Collective Rationality

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Collective Rationality and Collective Reasoning

Christopher McMahon
Collective Rationality and Collective Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Christopher McMahon
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 266 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2001-08-06
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521011787

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Collective Rationality and Collective Reasoning by Christopher McMahon Pdf

"This book examines the issue of rational cooperation, especially cooperation between people with conflicting moral commitments. The first part considers how the two main aspects of cooperation - the choice by a group of a particular cooperative scheme and the decision by each member to contribute to that scheme - can be understood as guided by reason. The second part explores how the activity of reasoning itself can take a cooperative form. The book is distinctive in offering an account of what people can accomplish by reasoning together, of the role of deliberation in democratic decision making, and of the negotiation of the proper use of concepts. Presenting for the first time a detailed analysis of the general problem of cooperation and collective reasoning between people with different moral commitments, this book will be of particular interest to philosophers of the social sciences and to students in political science, sociology and economics." --Cambridge Press.

Complex Economics

Alan Kirman
Complex Economics Book PDF

Author : Alan Kirman
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2010-09-13
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781136941672

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Complex Economics by Alan Kirman Pdf

The economic crisis is also a crisis for economic theory. Most analyses of the evolution of the crisis invoke three themes, contagion, networks and trust, yet none of these play a major role in standard macroeconomic models. What is needed is a theory in which these aspects are central. The direct interaction between individuals, firms and banks does not simply produce imperfections in the functioning of the economy but is the very basis of the functioning of a modern economy. This book suggests a way of analysing the economy which takes this point of view. The economy should be considered as a complex adaptive system in which the agents constantly react to, influence and are influenced by, the other individuals in the economy. In such systems which are familiar from statistical physics and biology for example, the behaviour of the aggregate cannot be deduced from the behaviour of the average, or "representative" individual. Just as the organised activity of an ants’ nest cannot be understood from the behaviour of a "representative ant" so macroeconomic phenomena should not be assimilated to those associated with the "representative agent". This book provides examples where this can clearly be seen. The examples range from Schelling’s model of segregation, to contributions to public goods, the evolution of buyer seller relations in fish markets, to financial models based on the foraging behaviour of ants. The message of the book is that coordination rather than efficiency is the central problem in economics. How do the myriads of individual choices and decisions come to be coordinated? How does the economy or a market, "self organise" and how does this sometimes result in major upheavals, or to use the phrase from physics, "phase transitions"? The sort of system described in this book is not in equilibrium in the standard sense, it is constantly changing and moving from state to state and its very structure is always being modified. The economy is not a ship sailing on a well-defined trajectory which occasionally gets knocked off course. It is more like the slime described in the book "emergence", constantly reorganising itself so as to slide collectively in directions which are neither understood nor necessarily desired by its components.

Collective Rationality

Paul Weirich
Collective Rationality Book PDF

Author : Paul Weirich
Publisher : OUP USA
Page : 283 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780195388381

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Collective Rationality by Paul Weirich Pdf

Groups of people perform acts that are subject to standards of rationality. The book's theory of collective rationality explains how to evaluate collective acts. The people engaged in a game of strategy collectively produce an outcome, and the theory reveals what makes some outcomes solutions. It generates new equilibrium standards for solutions to cooperative games.

Collective Rationality

Paul Weirich
Collective Rationality Book PDF

Author : Paul Weirich
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2009-12-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780190452780

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Collective Rationality by Paul Weirich Pdf

Groups of people perform acts that are subject to standards of rationality. A committee may sensibly award fellowships, or may irrationally award them in violation of its own policies. A theory of collective rationality defines collective acts that are evaluable for rationality and formulates principles for their evaluation. This book argues that a group's act is evaluable for rationality if it is the products of acts its members fully control. It also argues that such an act is collectively rational if the acts of the group's members are rational. Efficiency is a goal of collective rationality, but not a requirement, except in cases where conditions are ideal for joint action and agents have rationally prepared for joint action. The people engaged in a game of strategy form a group, and the combination of their acts yields a collective act. If their collective act is rational, it constitutes a solution to their game. A theory of collective rationality yields principles concerning solutions to games. One principle requires that a solution constitute an equilibrium among the incentives of the agents in the game. In a cooperative game some agents are coalitions of individuals, and it may be impossible for all agents to pursue all incentives. Because rationality is attainable, the appropriate equilibrium standard for cooperative games requires that agents pursue only incentives that provide sufficient reasons to act. The book's theory of collective rationality supports an attainable equilibrium-standard for solutions to cooperative games and shows that its realization follows from individuals' rational acts. By extending the theory of rationality to groups, this book reveals the characteristics that make an act evaluable for rationality and the way rationality's evaluation of an act responds to the type of control its agent exercises over the act. The book's theory of collective rationality contributes to philosophical projects such as contractarian ethics and to practical projects such as the design of social institutions.

