Causes And Consequences Of Income Inequality

Author : Ms. Era Dabla-Norris,Ms. Kalpana Kochhar,Mrs. Nujin Suphaphiphat,Mr. Frantisek Ricka,Evridiki Tsounta
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 33 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2015-06-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513547435

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Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality by Ms. Era Dabla-Norris,Ms. Kalpana Kochhar,Mrs. Nujin Suphaphiphat,Mr. Frantisek Ricka,Evridiki Tsounta Pdf

This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.

Author : Finis Welch
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 386 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2001-06-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780226893013

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The Causes and Consequences of Increasing Inequality by Finis Welch Pdf

Despite the economic boom of the 1990s, the gap between the wealthy and the poor in the United States is growing larger. While ample evidence exists to validate perceived trends in wage, income, and overall wealth disparity, there is little agreement on the causes of such inequality and what might be done to alleviate it. This volume draws together a panel of distinguished scholars who address these issues in terms comprehensible to noneconomists. Their findings are surprising, suggesting that factors such as trade imbalances, immigration rates, and differences in educational resources do not account for recent increases in the inequality of wealth and earnings. Rather, the contributors maintain that these discrepancies can be attributed to workplace demand for high-skilled labor. They also insist that further research must examine the organization of industry in order to better understand the concurrent devaluation of manual labor. Addressing a topic that is of considerable public interest, this collection helps move the issue of increasing economic inequality in America to the center of the public policy arena. Contributors: Donald R. Deere, Claudia Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, James P. Smith, Franco Peracchi, Gary Solon, Eric A. Hanushek, Julie A. Somers, Marvin H. Kosters, William Cline, Finis Welch, Angus Deaton, Charles Murray, Kevin Murphy

Author : Solomon W. Polachek,Konstantinos Tatsiramos,Lorenzo Cappellari
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2016-02-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781785608100

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Inequality by Solomon W. Polachek,Konstantinos Tatsiramos,Lorenzo Cappellari Pdf

Research in Labor Economics volume 43 contains new and innovative research on the causes and consequences of inequality.

Author : Era Dabla-Norris,Kalpana Kochhar,Nujin Suphaphiphat,Frantisek Ricka,Evridiki Trounta
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 39 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Economic policy
ISBN : 1513550721

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Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality by Era Dabla-Norris,Kalpana Kochhar,Nujin Suphaphiphat,Frantisek Ricka,Evridiki Trounta Pdf

This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth---that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.

Author : David Alan Green,William Craig Riddell,France St-Hilaire
Publisher : Art of the State
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 0886453291

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Income Inequality by David Alan Green,William Craig Riddell,France St-Hilaire Pdf

"Rising income inequality has been at the forefront of public debate in Canada in recent years, yet there is still much to be learned about the economic forces driving the distribution of earnings and income in this country and how they might evolve in coming years. With research showing that the tax-and-transfer system is less effective than in the past in counteracting growing income disparities, the need for policy-makers to understand the factors at play is all the more urgent. The Institute for Research on Public Policy, in collaboration with the Canadian Labour Market and Skills Researcher Network, has gathered some of the country’s leading experts to provide new evidence on the causes and effects of rising income inequality in Canada and to consider the role of policy. Their research and analysis constitutes a comprehensive review of Canadian inequality trends in recent decades, including changing earnings and income dynamics among middle--class and top earners, wage and job polarization across provinces, and persistent poverty among vulnerable groups. The authors also examine the changing role of education and unionization, as well as the complex interplay of redistributive policies and politics, in order to propose new directions for policy. Amid growing anxieties about the economic prospects of the middle class, Income Inequality: The Canadian Story will inform the public discourse on this issue of central concern for all Canadians."--Publisher's website.

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 583 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 2017-04-27
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309452960

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Communities in Action by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Health and Medicine Division,Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice,Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States Pdf

In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Author : Richard Wilkinson,Kate Pickett
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 401 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2011-05-03
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781608193417

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The Spirit Level by Richard Wilkinson,Kate Pickett Pdf

It is common knowledge that, in rich societies, the poor have worse health and suffer more from almost every social problem. This book explains why inequality is the most serious problem societies face today.

