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European Trade Mark Law by Annette Kur,Martin Senftleben Pdf
European Trade Mark Law provides a coherent and authoritative commentary on both the substantive and procedural aspects of European trade mark law. It presents an integrated picture of the two major trade mark law provisions at EU level: the Community Trade Mark Regulation (CMTR), which provides for the registration and protection of a Europe-wide mark; and the Trade Mark Directive (TMD), which aims to harmonise national trade mark laws. The book's core focus is the Community texts and case law, and it offers a detailed analysis of the CMTD and TMD, as well as practical discussion of the procedure for registering, maintaining, and challenging a trade mark through the European Trade Mark Office and at the national level. It considers how national laws have been successfully harmonised by the TMD, and where they differ significantly from others in their implementation of the Directive. Written by one of the leading trade mark lawyers in Europe, this is an invaluable reference for both academics and practitioners in this complex and rapidly developing area of law.
The Legal Aspects of the Community Trade Mark by Mark Milford Pdf
This book is a practical guide to the legal aspects of the Community trade mark, which is an intellectual property right created by an European Council Regulation of December 1993, and which entered into force on 1 April 1996. The main attraction of the Community trade mark is that it enables an applicant to obtain and maintain, with only one registration, trade mark protection throughout the 15 Member States of the European Union (rather than having to obtain and maintain the registration of essentially the same trade mark in each of those countries). The Community trade mark system is administered by the Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), which is an agency of the European Union. The Community trade mark system has been surprisingly successful since its inception; it is expected that there will, by the end of the year 2000, have been approximately 200,000 applications for a Community trade mark. The aim of this book is to describe how the Community trade mark system works and what procedures it follows, as well as to draw attention to issues of potential concern for any Community trade mark proprietor. The text is thus anchored on the European Union Regulations which set out the rules for the Community trade mark system, and then critically analyses how those Regulations have so far been applied in practice. This analysis notably involves an examination of the administrative practices developed by the OHIM and its various divisions in respect of the Community trade mark, including a detailed review of the case law developed through early September 2000 by the Boards of Appeal of the OHIM. As it is possible to challenge decisions of the OHIM before the Court of Justice of the European Communities, this analysis also incorporates a study of the case law developed by that Court either in respect of, or which is otherwise relevant to, Community trade marks.
Special Protection of Trade Marks with a Reputation under European Union Law by Michal Bohaczewski Pdf
When a mark acquires a reputation, it becomes a means of attracting consumers by communicating to them various messages going beyond the indication of commercial origin of goods or services. Thus, trade marks familiar to the general public enjoy a special legal protection regime above and beyond that afforded trade marks in general, allowing them to benefit from enhanced protection against reproduction or imitation detrimental to, or taking unfair advantage of, the distinctive character of the mark or its repute. This richly researched book, the first comprehensive guide to current European Union (EU) law and practice concerned with reputed trade marks, conducts an in-depth analysis of this extended protection provided by Regulation 2017/1001 on EU trade marks and Directive 2015/2436 under which it is mandatory across all Member States. Using a practical approach, focused on identifying and analysing the criteria for infringement of trade marks with a reputation in proceedings before civil courts and in administrative proceedings before the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) or national trade mark offices, the author addresses such elements of the special protection regime as the following: prerequisites for infringement of the right to a reputed mark common to all recognised forms of infringement; how to demonstrate each type of infringement of the right to the trade mark with a reputation (blurring, tarnishment and unfair advantage); proof of reputation; distinguishing the concept of well-known trade mark; legitimate versus questionable justifications of the ‘due cause’ exception within the meaning of EU law provisions; use of a disputed sign falling under freedom of expression; identifying the role of likelihood of confusion under the special regime; and how to prove the existence of a link between the signs in dispute. The author pays detailed attention to the case law of the Court of Justice and General Court of the EU, as well as cases before the EUIPO and national courts. He takes into account research from a number of Member States (plus Switzerland), thus widening prior work in the field from its predominant English-language context. With this book practitioners will confidently approach cases before courts, the EUIPO and national EU trade mark offices involving enhanced protection of trade marks with a reputation. In addition, the book will help judges and trade mark offices examiners to interpret the EU provisions and assess claims regarding such reinforced protection. For scholars and students of intellectual property law, this book will prove a cornerstone volume in the field.
