Author : Steven Sloman
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 371 pages
File Size : 41,6 Mb
Release : 1970
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:851309170
Causal Models
Steven Sloman
Causal Models How People Think About The World And Its Alternatives
Causal Models How People Think About The World And Its Alternatives Book in PDF, ePub and Kindle version is available to download in english. Read online anytime anywhere directly from your device. Click on the download button below to get a free pdf file of Causal Models How People Think About The World And Its Alternatives book. This book definitely worth reading, it is an incredibly well-written.
Causal Models
Steven Sloman
Author : Steven Sloman
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 212 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Causation
ISBN : 0199870950
Causal Models by Steven Sloman Pdf
Sloman offers a conceptual introduction to key mathematical ideas, focusing on the intuitions rather than the theorems. He tries to show why the ideas are important to understanding how people explain things, & why it is central to human action to think not only about the world as it is, but also about the world as it could be.
Causal Models
Steven Sloman
Author : Steven Sloman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2005-07-28
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780198040378
Causal Models by Steven Sloman Pdf
Human beings are active agents who can think. To understand how thought serves action requires understanding how people conceive of the relation between cause and effect, between action and outcome. In cognitive terms, how do people construct and reason with the causal models we use to represent our world? A revolution is occurring in how statisticians, philosophers, and computer scientists answer this question. Those fields have ushered in new insights about causal models by thinking about how to represent causal structure mathematically, in a framework that uses graphs and probability theory to develop what are called causal Bayesian networks. The framework starts with the idea that the purpose of causal structure is to understand and predict the effects of intervention. How does intervening on one thing affect other things? This is not a question merely about probability (or logic), but about action. The framework offers a new understanding of mind: Thought is about the effects of intervention and cognition is thus intimately tied to actions that take place either in the actual physical world or in imagination, in counterfactual worlds. The book offers a conceptual introduction to the key mathematical ideas, presenting them in a non-technical way, focusing on the intuitions rather than the theorems. It tries to show why the ideas are important to understanding how people explain things and why thinking not only about the world as it is but the world as it could be is so central to human action. The book reviews the role of causality, causal models, and intervention in the basic human cognitive functions: decision making, reasoning, judgment, categorization, inductive inference, language, and learning. In short, the book offers a discussion about how people think, talk, learn, and explain things in causal terms, in terms of action and manipulation.
Causal Models : How People Think about the World and Its Alternatives
Steven Sloman Professor of Psychology Brown University
Author : Steven Sloman Professor of Psychology Brown University
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2005-07-02
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780199728404
Causal Models : How People Think about the World and Its Alternatives by Steven Sloman Professor of Psychology Brown University Pdf
Human beings are active agents who can think. To understand how thought serves action requires understanding how people conceive of the relation between cause and effect, between action and outcome. In cognitive terms, how do people construct and reason with the causal models we use to represent our world? A revolution is occurring in how statisticians, philosophers, and computer scientists answer this question. Those fields have ushered in new insights about causal models by thinking about how to represent causal structure mathematically, in a framework that uses graphs and probability theory to develop what are called causal Bayesian networks. The framework starts with the idea that the purpose of causal structure is to understand and predict the effects of intervention. How does intervening on one thing affect other things? This is not a question merely about probability (or logic), but about action. The framework offers a new understanding of mind: Thought is about the effects of intervention and cognition is thus intimately tied to actions that take place either in the actual physical world or in imagination, in counterfactual worlds. The book offers a conceptual introduction to the key mathematical ideas, presenting them in a non-technical way, focusing on the intuitions rather than the theorems. It tries to show why the ideas are important to understanding how people explain things and why thinking not only about the world as it is but the world as it could be is so central to human action. The book reviews the role of causality, causal models, and intervention in the basic human cognitive functions: decision making, reasoning, judgment, categorization, inductive inference, language, and learning. In short, the book offers a discussion about how people think, talk, learn, and explain things in causal terms, in terms of action and manipulation.
The Book of Why
Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie
Author : Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie
Publisher : Basic Books
Page : 432 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2018-05-15
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780465097616
The Book of Why by Judea Pearl,Dana Mackenzie Pdf
A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence "Correlation is not causation." This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality -- the study of cause and effect -- on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl's work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.
