priorities for and increasing the effectiveness of specific National Institutes of Health (NIH) research programs, to ensure that special populations are represented in clinical trials. Disseminating research results to health professionals serving these populations, with sensitivity to the issues of cancer survivorship. The book provides background data on the nation's struggle against cancer, activities and expenditures of the NIH, and other relevant topics.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer Publisher : IARC Monographs on the Evaluat Page : 696 pages File Size : 40,5 Mb Release : 1999 Category : Medical ISBN : UOM:39015054299592
Some Chemicals that Cause Tumours of the Kidney Or Urinary Bladder in Rodents and Some Other Substances by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans,International Agency for Research on Cancer Pdf
Allyl isothiocyanate; ortho-Anisidine; Atrazine; Butyl benzyl phthalate; Chloroform; Chlorothalonil;Cyclamates;Dichlorobenzenes;Hexachlorobutadiene; Hexachloroethane; d-Limonene; Melamine; Methyl tert-butyl ether; Nitrilotriaceticacid andits salts;Paracetamol; ortho-Phenylphenol and its sodium salt; Potassium bromate ;Quercetin; Saccharin and its salts;Simazine
The Cancer Stage of Capitalism by John McMurtry Pdf
In this bold new look at the recent uncontrolled spread of global capitalism, John McMurtry, professor of philosophy at the University of Guelph, develops the metaphor of modern capitalism as a cancer. Its invasive growth, he argues, threatens to break down our society's immune system and--if not soon restrained--could reverse all the progress that has been made toward social equity and stability. On every continent, in every state, there are indicators of profound economic and environmental collapse. From the lands of indigenous communities to the currency markets of Asia, from the ocean floors to the ozone layer, the collapse is all-encompassing and deep-reaching. John McMurtry traces the causes of this global disorder back to the mutating assumptions of market theory that now govern the world’s economy. He diagnoses the malaise as a pathologist would a biological cancer, tracking the delinked circuits of the global system’s monetised growth as a carcinogenic disorder at the social level of life-organization. In the wide-lensed tradition of Adam Smith, Marx and Keynes, McMurtry cuts across academic disciplines and boundaries to penetrate the inner logic of the system’s problems. Far from pessimistic, he argues that the way out of the global crisis is to be found in an evolving substructure of history which provides a common ground of resolution across ethnic and national divisions. Reaching beyond conventional textbooks, this fascinating study offers a new paradigm which is accessible to intelligent citizens the world over.
Isabel dos Santos Silva,International Agency for Research on Cancer
Author : Isabel dos Santos Silva,International Agency for Research on Cancer Publisher : IARC Page : 466 pages File Size : 47,5 Mb Release : 1999 Category : Cancer ISBN : 9283204050
Cancer Epidemiology by Isabel dos Santos Silva,International Agency for Research on Cancer Pdf
A basic textbook addressed to medical and public health students, clinicians, health professionals, and all others seeking to understand the principles and methods used in cancer epidemiology. Written by a prominent epidemiologist and experienced teacher at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, the text aims to help readers become competent in the use of basic epidemiological tools and capable of exercising critical judgment when assessing results reported by others. Throughout the text, a lively writing style and numerous illustrative examples, often using real research data, facilitate an easy understanding of basic concepts and methods. Information ranges from an entertaining account of the origins of epidemiology, through advice on how to overcome some of the limitations of survival analysis, to a checklist of questions to ask when considering sources of bias. Although statistical concepts and formulae are presented, the emphasis is consistently on the interpretation of the data rather than on the actual calculations. The text has 18 chapters. The first six introduce the basic principles of epidemiology and statistics. Chapters 7-13 deal in more depth with each of the study designs and interpretation of their findings. Two chapters, concerned with the problems of confounding and study size, cover more complex statistical concepts and are included for advanced study. A chapter on methodological issues in cancer prevention gives examples of epidemiology's contribution to primary prevention, screening and other activities for early detection, and tertiary prevention. The concluding chapters review the role of cancer registries and discuss practical considerations that should be taken into account in the design, planning, and conduct of any type of epidemiological research.
Cancer research has reached a major turning point. The quality and quantity of information gathered about this disease in the past twenty years has revolutionized our understanding of its origins and behavior. No one is better qualified to comment on these dramatic leaps forward than molecular biologist Robert A. Weinberg, director of one of the leading cancer research centers in the world. In One Renegade Cell , Weinberg presents an accessible and state-of-the-art account of how the disease begins and how, one day, it will be cured. Weinberg tells how the roots of cancer were uncovered in 1909 and when the first cancer-causing virus was discovered. He then moves forward to the discovery of the role of chemical carcinogens and radiation in triggering cancer, and relates the remarkable story of the discoveries of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, the master controllers of normal and malignant cell proliferation. This book, which presumes little prior knowledge of biology, describes the revolution in biomedical research that has finally uncovered the forces driving malignant growth. Drawing on insights that simply were not available until recently, the discoveries presented in One Renegade Cell have already begun to profoundly alter the way that we diagnose and treat human cancers.