This book addresses the issue of trademark use that may be required for the protection and/or maintenance of trademark rights. Since the first edition of this book in 2018, there have been significant modifications in some countries, particularly, following the implementation of EU Directive 2015/2436 in the EU countries. Laws around the world do not attach the same consequence to the lack of use of a trademark, and courts do not always assess in the same way whether a trademark is genuinely used. This is a fundamental issue for trademark owners since, depending on the jurisdiction, lack of genuine use can lead to the refusal of trademark registration, the revocation of trademark rights, or prevent the owner of a non-used trademark from initiating an action based on its trademark. This detailed analysis provides clarity, insight, and guidance on the legal issues and practical implications of genuine use of trademarks in twenty-six jurisdictions worldwide. This book was developed within the framework of the International Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (AIPPI), a non-affiliated, non-profit organization dedicated to improving and promoting the protection of intellectual property at both national and international levels. This topic was the subject of an AIPPI study, and its subsequent Resolution – The Requirements of Genuine Use of Trademarks for Maintaining Protection (2011, Hyderabad) – which aims to harmonize this issue of genuine use of trademarks. The authors of the chapters for each jurisdiction were carefully selected based on their extensive experience and in-depth knowledge of trademark protection in their respective jurisdictions. Each chapter considers issues and topics such as the following: types of use that qualify as genuine use of a trademark, including requirements as to whether uses are consistent with the function of the trademark or made in the course of trade; requirements as to the volume, duration, and frequency of use; impact of the trademark’s designation of goods and services; issues relating to the sign used, particularly, if it is used in a different form from the registered trademark (this includes consideration of alteration of the distinctive character, or the potential impact of a plurality of registered trademarks for different signs, or the question of use in black and white or in colour); proof to be provided to evidence genuine use as a trademark, including issues of timing and territory; situations in which the issue of genuine use can be of importance; valid reasons for non-use; consequences of lack of use depending on the context, including possible revocation of trademark rights; and case law examples. As a comparative law study and a collection of contributions from around the world on a key issue of trademark law, this book is of tremendous practical interest. Trademark owners, parties involved in or contemplating enforcement proceedings, and interested legal practitioners will benefit greatly from its thorough comparative analysis and guidance. It is also exceptionally valuable as a comprehensive resource for academics and researchers interested in the international harmonization of trademark law.
Tobias Cohen Jehoram,Constantinus Johan Jozef Clemens van Nispen,Tony Huydecoper,J. L. R. A Huydecoper
Author : Tobias Cohen Jehoram,Constantinus Johan Jozef Clemens van Nispen,Tony Huydecoper,J. L. R. A Huydecoper Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V. Page : 730 pages File Size : 45,8 Mb Release : 2010-01-01 Category : Law ISBN : 9789041131577
European Trademark Law by Tobias Cohen Jehoram,Constantinus Johan Jozef Clemens van Nispen,Tony Huydecoper,J. L. R. A Huydecoper Pdf
European Trademark Law describes all relevant developments in both legislation and case law, in particular of the Court of Justice, offering not only a succinct introduction to the theory, structure and nature of trademark law, but also insightful suggestions for resolving and answering a host of practical problems. As the authors note, their book provides an 'overview of trademark law rather than an overview of trademark legislation.' The authors view the law from different perspectives; they take both the European perspective and the perspective from harmonised national trademark law, in particular as it is in the Benelux countries. Paying particular attention to the implications of the considerable stream of case law that has followed from partially new doctrines set in place by the harmonization process, the book greatly clarifies the workings and interrelations of such factors as the following: situations that did not constitute infringement under former trademark law but do constitute infringement today and vice versa; different types of marks and their particularities; registration and opposition procedures; relevant international treaties; requirements for the mark; grounds for refusal and invalidity; scope of and limitations to trademark protection; use of trademarks in comparative advertising; referential use of trademarks; use of trademarks on the internet; exhaustion of rights, parallel trade; concepts of well known trademarks and trademarks with a reputation; procedural aspects of enforcing trademark rights; how trademark rights are lost.The analysis also covers specific aspects of the trademark right that are related to other legal areas, such as property law, trade name law, the law regarding geographical indications of origin, copyright law, competition law, and product liability. An especially valuable part of the book's presentation follows the 'life' of a trademark from filing the application up to and including its cancellation, revocation or invalidity.
