Cleaning Pakistan S Air

Author : Ernesto Sánchez-Triana,Santiago Enriquez,Javaid Afzal,Akiko Nakagawa,Asif Shuja Khan
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 207 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2014-06-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464802362

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Cleaning Pakistan’s Air by Ernesto Sánchez-Triana,Santiago Enriquez,Javaid Afzal,Akiko Nakagawa,Asif Shuja Khan Pdf

The extent of urban air pollution in Pakistan—South Asia's most urbanized country—is among the world’s most severe, significantly damaging human health, quality of life, and the economy and environment of Pakistan. The harm from Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the highest in South Asia, exceeding several high-profile causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan. Improved air quality management (AQM) in Pakistan can have notable economic and health benefits. For example, the estimated health benefits per dollar spent on cleaner diesel are approximately US $1–1.5 for light-duty diesel vehicles and US $1.5–2.4 for large buses and trucks. This report advocates that Pakistan allocate resources to AQM, because its air quality is severely affecting millions of Pakistanis, and because experiences around the world indicate that interventions can significantly improve air quality. This report details a broad spectrum of research on Pakistan’s AQM challenges, and identifies a comprehensive set of steps to improve air quality. The research presented here underpins the conclusions that addressing Pakistan's urban air pollution requires coordinated interventions to strengthen AQM, build agencies' institutional capacity, bolster AQM's legal and regulatory framework, implement policy reforms and investments, and fill knowledge gaps. However, Pakistan's policy makers face major obstacles, including limited financial, human, and technical resources, and can pursue only a few AQM interventions at the same time. In the short term, Pakistan's AQM should give highest priority to reducing pollutants linked to high morbidity and mortality: PM2.5 (and precursors like SOx and NOx) from mobile sources. A second-level short-term priority could be PM2.5, SOx, and emissions of toxic metals from stationary sources. An important medium-term priority should be mass transportation in major cities, controlling traffic, and restricting private cars during high-pollution episodes. A long-term priority could be taxing hydrocarbons, based on their contribution to greenhouse gases.

Author : Ernesto Sánchez-Triana,Santiago Enriquez,Javaid Afzal
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 207 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2014-07-03
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464802355

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Cleaning Pakistan’s Air by Ernesto Sánchez-Triana,Santiago Enriquez,Javaid Afzal Pdf

The harm to Pakistanis’ health, economy, and environment from urban air pollution is among the highest in South Asia, exceeding several high-profile causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan. This report details a broad spectrum of research on Pakistan’s air quality management challenges and presents concrete steps to achieve improvements.

Author : Ernesto Sánchez Triana,Santiago Enriquez,Javaid Afzal,Akiko Nakagawa,Asif Shuja Khan
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2014-07-19
Category : BUSINESS & ECONOMICS
ISBN : 1306964989

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Cleaning Pakistan's Air by Ernesto Sánchez Triana,Santiago Enriquez,Javaid Afzal,Akiko Nakagawa,Asif Shuja Khan Pdf

The extent of urban air pollution in PakistanSouth Asia's most urbanized countryis among the worlds most severe, significantly damaging human health, quality of life, and the economy and environment of Pakistan. The harm from Pakistan's urban air pollution is among the highest in South Asia, exceeding several high-profile causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan. Improved air quality management (AQM) in Pakistan can have notable economic and health benefits. For example, the estimated health benefits per dollar spent on cleaner diesel are approximately US $11.5 for light-duty diesel vehicles and US $1.52.4 for large buses and trucks. This report advocates that Pakistan allocate resources to AQM, because its air quality is severely affecting millions of Pakistanis, and because experiences around the world indicate that interventions can significantly improve air quality. This report details a broad spectrum of research on Pakistans AQM challenges, and identifies a comprehensive set of steps to improve air quality. The research presented here underpins the conclusions that addressing Pakistan's urban air pollution requires coordinated interventions to strengthen AQM, build agencies' institutional capacity, bolster AQM's legal and regulatory framework, implement policy reforms and investments, and fill knowledge gaps. However, Pakistan's policy makers face major obstacles, including limited financial, human, and technical resources, and can pursue only a few AQM interventions at the same time. In the short term, Pakistan's AQM should give highest priority to reducing pollutants linked to high morbidity and mortality: PM2.5 (and precursors like SOx and NOx) from mobile sources. A second-level short-term priority could be PM2.5, SOx, and emissions of toxic metals from stationary sources. An important medium-term priority should be mass transportation in major cities, controlling traffic, and restricting private cars during high-pollution episodes. A long-term priority could be taxing hydrocarbons, based on their contribution to greenhouse gases.