Elements of Causal Inference
Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf
Author : Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2017-11-29
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262037310
Elements of Causal Inference by Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf Pdf
A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent development, and has become increasingly important in data science and machine learning. This book offers a self-contained and concise introduction to causal models and how to learn them from data. After explaining the need for causal models and discussing some of the principles underlying causal inference, the book teaches readers how to use causal models: how to compute intervention distributions, how to infer causal models from observational and interventional data, and how causal ideas could be exploited for classical machine learning problems. All of these topics are discussed first in terms of two variables and then in the more general multivariate case. The bivariate case turns out to be a particularly hard problem for causal learning because there are no conditional independences as used by classical methods for solving multivariate cases. The authors consider analyzing statistical asymmetries between cause and effect to be highly instructive, and they report on their decade of intensive research into this problem. The book is accessible to readers with a background in machine learning or statistics, and can be used in graduate courses or as a reference for researchers. The text includes code snippets that can be copied and pasted, exercises, and an appendix with a summary of the most important technical concepts.
Actual Causality
Joseph Y. Halpern
Author : Joseph Y. Halpern
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 240 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2019-02-19
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780262537131
Actual Causality by Joseph Y. Halpern Pdf
A new approach for defining causality and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degrees of blame, and causal explanation. Causality plays a central role in the way people structure the world; we constantly seek causal explanations for our observations. But what does it even mean that an event C “actually caused” event E? The problem of defining actual causation goes beyond mere philosophical speculation. For example, in many legal arguments, it is precisely what needs to be established in order to determine responsibility. The philosophy literature has been struggling with the problem of defining causality since Hume. In this book, Joseph Halpern explores actual causality, and such related notions as degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. The goal is to arrive at a definition of causality that matches our natural language usage and is helpful, for example, to a jury deciding a legal case, a programmer looking for the line of code that cause some software to fail, or an economist trying to determine whether austerity caused a subsequent depression. Halpern applies and expands an approach to causality that he and Judea Pearl developed, based on structural equations. He carefully formulates a definition of causality, and building on this, defines degree of responsibility, degree of blame, and causal explanation. He concludes by discussing how these ideas can be applied to such practical problems as accountability and program verification. Technical details are generally confined to the final section of each chapter and can be skipped by non-mathematical readers.
Causality and Causal Modelling in the Social Sciences
Federica Russo
Author : Federica Russo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2008-09-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781402088179
Causality and Causal Modelling in the Social Sciences by Federica Russo Pdf
This investigation into causal modelling presents the rationale of causality, i.e. the notion that guides causal reasoning in causal modelling. It is argued that causal models are regimented by a rationale of variation, nor of regularity neither invariance, thus breaking down the dominant Human paradigm. The notion of variation is shown to be embedded in the scheme of reasoning behind various causal models. It is also shown to be latent – yet fundamental – in many philosophical accounts. Moreover, it has significant consequences for methodological issues: the warranty of the causal interpretation of causal models, the levels of causation, the characterisation of mechanisms, and the interpretation of probability. This book offers a novel philosophical and methodological approach to causal reasoning in causal modelling and provides the reader with the tools to be up to date about various issues causality rises in social science.
The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning
Michael Waldmann
Author : Michael Waldmann
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 542 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2017-03-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780199399574
The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning by Michael Waldmann Pdf
Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Although causal reasoning is a component of most of our cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning offers a state-of-the-art review of the growing field, and its contribution to the world of cognitive science. The Handbook begins with an introduction of competing theories of causal learning and reasoning. In the next section, it presents research about basic cognitive functions involved in causal cognition, such as perception, categorization, argumentation, decision-making, and induction. The following section examines research on domains that embody causal relations, including intuitive physics, legal and moral reasoning, psychopathology, language, social cognition, and the roles of space and time. The final section presents research from neighboring fields that study developmental, phylogenetic, and cultural differences in causal cognition. The chapters, each written by renowned researchers in their field, fill in the gaps of many cognitive psychology textbooks, emphasizing the crucial role of causal structures in our everyday lives. This Handbook is an essential read for students and researchers of the cognitive sciences, including cognitive, developmental, social, comparative, and cross-cultural psychology; philosophy; methodology; statistics; artificial intelligence; and machine learning.
Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Causation
Pascale Willemsen,Alex Wiegmann
Author : Pascale Willemsen,Alex Wiegmann
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 225 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2022-06-16
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781350235823
Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Causation by Pascale Willemsen,Alex Wiegmann Pdf
What is the connection between causation and responsibility? Is there a best way to theorize philosophically about causation? Which factors determine and influence what we judge to be the cause of something? Bringing together interdisciplinary research from experimental philosophy, traditional philosophy and psychology, this collection showcases the most recent developments and approaches to questions about causation. Chapters discuss the diverse theoretical ramifications of empirical findings in experimental philosophy of causation, providing a comprehensive survey of key issues such as the perception and learning of causal relations, omission, normative considerations, mechanism, voluntariness and legal theories of causation. With novel contributions from both experts and rising stars, Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Causation demonstrates the value of empirical work and opens new domains of inquiry at the cutting edge of the field.
