Computing And The National Science Foundation 1950 2016

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Computing and the National Science Foundation, 1950-2016

Peter A. Freeman,W. Richards Adrion,William Aspray
Computing and the National Science Foundation 1950 2016 Book PDF

Author : Peter A. Freeman,W. Richards Adrion,William Aspray
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 431 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2019-11-21
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450372749

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Computing and the National Science Foundation, 1950-2016 by Peter A. Freeman,W. Richards Adrion,William Aspray Pdf

This organizational history relates the role of the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the development of modern computing. Drawing upon new and existing oral histories, extensive use of NSF documents, and the experience of two of the authors as senior managers, this book describes how NSF’s programmatic activities originated and evolved to become the primary source of funding for fundamental research in computing and information technologies. The book traces how NSF's support has provided facilities and education for computing usage by all scientific disciplines, aided in institution and professional community building, supported fundamental research in computer science and allied disciplines, and led the efforts to broaden participation in computing by all segments of society. Today, the research and infrastructure facilitated by NSF computing programs are significant economic drivers of American society and industry. For example, NSF supported work that led to the first widely-used web browser, Netscape; sponsored the creation of algorithms at the core of the Google search engine; facilitated the growth of the public Internet; and funded research on the scientific basis for countless other applications and technologies. NSF has advanced the development of human capital and ideas for future advances in computing and its applications. This account is the first comprehensive coverage of NSF's role in the extraordinary growth and expansion of modern computing and its use. It will appeal to historians of computing, policy makers and leaders in government and academia, and individuals interested in the history and development of computing and the NSF.

Birth of Modern Facts

James W Cortada
Birth of Modern Facts Book PDF

Author : James W Cortada
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 462 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2023-01-15
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9781538173916

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Birth of Modern Facts by James W Cortada Pdf

James W. Cortada is Senior Research Fellow at the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Minnesota Twin Cities. He formerly worked at IBM Corporation in a variety of sales, consulting, research, management, and executive positions. His research and writing have focused on the business history of information technology and in the role of information in modern societies. He is the author or editor of more than three dozen books and serves on the editorial board of key journals devoted to the history of information and its technologies. Most recently he co-authored with William Aspray, Fake News Nation: The Long History of Lies and Misinterpretations in America (R&L, 2019) and From Urban Legends to Political Fact-Checking (Springer, 2019); and authored Building Blocks of Society: History, Information Ecosystems, and Infrastructures (R&L, 2021).

Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing

Herbert Bruderer
Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing Book PDF

Author : Herbert Bruderer
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 2072 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2021-01-04
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9783030409746

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Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing by Herbert Bruderer Pdf

This Third Edition is the first English-language edition of the award-winning Meilensteine der Rechentechnik; illustrated in full color throughout in two volumes. The Third Edition is devoted to both analog and digital computing devices, as well as the world's most magnificient historical automatons and select scientific instruments (employed in astronomy, surveying, time measurement, etc.). It also features detailed instructions for analog and digital mechanical calculating machines and instruments, and is the only such historical book with comprehensive technical glossaries of terms not found in print or in online dictionaries. The book also includes a very extensive bibliography based on the literature of numerous countries around the world. Meticulously researched, the author conducted a worldwide survey of science, technology and art museums with their main holdings of analog and digital calculating and computing machines and devices, historical automatons and selected scientific instruments in order to describe a broad range of masterful technical achievements. Also covering the history of mathematics and computer science, this work documents the cultural heritage of technology as well.

Computer

Martin Campbell-Kelly,William F. Aspray,Jeffrey R. Yost,Honghong Tinn,Gerardo Con Díaz
Computer Book PDF

Author : Martin Campbell-Kelly,William F. Aspray,Jeffrey R. Yost,Honghong Tinn,Gerardo Con Díaz
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 375 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2023-06-19
Category : History
ISBN : 9781000878752

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Computer by Martin Campbell-Kelly,William F. Aspray,Jeffrey R. Yost,Honghong Tinn,Gerardo Con Díaz Pdf

This volume provides a history of the computer which now comes properly up to the ubiquitous age, with new chapters that look at globalization, platformitization and regulation, allowing readers to engage with the more recent takeover by computers in their historical perspective. With the growing ubiquity of computers, the subject is one of interest to many students and this will feature in history of science and technology courses, and world history courses as well as ones specifically on computing. Books on the history of computing tend to be quite technically or business focused, this covers the social and cultural history as well.