Trade Mark Law in Europe by Ulrich Hildebrandt Pdf
Trade mark law practitioners agree that Ulrich Hildebrandt’s Trade Mark Law in Europe hugely enhances their work. This fourth edition follows the same well-known, intensely practical, time-saving format, with each provision of current law (Directive 2015/2436) reproduced in its original English wording and annotated with relevant passages from all relevant decisions of the European Court of Justice, as well as relevant provisions of the Community Trade Mark Regulation and the national trade mark acts of all Member States implementing the Directive. The author’s expert commentary on each provision expressly marks major changes to previous versions of the Directive, highlights when case law concerning a previous version remains relevant and translates passages that lack an official English text. Among the fundamental questions addressed are the following: When is it possible to register a geographical indication as a trademark? Are colours and sounds capable of registration? When may the reputation of a mark be invoked to protect it? How mundane could a sign be and still claim to be distinctive? When can it be said that there has been no genuine use of a trade mark? Where does the Court’s function theory influence the trademark law? Given a topic or keyword, appendices assist in the quick finding of any provision of the Directive and relevant case law. There is no other resource presenting the original wording of ECJ case law, broken down by specific points of law and directly related on an article-by-article basis to EU and Member State trade mark legislation. As a highly organized presentation of key information, this is an ideal initial tool that makes any research into European trade mark law fast and easy, whether for academic purposes or actual legal practice. Lawyers, in-house counsel, judges, and academics will all welcome this new edition.
Community Trade Mark Law by Frank Bøggild,Kolja Staunstrup Pdf
The introduction in Europe in 1996 of the Community trade mark (CTM) brought into being a new and independent trade mark system with its own sources of law, its own procedures, and its own administrative and judicial bodies, notably the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM), the agency designated to process applications for the registration of CTMs. In 2011, OHIM for the first time received 100,000 applications in one and the same year – which was also the year in which the one millionth application was filed. Case law of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the European General Court (EGC) on the interpretation of the Trade Mark Regulation and the Trade Mark Directive is – together with decisions of OHIM and its Boards of Appeals – absolutely central to the understanding of Community trade mark law, including the trade mark laws of Member States. This book offers an in-depth scrutiny, categorization, and analysis of this extensive body of case law. Focusing on issues of practical relevance for practitioners, the chapters cover such aspects of Community trade mark law as the following: • OHIM's procedure for registration; • the appeals system (OHIM's Boards of Appeals, the EGC, and the ECJ); • trade mark strategies; • absolute and relative grounds for refusal; • three-dimensional trade marks; • non-registered national trade marks and registration in bad faith; • trade marks with a reputation; • acquired distinctiveness; • trade mark functions and use as a trade mark; • limitations of exclusivity; • nature and extent of genuine use; • grounds for revocation and invalidity; • transfer of trade marks and licensing; • national trade mark courts. Also covered are the pending and proposed amendments to the Trade Mark Regulation and the Trade Mark Directive. This book covers in depth the practical applications of this important and much-used body of law. It will be of enormous value and benefit to company lawyers, attorneys, trade mark attorneys, and anyone else dealing with trade mark law, whether on a Community level or nationally.