Author : Robert W. Bradnock
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 433 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2015-10-14
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781317405108

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The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs by Robert W. Bradnock Pdf

South Asia has developed from a group of newly independent post-Colonial states of at most secondary importance to the wider world to its current position as a region of central strategic importance to both global economic development and world peace and stability. This Atlas highlights the global significance of South Asia in relation to economic, geopolitical and strategic interests. It provides a coherent descriptive and analytical account of the key elements of the complex societies that make up the region and its component countries. Illustrated with more than 100 original maps and offering concise entries on key issues, the book is structured thematically in these sections: Global Context Geographical Environments Historical Evolution of South Asia Key Issues in modern South Asia Economy and Security Designed for use in teaching undergraduate and graduate classes and seminars in geography, history, economics, anthropology, international relations, political science and the environment as well as regional courses on the South Asia, this book is also a comprehensive reference source for libraries and decision makers focusing on South Asia.

Author : The World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 191 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2023-06-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464818387

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Striving for Clean Air by The World Bank Pdf

South Asia is home to 9 of the world's 10 cities with the worst air pollution. Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in some of the region's most densely populated and poor areas are up to 20 times higher than what the World Health Organization considers healthy (5 micrograms per cubic meter). This pollution causes an estimated 2 million premature deaths in the region each year and results in significant economic costs. Controlling air pollution is difficult without a better understanding of the activities that cause emissions of particulate matter. Air pollution travels long distances in South Asia and gets trapped in large 'airsheds' that are shaped by climatology and geography. 'Striving for Clean Air' identifies six major airsheds in the region and analyzes four scenarios for reducing air pollution with varying degrees of policy implementation and cooperation among countries. The analysis shows that cooperation between different jurisdictions within an airshed is crucial, and a schematic road map with three phases is proposed. The phases in the road map may overlap when the rate of progress differs, depending on local circumstances. Phase 1 would improve monitoring and institutions; Phase 2 would introduce additional and joint targets for cost-effective abatement; and Phase 3 would mainstream air quality in the economy.

Author : Ali Farazmand
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 13623 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2023-04-05
Category : Law
ISBN : 9783030662523

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Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance by Ali Farazmand Pdf

This global encyclopedic work serves as a comprehensive collection of global scholarship regarding the vast fields of public administration, public policy, governance, and management. Written and edited by leading international scholars and practitioners, this exhaustive resource covers all areas of the above fields and their numerous subfields of study. In keeping with the multidisciplinary spirit of these fields and subfields, the entries make use of various theoretical, empirical, analytical, practical, and methodological bases of knowledge. Expanded and updated, the second edition includes over a thousand of new entries representing the most current research in public administration, public policy, governance, nonprofit and nongovernmental organizations, and management covering such important sub-areas as: 1. organization theory, behavior, change and development; 2. administrative theory and practice; 3. Bureaucracy; 4. public budgeting and financial management; 5. public economy and public management 6. public personnel administration and labor-management relations; 7. crisis and emergency management; 8. institutional theory and public administration; 9. law and regulations; 10. ethics and accountability; 11. public governance and private governance; 12. Nonprofit management and nongovernmental organizations; 13. Social, health, and environmental policy areas; 14. pandemic and crisis management; 15. administrative and governance reforms; 16. comparative public administration and governance; 17. globalization and international issues; 18. performance management; 19. geographical areas of the world with country-focused entries like Japan, China, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and Eastern Europe, North America; and 20. a lot more. Relevant to professionals, experts, scholars, general readers, researchers, policy makers and manger, and students worldwide, this work will serve as the most viable global reference source for those looking for an introduction and advance knowledge to the field.