Prophets of Computing

Dick van Lente
Prophets of Computing Book PDF

Author : Dick van Lente
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 556 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2022-12-14
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450398183

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Prophets of Computing by Dick van Lente Pdf

When electronic digital computers first appeared after World War II, they appeared as a revolutionary force. Business management, the world of work, administrative life, the nation state, and soon enough everyday life were expected to change dramatically with these machines’ use. Ever since, diverse prophecies of computing have continually emerged, through to the present day. As computing spread beyond the US and UK, such prophecies emerged from strikingly different economic, political, and cultural conditions. This volume explores how these expectations differed, assesses unexpected commonalities, and suggests ways to understand the divergences and convergences. This book examines thirteen countries, based on source material in ten different languages—the effort of an international team of scholars. In addition to analyses of debates, political changes, and popular speculations, we also show a wide range of pictorial representations of "the future with computers."

A New History of Modern Computing

Thomas Haigh,Paul E. Ceruzzi
A New History of Modern Computing Book PDF

Author : Thomas Haigh,Paul E. Ceruzzi
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 545 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2021-09-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780262366472

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A New History of Modern Computing by Thomas Haigh,Paul E. Ceruzzi Pdf

How the computer became universal. Over the past fifty years, the computer has been transformed from a hulking scientific supertool and data processing workhorse, remote from the experiences of ordinary people, to a diverse family of devices that billions rely on to play games, shop, stream music and movies, communicate, and count their steps. In A New History of Modern Computing, Thomas Haigh and Paul Ceruzzi trace these changes. A comprehensive reimagining of Ceruzzi's A History of Modern Computing, this new volume uses each chapter to recount one such transformation, describing how a particular community of users and producers remade the computer into something new. Haigh and Ceruzzi ground their accounts of these computing revolutions in the longer and deeper history of computing technology. They begin with the story of the 1945 ENIAC computer, which introduced the vocabulary of "programs" and "programming," and proceed through email, pocket calculators, personal computers, the World Wide Web, videogames, smart phones, and our current world of computers everywhere--in phones, cars, appliances, watches, and more. Finally, they consider the Tesla Model S as an object that simultaneously embodies many strands of computing.

The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents

Birgit Lugrin,Catherine Pelachaud,David Traum
The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents Book PDF

Author : Birgit Lugrin,Catherine Pelachaud,David Traum
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 712 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2022-10-19
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450398978

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The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents by Birgit Lugrin,Catherine Pelachaud,David Traum Pdf

The Handbook on Socially Interactive Agents provides a comprehensive overview of the research fields of Embodied Conversational Agents;Intelligent Virtual Agents;and Social Robotics. Socially Interactive Agents (SIAs);whether virtually or physically embodied;are autonomous agents that are able to perceive an environment including people or other agents;reason;decide how to interact;and express attitudes such as emotions;engagement;or empathy. They are capable of interacting with people and one another in a socially intelligent manner using multimodal communicative behaviors;with the goal to support humans in various domains. Written by international experts in their respective fields;the book summarizes research in the many important research communities pertinent for SIAs;while discussing current challenges and future directions. The handbook provides easy access to modeling and studying SIAs for researchers and students;and aims at further bridging the gap between the research communities involved. In two volumes;the book clearly structures the vast body of research. The first volume starts by introducing what is involved in SIAs research;in particular research methodologies and ethical implications of developing SIAs. It further examines research on appearance and behavior;focusing on multimodality. Finally;social cognition for SIAs is investigated using different theoretical models and phenomena such as theory of mind or pro-sociality. The second volume starts with perspectives on interaction;examined from different angles such as interaction in social space;group interaction;or long-term interaction. It also includes an extensive overview summarizing research and systems of human–agent platforms and of some of the major application areas of SIAs such as education;aging support;autism;and games.