Words, Objects and Events in Economics

Peter Róna,László Zsolnai,Agnieszka Wincewicz-Price
Words Objects and Events in Economics Book PDF

Author : Peter Róna,László Zsolnai,Agnieszka Wincewicz-Price
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 236 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2020-09-03
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783030526733

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Words, Objects and Events in Economics by Peter Róna,László Zsolnai,Agnieszka Wincewicz-Price Pdf

This open access book examines from a variety of perspectives the disappearance of moral content and ethical judgment from the models employed in the formulation of modern economic theory, and some of the papers contain important proposals about how moral judgment could be reintroduced in economic theory. The chapters collected in this volume result from the favorable reception of the first volume of the Virtues in Economics series and represent further contributions to the themes set out in that volume: (i) examining the philosophical and methodological fallacies of this turn in modern economic theory that the removal of the moral motivation of economic agents from modern economic theory has entailed; and (ii) proposing a return descriptive economics as the means with which the moral content of economic life could be restored in economic theory. This book is of interest to researchers and students of the methodology of economics, ethics, philosophers concerned with agency and economists who build economic models that rest in the intention of the agent.

Rational Choice, Collective Decisions, and Social Welfare

Kotaro Suzumura
Rational Choice Collective Decisions and Social Welfare Book PDF

Author : Kotaro Suzumura
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 298 pages
File Size : 40,9 Mb
Release : 1983
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0521122554

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Rational Choice, Collective Decisions, and Social Welfare by Kotaro Suzumura Pdf

An examination of the phenomenon of social cooperation failure, even amongst a group of rational individuals.

Rational Choice Theory and Organizational Theory

Mary Zey
Rational Choice Theory and Organizational Theory Book PDF

Author : Mary Zey
Publisher : SAGE
Page : 156 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0803951361

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Rational Choice Theory and Organizational Theory by Mary Zey Pdf

Rational Choice Theory and Organizational Theory is written in response to the neo-classical economic rational choice theories and organizational economic theories which have emerged in the past decade and gained center stage in current organizational analysis.

The Critical Mass in Collective Action

Gerald Marwell,Pamela Oliver
The Critical Mass in Collective Action Book PDF

Author : Gerald Marwell,Pamela Oliver
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 223 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 1993-03-26
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780521308397

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The Critical Mass in Collective Action by Gerald Marwell,Pamela Oliver Pdf

The problem of collective action is that each group member wants other members to make necessary sacrifices while he or she 'free rides', reaping the benefits of collective action without doing the work. Therefore, no one does the work and the common interest is not realized. This book analyses the social pressure whereby groups solve the problem of collective action.

The Handbook of Rationality

Markus Knauff,Wolfgang Spohn
The Handbook of Rationality Book PDF

Author : Markus Knauff,Wolfgang Spohn
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 879 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2021-12-14
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780262045070

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The Handbook of Rationality by Markus Knauff,Wolfgang Spohn Pdf

The first reference on rationality that integrates accounts from psychology and philosophy, covering descriptive and normative theories from both disciplines. Both analytic philosophy and cognitive psychology have made dramatic advances in understanding rationality, but there has been little interaction between the disciplines. This volume offers the first integrated overview of the state of the art in the psychology and philosophy of rationality. Written by leading experts from both disciplines, The Handbook of Rationality covers the main normative and descriptive theories of rationality—how people ought to think, how they actually think, and why we often deviate from what we can call rational. It also offers insights from other fields such as artificial intelligence, economics, the social sciences, and cognitive neuroscience. The Handbook proposes a novel classification system for researchers in human rationality, and it creates new connections between rationality research in philosophy, psychology, and other disciplines. Following the basic distinction between theoretical and practical rationality, the book first considers the theoretical side, including normative and descriptive theories of logical, probabilistic, causal, and defeasible reasoning. It then turns to the practical side, discussing topics such as decision making, bounded rationality, game theory, deontic and legal reasoning, and the relation between rationality and morality. Finally, it covers topics that arise in both theoretical and practical rationality, including visual and spatial thinking, scientific rationality, how children learn to reason rationally, and the connection between intelligence and rationality.