Causation, Evidence, and Inference
Julian Reiss
Author : Julian Reiss
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 269 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2015-05-22
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781317675891
Causation, Evidence, and Inference by Julian Reiss Pdf
In this book, Reiss argues in favor of a tight fit between evidence, concept and purpose in our causal investigations in the sciences. There is no doubt that the sciences employ a vast array of techniques to address causal questions such as controlled experiments, randomized trials, statistical and econometric tools, causal modeling and thought experiments. But how do these different methods relate to each other and to the causal inquiry at hand? Reiss argues that there is no "gold standard" in settling causal issues against which other methods can be measured. Rather, the various methods of inference tend to be good only relative to certain interpretations of the word "cause", and each interpretation, in turn, helps to address some salient purpose (prediction, explanation or policy analysis) but not others. The main objective of this book is to explore the metaphysical and methodological consequences of this view in the context of numerous cases studies from the natural and social sciences.
How Physics Makes Us Free
J. T. Ismael
Author : J. T. Ismael
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2016-02-03
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190269463
How Physics Makes Us Free by J. T. Ismael Pdf
In 1687 Isaac Newton ushered in a new scientific era in which laws of nature could be used to predict the movements of matter with almost perfect precision. Newton's physics also posed a profound challenge to our self-understanding, however, for the very same laws that keep airplanes in the air and rivers flowing downhill tell us that it is in principle possible to predict what each of us will do every second of our entire lives, given the early conditions of the universe. Can it really be that even while you toss and turn late at night in the throes of an important decision and it seems like the scales of fate hang in the balance, that your decision is a foregone conclusion? Can it really be that everything you have done and everything you ever will do is determined by facts that were in place long before you were born? This problem is one of the staples of philosophical discussion. It is discussed by everyone from freshman in their first philosophy class, to theoretical physicists in bars after conferences. And yet there is no topic that remains more unsettling, and less well understood. If you want to get behind the façade, past the bare statement of determinism, and really try to understand what physics is telling us in its own terms, read this book. The problem of free will raises all kinds of questions. What does it mean to make a decision, and what does it mean to say that our actions are determined? What are laws of nature? What are causes? What sorts of things are we, when viewed through the lenses of physics, and how do we fit into the natural order? Ismael provides a deeply informed account of what physics tells us about ourselves. The result is a vision that is abstract, alien, illuminating, and-Ismael argues-affirmative of most of what we all believe about our own freedom. Written in a jargon-free style, How Physics Makes Us Free provides an accessible and innovative take on a central question of human existence.
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Social Science
Harold Kincaid
Author : Harold Kincaid
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 676 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2012-08-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780195392753
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Social Science by Harold Kincaid Pdf
The philosophy of the social sciences considers the underlying explanatory powers of the social (or human) sciences, such as history, economics, anthropology, politics, and sociology. The type of questions covered includes the methodological (the nature of observations, laws, theories, and explanations) to the ontological — whether or not these sciences can explain human nature in a way consistent with common-sense beliefs. This Handbook is a major, comprehensive look at the key ideas in the field, is guided by several principles. The first is that the philosophy of social science should be closely connected to, and informed by, developments in the sciences themselves. The second is that the volume should appeal to practicing social scientists as well as philosophers, with the contributors being both drawn from both ranks, and speaking to ongoing controversial issues in the field. Finally, the volume promotes connections across the social sciences, with greater internal discussion and interaction across disciplinary boundaries.
Thinking with Data
Marsha Lovett,Priti Shah
Author : Marsha Lovett,Priti Shah
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 490 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780805854220
Thinking with Data by Marsha Lovett,Priti Shah Pdf
First Published in 2007. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Anonim
Author : Anonim
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 340 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2016-07-18
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780128051825
Psychology of Learning and Motivation by Anonim Pdf
Psychology of Learning and Motivation publishes empirical and theoretical contributions in cognitive and experimental psychology, ranging from classical and instrumental conditioning, to complex learning and problem-solving. Each chapter thoughtfully integrates the writings of leading contributors, who present and discuss significant bodies of research relevant to their discipline. Volume 65 includes chapters on such varied topics as prospective memory, metacognitive information processing, basic memory processes during reading, working memory capacity, attention, perception and memory, short-term memory, language processing, and causal reasoning. Presents the latest information in the highly regarded Psychology of Learning and Motivation series Provides an essential reference for researchers and academics in cognitive science Contains information relevant to both applied concerns and basic research