Author : Anilla Cherian
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 292 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2022-03-28
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119771586

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Air Pollution, Clean Energy and Climate Change by Anilla Cherian Pdf

AIR POLLUTION, CLEAN ENERGY AND CLIMATE CHANGE Anthropogenic climate change is a globally recognized threat multiplier. Yet, decades of intergovernmental negotiations have failed to curb toxic levels of fossil fuel energy-related air pollution which the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified as the world's largest, single environmental health risk. Lying in plain view are the troubling truths about the morbidity and ill-health burdens associated with anthropogenic climate change that are borne by those who have done the least to contribute to per capita emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. Ignoring the nexus between air pollution, lack of access to clean energy and climate adversities represents a collective failure of the UN's ambitious, universally agreed upon 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda (SDA) which pledged 'to leave no one behind'. This book highlights the air pollution crisis that emanates from the heavy reliance on polluting forms of energy and the urbanization of poverty in developing countries. It provides a framework for understanding why the broader sustainable development community needs to address the more neglected intersection between adverse climatic impacts and energy-related air pollution which devastates the lives of the poorest and most vulnerable amongst us, especially young children, women and the elderly. It focuses on the importance of breaking down persistent global silos and goals on sustainable energy for all, and climate change reflected in the UNs 2030 SDA, and the 2015 Paris Agreement. Integrating clean air and climate mitigation measures that specifically include curbing short lived climate pollutants such as black carbon via innovative partnerships/modalities are seen as vital to clean energy and climate responsive action. This book argues that linked actions by non-nation state actors aimed at reducing air pollution and ameliorating short term climate pollutants in the most populous cities, particularly in countries like India where annual average particulate matter pollution levels consistently exceed WHO guidelines are essential in reducing grave health costs and disease burdens. Air Pollution, Clean Energy and Climate Change will be of particular interest to policy makers, researchers, environmental advocates, civil society stakeholders and practitioners who want to understand the urgency of addressing linkages between climate change, fossil fuel energy, air pollution and public health risks. The cover image is an oil painting by Anilla Cherian, which incorporates tree bark and twigs, and serves as a reminder of the daily energy sources used by millions who lack access to clean energy and are exposed to high levels of household air pollution. It is the second-part of a series, with the first one serving as the cover image to Energy and Global Climate Change (Cherian, 2015). Photograph of painting by Alison Sheehy Photography.

Author : Shahid Javed Burki,Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury,Asad Ejaz Butt
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 391 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2019-06-07
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780429762109

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Pakistan at Seventy by Shahid Javed Burki,Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury,Asad Ejaz Butt Pdf