Rationality

Steven Pinker
Rationality Book PDF

Author : Steven Pinker
Publisher : Penguin UK
Page : 272 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2021-09-28
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780241380307

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Rationality by Steven Pinker Pdf

A TIMES BOOK OF THE YEAR 2021 'Punchy, funny and invigorating ... Pinker is the high priest of rationalism' Sunday Times 'If you've ever considered taking drugs to make yourself smarter, read Rationality instead. It's cheaper, more entertaining, and more effective' Jonathan Haidt, author of The Righteous Mind In the twenty-first century, humanity is reaching new heights of scientific understanding - and at the same time appears to be losing its mind. How can a species that discovered vaccines for Covid-19 in less than a year produce so much fake news, quack cures and conspiracy theorizing? In Rationality, Pinker rejects the cynical cliché that humans are simply an irrational species - cavemen out of time fatally cursed with biases, fallacies and illusions. After all, we discovered the laws of nature, lengthened and enriched our lives and set the benchmarks for rationality itself. Instead, he explains, we think in ways that suit the low-tech contexts in which we spend most of our lives, but fail to take advantage of the powerful tools of reasoning we have built up over millennia: logic, critical thinking, probability, causal inference, and decision-making under uncertainty. These tools are not a standard part of our educational curricula, and have never been presented clearly and entertainingly in a single book - until now. Rationality matters. It leads to better choices in our lives and in the public sphere, and is the ultimate driver of social justice and moral progress. Brimming with insight and humour, Rationality will enlighten, inspire and empower. 'A terrific book, much-needed for our time' Peter Singer

From Individual to Collective Intentionality

Sara Rachel Chant,Frank Hindriks,Gerhard Preyer
From Individual to Collective Intentionality Book PDF

Author : Sara Rachel Chant,Frank Hindriks,Gerhard Preyer
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2014-02-28
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780199936519

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From Individual to Collective Intentionality by Sara Rachel Chant,Frank Hindriks,Gerhard Preyer Pdf

Many of the things we do, we do together with other people. Think of carpooling and playing tennis. In the past two or three decades it has become increasingly popular to analyze such collective actions in terms of collective intentions. This volume brings together ten new philosophical essays that address issues such as how individuals succeed in maintaining coordination throughout the performance of a collective action, whether groups can actually believe propositions or whether they merely accept them, and what kind of evidence, if any, disciplines such as cognitive science and semantics provide in support of irreducibly collective states. The theories of the Big Four of collective intentionality -- Michael Bratman, Raimo Tuomela, John Searle, and Margaret Gilbert -- and the Big Five of Social Ontology -- which in addition to the Big Four includes Philip Pettit -- play a central role in almost all of these essays. Drawing on insights from a wide range of disciplines including dynamical systems theory, economics, and psychology, the contributors develop existing theories, criticize them, or provide alternatives to them. Several essays challenge the idea that there is a straightforward dichotomy between individual and collective level rationality, and explore the interplay between these levels in order to shed new light on the alleged discontinuities between them. These contributions make abundantly clear that it is no longer an option simply to juxtapose analyses of individual and collective level phenomena and maintain that there is a discrepancy. Some go as far as arguing that on closer inspection the alleged discontinuities dissolve

Rationality

Tzu-Wei Hung,Timothy Joseph Lane
Rationality Book PDF

Author : Tzu-Wei Hung,Timothy Joseph Lane
Publisher : Academic Press
Page : 298 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2016-09-02
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780128046234

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Rationality by Tzu-Wei Hung,Timothy Joseph Lane Pdf