Author : Robert S. Rycroft,Kimberley Kinsley
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Page : 440 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2021-06-18
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9798216102410

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Inequality in America by Robert S. Rycroft,Kimberley Kinsley Pdf

This authoritative reference work explores the factors driving the much-debated increase in economic inequality in U.S. society, as well as the impact that this divide is having on U.S. culture, politics, families, communities, and institutions. This reference work provides an authoritative and comprehensive resource for both students and scholars who are interested in learning more about the rich-poor divide in the United States—a divide regarded by many lawmakers, researchers, pundits, and concerned citizens as one of the nation's most serious problems. The book provides important historical background for understanding how the nation has grappled with (or ignored) this issue in the past, examines specific causes of inequality identified by observers across the political spectrum, and summarizes the potential consequences (both present and future) of economic inequality. This book examines more than 25 issues frequently cited as factors contributing to the rapidly widening gap between socioeconomic classes in the U.S., ranging from such demographic factors as race and gender to tax code provisions and differences in access to quality education and health care. The book also provides both a retrospective and prospective look at government policies aimed at addressing inequality or assisting the poor. Finally, the book looks ahead to survey the future of inequality in America.

Author : Charles E. Hurst,Heather M. Fitz Gibbon,Anne M. Nurse
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 690 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2016-08-05
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781134995912

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Social Inequality by Charles E. Hurst,Heather M. Fitz Gibbon,Anne M. Nurse Pdf

Like past editions, this ninth edition of Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences is a user-friendly introduction to the study of social inequality. This book conveys the pervasiveness and extensiveness of social inequality in the United States within a comparative context, to show how inequality occurs, how it affects all of us, and what is being done about it. This edition benefits from a variety of changes that have significantly strengthened the text. The authors pay increased attention to disability, transgender issues, intersectionality, experiences of Muslims, Hispanic populations, and immigration. The 9th edition also includes content on the fall-out from the recession across various groups. The sections on global inequalities have been greatly updated, emphasizing comparative inequalities and the impact of the process of globalization on inequality internationally. The authors have also added material on several current social movements, including Occupy Wall Street, Black Lives Matter, and Marriage Equality.

Author : Kathryn Neckerman
Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
Page : 1044 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2004-06-18
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781610444200

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Social Inequality by Kathryn Neckerman Pdf

Inequality in income, earnings, and wealth has risen dramatically in the United States over the past three decades. Most research into this issue has focused on the causes—global trade, new technology, and economic policy—rather than the consequences of inequality. In Social Inequality, a group of the nation's leading social scientists opens a wide-ranging inquiry into the social implications of rising economic inequality. Beginning with a critical evaluation of the existing research, they assess whether the recent run-up in economic inequality has been accompanied by rising inequality in social domains such as the quality of family and neighborhood life, equal access to education and health care, job satisfaction, and political participation. Marcia Meyers and colleagues find that many low-income mothers cannot afford market-based child care, which contributes to inequality both at the present time—by reducing maternal employment and family income—and through the long-term consequences of informal or low-quality care on children's educational achievement. At the other end of the educational spectrum, Thomas Kane links the growing inequality in college attendance to rising tuition and cuts in financial aid. Neil Fligstein and Taek-Jin Shin show how both job security and job satisfaction have decreased for low-wage workers compared with their higher-paid counterparts. Those who fall behind economically may also suffer diminished access to essential social resources like health care. John Mullahy, Stephanie Robert, and Barbara Wolfe discuss why higher inequality may lead to poorer health: wider inequality might mean increased stress-related ailments for the poor, and it might also be associated with public health care policies that favor the privileged. On the political front, Richard Freeman concludes that political participation has become more stratified as incomes have become more unequal. Workers at the bottom of the income scale may simply be too hard-pressed or too demoralized to care about political participation. Social Inequality concludes with a comprehensive section on the methodological problems involved in disentangling the effects of inequality from other economic factors, which will be of great benefit to future investigators. While today's widening inequality may be a temporary episode, the danger is that the current economic divisions may set in motion a self-perpetuating cycle of social disadvantage. The most comprehensive review of this quandary to date, Social Inequality maps out a new agenda for research on inequality in America with important implications for public policy.