Concise European Trade Mark Law by Verena von Bomhard,Alexander von Mühlendahl Pdf
The sweeping changes brought about in 2017 to practice and procedures in European Union trade mark law have precipitated a new edition of this much relied-upon guide to the field. This is the first book to provide comprehensive guidance to the new EU Trade Mark Regulation, including full details on all aspects of substance and procedure, as well as to the new Trade Mark Directive. This new and significantly expanded edition, which builds on the two previous editions of the Concise European Trade Mark and Design Law, includes the full texts of the new Implementing and Delegated Acts – available in no other book – as well as a collection of other texts that are needed in daily practice, such as excerpts from the Rules of Procedure of the General Court, the Paris Convention, the Madrid Protocol and the Nice Agreement, the Nice Classification, the TRIPS Agreement and the Directive on Enforcement of IP Rights. Providing a complete commentary and a full set of the legal provisions that must be dealt with on a daily basis, obviating recourse to other sources, this new edition will be welcomed by anyone with an interest in the law and practice of trade marks in the European Union.
Likelihood of Confusion in Trade Mark Law by Jeroen Muyldermans,Paul Maeyaert Pdf
Since 1994 European Union (EU) case law touching on trade mark confusion has become so diverse and has grown so numerous that it is difficult to see the wood for the trees. This is the first book to give a complete synthesis of the thousands of decisions that have been handed down over the past decades, illustrated with many examples and images. Providing a highly structured and complete overview of the confusion test and all assessment criteria as determined by the General Court and Court of Justice, the authors unravel the concept of likelihood of confusion and establish a sound and thorough methodology for resolving confusion in any trade mark case. Among the practical features offered by the analysis are the following: consideration of the constituent criteria of the confusion test through a simple three-step test examining the similarity among goods and services, similarity between different trade marks and global appreciation of confusion; the identification of the ‘relevant consumer’, including from territorial and linguistic points of view; guidance on procedural aspects of the confusion test before the EU courts, as well as before the EU Intellectual Property Office and its Boards of Appeal; identifying the dominant and distinctive components of a trade mark – phonetic, visual and conceptual; the concept of similarity and the Nice Agreement; the principle of ‘partial use’; effect of the terms of sale of the goods or services; consideration of the existence of a family or series of trade marks; and consideration of the effects of coexistence on the confusion test. Numerous illustrated examples of trade marks involved in confusion cases enhance the presentation. Any practitioner dealing with trademark confusion in infringement proceedings before EU or national courts, or in opposition proceedings before national offices or the EU Intellectual Property Office, will be enabled to approach each case with full awareness of applicable criteria of assessment. This much-needed synthesis of case law will quickly become a standard work among lawyers, examiners and judges acting in trade mark matters.
The Average Consumer in Confusion-based Disputes in European Trademark Law and Similar Fictions by Rasmus Dalgaard Laustsen Pdf
This book contends that, with regard to the likelihood of confusion standard, European trademark law applies the average consumer incoherently and inconsistently. To test this proposal, it presents an analysis of the horizontal and vertical level of harmonization of the average consumer. The horizontal part focuses on similar fictions in areas of law adjacent to European trademark law (and in economics), and the average consumer in unfair competition law. The vertical part focuses on European trademark law, represented mainly by EU trademark law, and the trademark laws of the UK, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. The book provides readers with a better understanding of key aspects of European trademark law (the average consumer applied as part of the likelihood of confusion standard) and combines relevant law and practices with theoretical content and other related areas of law (and economics). Accordingly, it is an asset for policymakers and practitioners, as well as general readers with an interest in intellectual property law and theory.