Rationality: Contexts and Constraints is an interdisciplinary reappraisal of the nature of rationality. In method, it is pluralistic, drawing upon the analytic approaches of philosophy, linguistics, neuroscience, and more. These methods guide exploration of the intersection between traditional scholarship and cutting-edge philosophical or scientific research. In this way, the book contributes to development of a suitably revised, comprehensive understanding of rationality, one that befits the 21st century, one that is adequately informed by recent investigations of science, pathology, non-human thought, emotion, and even enigmatic Chinese texts that might previously have seemed to be expressions of irrationalism. Addresses recent challenges and Identifies a direction for future research on rationality Investigates the relationship between rationality and mental disorders, such as delusion and depression Assesses reasoning in artificial intelligence and nonhuman animals Reflects on ancient Chinese Philosophy and possible cultural differences in human psychology Employs philosophical reflection, along with linguistic, probabilistic, and logical techniques

The Rational Public

Benjamin I. Page,Robert Y. Shapiro
The Rational Public Book PDF

Author : Benjamin I. Page,Robert Y. Shapiro
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
Page : 507 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2010-05-27
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780226644806

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The Rational Public by Benjamin I. Page,Robert Y. Shapiro Pdf

This monumental study is a comprehensive critical survey of the policy preferences of the American public, and will be the definitive work on American public opinion for some time to come. Drawing on an enormous body of public opinion data, Benjamin I. Page and Robert Y. Shapiro provide the richest available portrait of the political views of Americans, from the 1930's to 1990. They not only cover all types of domestic and foreign policy issues, but also consider how opinions vary by age, gender, race, region, and the like. The authors unequivocally demonstrate that, notwithstanding fluctuations in the opinions of individuals, collective public opinion is remarkably coherent: it reflects a stable system of values shared by the majority of Americans and it responds sensitively to new events, arguments, and information reported in the mass media. While documenting some alarming case of manipulation, Page and Shapiro solidly establish the soundness and value of collective political opinion. The Rational Public provides a wealth of information about what we as a nation have wanted from government, how we have changed our minds over the years, and why. For anyone interested in the short- and long-term trends in Americans' policy preferences, or eager to learn what Americans have thought about issues ranging from racial equality to the MX missile, welfare to abortion, this book offers by far the most sophisticated and detailed treatment available.

Economic Rationality and Practical Reason

Julian Nida-Rümelin
Economic Rationality and Practical Reason Book PDF

Author : Julian Nida-Rümelin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 183 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2013-06-29
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9789401588140

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Economic Rationality and Practical Reason by Julian Nida-Rümelin Pdf

The theory of practical rationality does not belong to one academic discipline alone. There are quite divergent philosophical, economical, sociological, psychological and politological contributions. Sometimes the disciplinary boundaries impede theoretical progress. On the other hand it is an indication for the high complexity of the subject that so many divergent paradigms compete with one another, or - what is worse - live separately in a kind of splendid isolation. Decision theory in the broader sense, embracing the theory of games and collective choice theory, can help to understand practical reason in philosophical analysis. But there are interesting aspects which cannot be dealt with adequately within a decision-theoretic conceptual framework. To have both of these convictions justifies to neglect dis ciplinary boundaries and poses a problem for the orthodoxies of either sides. All the essays of this volume focus on the relation between economic rationality and practical reason and discuss different aspects of the same problem, i. e. a basic deficiency in the standard economic theory of practical rationality. But philosophical analysis would not be of much help if it just rejected the economic paradigm. It must rather help to integrate economic aspects into a broader view on practical reason.

Logic, Rationality, and Interaction

Alexandru Baltag,Jeremy Seligman,Tomoyuki Yamada
Logic Rationality and Interaction Book PDF

Author : Alexandru Baltag,Jeremy Seligman,Tomoyuki Yamada
Publisher : Springer
Page : 694 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2017-09-01
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9783662556658

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Logic, Rationality, and Interaction by Alexandru Baltag,Jeremy Seligman,Tomoyuki Yamada Pdf

This LNCS volume is part of FoLLI book serie and contains the papers presented at the 6th International Workshop on Logic, Rationality and Interaction/ (LORI-VI), held in September 2017 in Sapporo, Japan. The focus of the workshop is on following topics: Agency, Argumentation and Agreement, Belief Revision and Belief Merging, Belief Representation, Cooperation, Decision making and Planning, Natural Language, Philosophy and Philosophical Logic, and Strategic Reasoning.