Colorectal Cancer in Clinical Practice by Bernard Levin,Paul Rozen,Stephen J. Spann,Graeme P. Young Pdf
Colorectal cancer is one of the major malignancies affecting westernized societies, both in terms of incidence and as a cause of mortality: it is, however, a preventable and a detectable disease. Although most countries do not actively promote preventive policies for their general population, this trend is gradually changing. In line with this current development, Colorectal Cancer in Clinical Practice examines prevention and early detection of this disease, as well as discussion of management issues. It will provide the clinician with an accessible and up-to-date guide on the primary and secondary prevention of colorectal cancer, and will be of particular interest to primary care physicians and specialists in gastroenterology, oncology and surgery.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans
Author : IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Publisher : World Health Organization Page : 692 pages File Size : 50,5 Mb Release : 1999 Category : Medical ISBN : UOM:39015054299584
Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy by IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Pdf
Evaluates evidence for an increased risk of cancer in women using combined oral contraceptives, progestogen-only hormonal contraceptives, post-menopausal estrogen therapy, and post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy. Although the carcinogenicity of these preparations has been extensively investigated, the book stresses the many complex methodological issues that must be considered when interpreting findings and weighing results. Evidence of an association between use of these preparations and positive effects on health, including a reduced risk of some cancers, is also critically assessed. The first and most extensive monograph evaluates evidence of an association between the use of combined oral contraceptives and cancer at nine sites. Concerning breast cancer, the evaluation concludes that, even if the association is causal, the excess risk for breast cancer associated with patterns of use that are typical today is very small. Studies of predominantly high-dose preparations found an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of hepatitis viruses. Citing these findings, the evaluation concludes that there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of combined oral contraceptives. The evaluation also found sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of some, but not all, combined preparations in animals. Combined oral contraceptives were classified as carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation also cites conclusive evidence that these agents have a protective effect against cancers of the ovary and endometrium. Progestogen-only contraceptives are evaluated in the second monograph, which considers the association with cancer at six sites. The evaluation found no evidence of an increased risk for breast cancer. Although the evaluation found sufficient evidence in animals for the carcinogenicity of medroxyprogesterone acetate, evidence for the carcinogenicity of progestogen-only contraceptives in humans was judged inadequate. Progestogen-only contraceptives were classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. The third monograph, on post-menopausal estrogen therapy, considers evidence of an association with cancer at eight sites. Findings from a large number of epidemiological studies indicate a small increase in the risk of breast cancer in women who have used these preparations for five years or more. Studies consistently show an association between use of post-menopausal estrogen therapy and an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Data on the association with other cancers were either inconclusive or suggested no effect on risk. The evaluation concludes that post-menopausal estrogen therapy is carcinogenic to humans. The final monograph evaluates the association between the use of post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy and cancer at four sites. The evaluation of limited data on breast cancer found an increased relative risk observed with long-term use. Data were judged insufficient to assess the effects of past use and of different progestogen compounds, doses, and treatment schedules. For endometrial cancer, the evaluation found an increase in risk relative to non-users when the progestogen was added to the cycle for 10 days or fewer. Post-menopausal estrogen-progestogen therapy was classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Concerning post-menopausal therapy in general, the book notes that evidence of carcinogenic risks must be placed in perspective of potential benefits. The prevention of osteoporotic fractures is cited as the best-established benefit. Evidence also suggests that estrogen prevents heart disease and may prevent memory loss and dementia.
Cancer in Thailand by World Health Organization Pdf
Presents data on cancer incidence gathered from five population-based cancer registries in different regions of Thailand and compares these data with data on cancer incidence from other parts of the world. Apart from offering a comprehensive overview of cancer incidence in Thailand, the book uncovers a number of geographical differences in incidence, suggesting important behavioral, environmental, or industrial risk factors that deserve further study. Survival data from two registries are also presented and discussed. The opening chapters provide background information about the country and its population, describe the sources of data maintained in the five registries, and discuss the methods of data coding and analysis used in the study. Against this background, results are presented separately for each of 15 cancers and for childhood cancer. For each cancer, the number of cases registered in 1992-1994 is shown by sex, with age-specific incidence rates and some summary rates. The study uncovered striking geographical variations in the incidence of specific cancers. For the country as a whole, the highest incidences were found for cancers of the liver, lung, colon and rectum, oral cavity, bladder, stomach, leukaemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cancers of the nasopharynx and oesophagus. For each cancer, data are set out in numerous tables, compared with findings from other countries and discussed in terms of possible risk factors. Primary cancer of the liver was identified as the leading cancer of males and the third most important cancer in females.
Author : Ann L. Jackman Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media Page : 769 pages File Size : 54,8 Mb Release : 1999-01-22 Category : Medical ISBN : 9781592597253
Antifolate Drugs in Cancer Therapy by Ann L. Jackman Pdf
In Antifolate Drugs in Cancer Therapy, Ann Jackman and a panel of highly regarded researchers comprehensively review the current status of novel antifolates, an important class of anticancer drugs. The distinguished contributors discuss the preclinical and clinical pharmacology of methotrexate, other dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, 5-fluorouracil, and the new generation of antifolates-the thymidylate synthase and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase inhibitors. In addition, they review in depth the modulation of antifolate drugs, folate and antifolate transport mechanisms, polyglutamation, resistance, and drug combinations, as well as pharmacogenomics, pharmacodynamics, regulation of gene expression, and mechanisms of cell death. The wide and progressive scope of Antifolate Drugs in Cancer Therapy provides entré to exciting new avenues for future research, and constitutes a new standard reference for all basic scientists and clinicians engaged in cancer therapeutics.
Author : David E. Fisher Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media Page : 441 pages File Size : 52,8 Mb Release : 2000-10-26 Category : Medical ISBN : 9781592592302
Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancer by David E. Fisher Pdf
David Fisher, MD, PhD, and an authoritative panel of academic, cutting-edge researchers review and summarize the current state of the field. Describing the broad roles of tumor suppressors from a perspective based in molecular biology and genetics, the authors detail the major suppressors and the pathways they regulate, including cell cycle progression, stress responses, apoptosis, and responses to DNA damage. Leading-edge and forward-looking, Tumor Suppressor Genes in Human Cancer illuminates what is currently known of tumor suppressor genes and their regulation, work that is already beginning to revolutionize cancer target elucidation, drug discovery, and treatment design.