This handbook examines Pakistan’s 70-year history from a number of different perspectives. When Pakistan was born, it did not have a capital, a functioning government or a central bank. The country lacked a skilled workforce. While the state was in the process of being established, eight million Muslim refugees arrived from India, who had to be absorbed into a population of 24 million people. However, within 15 years, Pakistan was the fastest growing and transforming economy in the developing world, although the political evolution of the country during this period was not equally successful. Pakistan has vast agricultural and human resources, and its location promises trade, investment and other opportunities. Chapters in the volume, written by experts in the field, examine government and politics, economics, foreign policy and environmental issues, as well as social aspects of Pakistan’s development, including the media, technology, gender and education. Shahid Javed Burki is an economist who has been a member of the faculty at Harvard University, USA, and Chief Economist, Planning and Development Department, Government of the Punjab. He has also served as Minister of Finance in the Government of Pakistan, and has written a number of books, and journal and newspaper articles. He joined the World Bank in 1974 as a senior economist and went on to serve in several senior positions. He was the (first) Director of the China Department (1987–94) and served as the Regional Vice-President for Latin America and the Caribbean during 1994–99. He is currently the Chair of the Board of Directors of the Shahid Javed Burki Institute of Public Policy at NetSol (BIPP) in Lahore. Iftekhar Ahmed Chowdhury is a career Bangladeshi diplomat and former Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Government of Bangladesh (2007–08). He has a PhD in international relations from the Australian National University, Canberra. He began his career as a member of the civil service of Pakistan in 1969. Dr Chowdhury has held senior diplomatic positions in the course of his career, including as Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations in New York (2001–07) and in Geneva (1996–2001), and was ambassador to Qatar, Chile, Peru and the Vatican. He is currently a visiting senior research fellow at the Institute of South Asian Studies, National University of Singapore. Asad Ejaz Butt is the Director of the Burki Institute of Public Policy, Lahore, Pakistan.

Author : Zeeshan Fareed,Farrukh Shahzad,Solomon Prince Nathaniel
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 243 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2023-09-07
Category : Science
ISBN : 9782832533444

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Clean Energy Transition and Load Capacity Factors: Environmental Sustainability Assessment through Advanced Statistical Methods by Zeeshan Fareed,Farrukh Shahzad,Solomon Prince Nathaniel Pdf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 176 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2023-06-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780443133510

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Ozone Pollution and Plant Health: Understanding the Impacts and Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture by Anonim Pdf

Advances in Botanical Research Volume 108: Ozone Pollution and Plant Health: Understanding the Impacts and Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture provides a comprehensive overview of the harmful effects of tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution on crop productivity, with a focus on how it is measured and modeled under climate change scenarios. The book discusses the sources of O3 pollution, including anthropogenic precursor gases, and how O3 exposure can impair photosynthesis, reduce gas exchange, induce early leaf senescence, and hamper growth in natural vegetation and crops. The book highlights how O3 interacts with plant physiology and metabolism, including through the activation of signal transduction pathways, changes in phytohormone signaling, and modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and signaling. The book also explores the experimental and modeling methods used to assess the effects of O3 on crops, with a focus on studies conducted in Asia. The book emphasizes the importance of understanding the implications of ozone pollution for ensuring food security and protecting human and environmental health and suggests strategies such as using ozone-resistant cultivars of plants and crops. Additionally, the book discusses the broader context of air pollution and its impact on crop productivity, including the effects of other air pollutants on plants and crops and the need for mitigation strategies and policies to address agricultural losses. This book is essential reading for early-career researchers, sustainable agriculture practitioners, and policymakers interested in understanding the complex interactions between ozone pollution and plant productivity and finding solutions to mitigate the detrimental effects of ozone pollution on crops in a changing climate. Discusses the impact of O3 pollution on plant productivity and the methods for measuring and modeling this under climate change scenarios Reviews recent findings about the target sites for O3 in plants, O3-induced stomatal regulation by phytohormone signaling, and plants' responses related to phytohormone biosynthesis, ROS generation, and signaling in exposure to O3 Provides an overview of ozone air quality, ozone effects on plant and crop, and experimental and modeling methods used to assess the effects. It focuses on the results of the experimental and modeling studies of the ozone effects on agricultural crops in Asia Covers the effects of common air pollutants on crops and their pathways of exposure to plants. It also discusses the disturbance in the biochemistry of plants and their metabolisms due to air pollution, and some laws implemented for air pollution control in Pakistan

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
Page : 132 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2020-03-01
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9789251319604

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Remote sensing for space-time mapping of smog in Punjab and identification of the underlying causes using geographic information system (R-SMOG) by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Pdf