Author : Ayodele F. Odusola,Giovanni Andrea Cornia,Haroon Bhorat,Pedro Conceição
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2017
Category : Africa, Sub-Saharan
ISBN : 9211264243

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Income Inequality Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ayodele F. Odusola,Giovanni Andrea Cornia,Haroon Bhorat,Pedro Conceição Pdf

Author : Carlos Gradín,Murray Leibbrandt,Finn Tarp
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 373 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780198863960

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Inequality in the Developing World by Carlos Gradín,Murray Leibbrandt,Finn Tarp Pdf

Inequality has emerged as a key development challenge. It holds implications for economic growth and redistribution and translates into power asymmetries that can endanger human rights, create conflict, and embed social exclusion and chronic poverty. For these reasons, it underpins intense public and academic debates and has become a dominant policy concern within many countries and in all multilateral agencies. It is at the core of the 17 goals of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This book contributes to this important discussion by presenting assessments of the measurement and analysis of global inequality by leading inequality scholars, aligning these to comprehensive reviews of inequality trends in five of the world's largest developing countries - Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa.

Author : Philip Arestis,Malcolm Sawyer
Publisher : Springer
Page : 373 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2018-09-04
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9783319912981

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Inequality by Philip Arestis,Malcolm Sawyer Pdf

This book is the fifteenth volume in the renowned International Papers in Political Economy (IPPE) series which explores the latest developments in political economy. Containing contributions by experts in the field, this book focuses on topics that address the ongoing debate of inequalities in economic systems. Inequality has been considered a problem by many academics and policy makers for a long time now and recently here has been some evidence of increasing inequalities in society. Contributors to this book focus on the causes and consequences of inequality along with the importance of tackling inequality and recommend potential policies to reduce it, for example tax reforms. The book covers different aspects of inequality - from income to gender - and explores links between inequality and economic growth, and financialisation and financial crisis.

Author : Brian Keeley,Oecd
Publisher : Org. for Economic Cooperation & Development
Page : 120 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 2015-12-21
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9264246002

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Income Inequality by Brian Keeley,Oecd Pdf

Income inequality is rising. A quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it's around 9½ times higher. Why does this matter? Many fear this widening gap is hurting individuals, societies and even economies. This book explores income inequality across five main headings. It starts by explaining some key terms in the inequality debate. It then examines recent trends and explains why income inequality varies between countries. Next it looks at why income gaps are growing and, in particular, at the rise of the 1%. It then looks at the consequences, including research that suggests widening inequality could hurt economic growth. Finally, it examines policies for addressing inequality and making economies more inclusive.

Author : Davide Furceri,Mr.Prakash Loungani,Ms.Aleksandra Zdzienicka
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 43 pages
File Size : 41,9 Mb
Release : 2017-01-18
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781475568356

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The Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks on Inequality by Davide Furceri,Mr.Prakash Loungani,Ms.Aleksandra Zdzienicka Pdf

This paper provides new evidence of the effect of monetary policy shocks on income inequality. Using a measure of unanticipated changes in policy rates for a panel of 32 advanced and emerging market countries over the period 1990-2013, the paper finds that contractionary (expansionary) monetary actions increase (reduce) income inequality. The effect, however, varies over time, depending on the type of the shocks (tightening versus expansionary monetary policy) and the state of the business cycle, and across countries depending on the share of labor income and redistribution policies. In particular, we find that the effect is larger for positive monetary policy shocks, especially during expansions. Looking across countries, we find that the effect is larger in countries with higher labor share of income and smaller redistribution policies. Finally, while an unexpected increase in policy rates increases inequality, changes in policy rates driven by an increase in growth are associated with lower inequality.