European Community Trademark:Commentary to the European Community Regulations by Miguel A. Baz Pdf
An established trademark indicates quality and provides valuable recognition for trade and sales promotion. Without adequate protection, these essential functions are jeopardized. The need for unification in this area, especially in Europe, can no longer be ignored. The Community Directive and Regulation are the response to this need. This commentary provides the texts of essential legislation and offers an analysis of the Directive and Regulation in their historical context. Coverage includes issues such as: grounds for refusal entitlement registration procedures jurisdiction and procedure in legal actions the impact of the Community trademark on applicants from non-member countries The transformation of the Council Directive and the Commission Regulations into national laws in many Member States of the European Union (EU) enhances the value of European Community Trade Mark in the interpretation and analysis of national European trademark laws. Written by leading European experts in the field, this commentary provides an invaluable tool for practitioners, scholars, and marketing managers in interpreting the Community provisions in this specialized, critical area. It is unique in its coupling of a strong theoretical background with the experience of contributors from diverse legal and practical cultures.
Trade Mark Law and Sharing Names by Ilanah Simon Fhima Pdf
There are a number of points throughout the trade mark system where multiple undertakings share the same name, either unwillingly, or by consent. In this timely book, expert contributors address this controversial issue and identify the various points at which names are shared. This unique book uses both historical and interdisciplinary perspectives, as well as more traditional legal methodology, to examine the practical and theoretical implications of such name sharing for the parties involved. It analyses what can be learned from the sharing process about the nature of the trade mark system and the interests which it protects. General themes relating to the nature and purpose of trade mark law are also discussed. The contributors focus on UK and European law and their detailed treatment of specific trade mark topics will prove invaluable to postgraduate law students and academics specialising in intellectual property. Legal practitioners will appreciate the up-to-date consideration of concepts important in both contentious and non-contentious trade mark practice and in-house counsel for brand owners will benefit from the expert guidance offered on issues relevant to protecting their trade marks.
EU Trade Mark Law and Product Protection by Lavinia Brancusi Pdf
This book employs scholarly analysis to ground practical tools for applying the EU Trade Mark law (EUTM) functionality refusal grounds to address business needs when registering trade marks consisting of product characteristics. The study comprehensively examines the absolute grounds for a refusal of registration of functional signs under EUTM. It interprets the functionality refusal grounds through objective tests, focusing on the pro-competition rationale of denying trade mark exclusivity on product features that are technically or aesthetically important for competitors’ ability to trade in alternative products. The work takes a comparative approach looking at the US trade dress functionality doctrine, and a law and economics perspective on the role of trade marks and brands in the marketplace. It explores how competition rules related to market definition and the substitutability of products, as well as marketing and design findings related to branding and aesthetics, could be integrated into the legal assessment of EUTM functionality. The volume will be of interest to academics and researchers working in the areas of Intellectual Property Law, Trade Mark and Design Law, EU Law, Comparative Law, and Branding.
Trade Mark Law in Europe by Ulrich Hildebrandt Pdf
About the Author --Notes to the user --Preface --List of Abbreviations --Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (Recast) --General Provisions --Substantive Law on Trade Marks --Procedures --Administrative Cooperation --Appendices.
Trade Mark Law in Europe by Alexander von Mühlendahl,Dimitris Botis,Spyros M. Maniatis,Imogen Wiseman Pdf
In light of the ever-growing and developing jurisprudence of the Court of Justice and the General Court, and forthcoming substantive and systemic changes to the law, there is a need for a fresh and practical approach to the procedure and case law of trade marks in Europe. Trade Marks in Europe is a comprehensive guide to European trade mark law following the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the case law of the General Court. It provides a wide-ranging overview of the trade mark system, including detailed and critical discussion of forthcoming changes, as well as an in-depth look at the life of a trade mark up to enforcement. It considers the conditions for maintaining a registration, the protection and enforcement of trade marks, and the interface between trade mark law and other areas of practice. Finally, it offers detailed and insightful analysis of current developments, challenges, and opportunities. This is complemented by an international and comparative approach which selectively considers the contemporary jurisprudence of the Supreme Court of the United States and general US practice, as well as national jurisprudence in areas not yet covered by the CJEU. Written by highly-regarded authors with considerable expertise across a range of constituencies, Trade Marks in Europe is a timely and important study of this complex and challenging area of law.