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pakistan initiated the Technical Cooperation Programme on Remote Sensing for Spatio-Temporal mapping of Smog (R-SMOG) upon the request of the Government of Punjab. The R-SMOG evaluates the relationship between Smog and the rice residue burning practices by farmers in the Rice belt of Punjab. It is a comprehensive geospatial research which integrates Spatio-temporal mapping of smog viz-a-viz climatological modelling, study of seasonal trends and dynamics and estimates an inventory of sectoral emissions. The findings of the R-SMOG will assist to generate scientific evidences to study the causes of Smog in Punjab and to adopt adequate mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Author : Suleman Sarwar,Dalia Streimikiene,Rida Waheed,Abdul Rauf
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 569 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2023-07-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9782832530276

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Public health, governance, green environment and economy by Suleman Sarwar,Dalia Streimikiene,Rida Waheed,Abdul Rauf Pdf

Author : Mahendra Sethi,Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira
Publisher : Springer
Page : 373 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2018-02-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9789811058165

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Mainstreaming Climate Co-Benefits in Indian Cities by Mahendra Sethi,Jose A. Puppim de Oliveira Pdf

This volume presents a novel framework to understand urban climate co-benefits in India, that is, tackling climate change and achieving sustainable development goals in cities. It utilizes methods and tools from several assessment frameworks to scientifically evaluate sector co-benefits for informed decision making. The co-benefits approach can lead to significant improvements in the way societies use environmental resources and distribute their outputs. The volume discusses four main themes: (1) Concepts and theories on cities and climate co-benefits; (2) Contextualizing co-benefit issues across spatial scales and sectors; (3) Sectoral analyses of co-benefits in energy, transport, buildings, waste, and biodiversity, and (4) Innovations and reforms needed to promote co-benefits in cities. The discussions are based on empirical research conducted in Indian cities and aligned with the international discourse on the 2030 UN Development Agenda and New Urban Agenda created at the UN-Habitat III in 2016. The analyses and recommendations in this volume are of considerable interest to policy experts, scholars and researchers of urban and regional studies, geography, public policy, international development/law, economics, development planning, environmental planning, climate change, energy studies, and so on.

Author : Alice Albinia
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2010-04-05
Category : History
ISBN : 0393063224

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Empires of the Indus: The Story of a River by Alice Albinia Pdf

“Alice Albinia is the most extraordinary traveler of her generation. . . . A journey of astonishing confidence and courage.”—Rory Stewart One of the largest rivers in the world, the Indus rises in the Tibetan mountains and flows west across northern India and south through Pakistan. It has been worshipped as a god, used as a tool of imperial expansion, and today is the cement of Pakistan’s fractious union. Alice Albinia follows the river upstream, through two thousand miles of geography and back to a time five thousand years ago when a string of sophisticated cities grew on its banks. “This turbulent history, entwined with a superlative travel narrative” (The Guardian) leads us from the ruins of elaborate metropolises, to the bitter divisions of today. Like Rory Stewart’s The Places In Between, Empires of the Indus is an engrossing personal journey and a deeply moving portrait of a river and its people.

Author : Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente,Oana M. Driha,Muhammad Shahbaz
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 281 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2020-11-30
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783030596750

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Strategies in Sustainable Tourism, Economic Growth and Clean Energy by Daniel Balsalobre-Lorente,Oana M. Driha,Muhammad Shahbaz Pdf

This book provides an in-depth analysis of and discussion about the relationship between green tourism, economic growth and globalization. It explores numerous topics relating to tourism including transport efficiency, foreign direct investment, clean energy, climate change dynamics and advances in sustainable tourism management. The book begins with discussion of sustainable tourism and economic growth, particularly focusing on management strategies. It then presents the relationship between energy use and tourism, looking at green energy and energy shock. It then discusses transport efficiency, tourism efficiency and financial growth in both developed and developing countries. This book is of interest to researchers, policymakers, and postgraduate students in the areas of energy, environmental and tourism economics.