Event Mining for Explanatory Modeling

Laleh Jalali,Ramesh Jain
Event Mining for Explanatory Modeling Book PDF

Author : Laleh Jalali,Ramesh Jain
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 162 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2021-05-21
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450384858

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Event Mining for Explanatory Modeling by Laleh Jalali,Ramesh Jain Pdf

This book introduces the concept of Event Mining for building explanatory models from analyses of correlated data. Such a model may be used as the basis for predictions and corrective actions. The idea is to create, via an iterative process, a model that explains causal relationships in the form of structural and temporal patterns in the data. The first phase is the data-driven process of hypothesis formation, requiring the analysis of large amounts of data to find strong candidate hypotheses. The second phase is hypothesis testing, wherein a domain expert’s knowledge and judgment is used to test and modify the candidate hypotheses. The book is intended as a primer on Event Mining for data-enthusiasts and information professionals interested in employing these event-based data analysis techniques in diverse applications. The reader is introduced to frameworks for temporal knowledge representation and reasoning, as well as temporal data mining and pattern discovery. Also discussed are the design principles of event mining systems. The approach is reified by the presentation of an event mining system called EventMiner, a computational framework for building explanatory models. The book contains case studies of using EventMiner in asthma risk management and an architecture for the objective self. The text can be used by researchers interested in harnessing the value of heterogeneous big data for designing explanatory event-based models in diverse application areas such as healthcare, biological data analytics, predictive maintenance of systems, computer networks, and business intelligence.

Software

Kim W. Tracy
Software Book PDF

Author : Kim W. Tracy
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 358 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2021-09-20
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450387279

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Software by Kim W. Tracy Pdf

Software history has a deep impact on current software designers, computer scientists, and technologists. System constraints imposed in the past and the designs that responded to them are often unknown or poorly understood by students and practitioners, yet modern software systems often include “old” software and “historical” programming techniques. This work looks at software history through specific software areas to develop student-consumable practices, design principles, lessons learned, and trends useful in current and future software design. It also exposes key areas that are widely used in modern software, yet infrequently taught in computing programs. Written as a textbook, this book uses specific cases from the past and present to explore the impact of software trends and techniques. Building on concepts from the history of science and technology, software history examines such areas as fundamentals, operating systems, programming languages, programming environments, networking, and databases. These topics are covered from their earliest beginnings to their modern variants. There are focused case studies on UNIX, APL, SAGE, GNU Emacs, Autoflow, internet protocols, System R, and others. Extensive problems and suggested projects enable readers to deeply delve into the history of software in areas that interest them most.

Effective Theories in Programming Practice

Jayadev Misra
Effective Theories in Programming Practice Book PDF

Author : Jayadev Misra
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 562 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2022-12-27
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450399746

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Effective Theories in Programming Practice by Jayadev Misra Pdf

Set theory, logic, discrete mathematics, and fundamental algorithms (along with their correctness and complexity analysis) will always remain useful for computing professionals and need to be understood by students who want to succeed. This textbook explains a number of those fundamental algorithms to programming students in a concise, yet precise, manner. The book includes the background material needed to understand the explanations and to develop such explanations for other algorithms. The author demonstrates that clarity and simplicity are achieved not by avoiding formalism, but by using it properly. The book is self-contained, assuming only a background in high school mathematics and elementary program writing skills. It does not assume familiarity with any specific programming language. Starting with basic concepts of sets, functions, relations, logic, and proof techniques including induction, the necessary mathematical framework for reasoning about the correctness, termination and efficiency of programs is introduced with examples at each stage. The book contains the systematic development, from appropriate theories, of a variety of fundamental algorithms related to search, sorting, matching, graph-related problems, recursive programming methodology and dynamic programming techniques, culminating in parallel recursive structures.

Code Nation

Michael J. Halvorson
Code Nation Book PDF

Author : Michael J. Halvorson
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 404 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2020-04-22
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450377553

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Code Nation by Michael J. Halvorson Pdf

Code Nation explores the rise of software development as a social, cultural, and technical phenomenon in American history. The movement germinated in government and university labs during the 1950s, gained momentum through corporate and counterculture experiments in the 1960s and 1970s, and became a broad-based computer literacy movement in the 1980s. As personal computing came to the fore, learning to program was transformed by a groundswell of popular enthusiasm, exciting new platforms, and an array of commercial practices that have been further amplified by distributed computing and the Internet. The resulting society can be depicted as a “Code Nation”—a globally-connected world that is saturated with computer technology and enchanted by software and its creation. Code Nation is a new history of personal computing that emphasizes the technical and business challenges that software developers faced when building applications for CP/M, MS-DOS, UNIX, Microsoft Windows, the Apple Macintosh, and other emerging platforms. It is a popular history of computing that explores the experiences of novice computer users, tinkerers, hackers, and power users, as well as the ideals and aspirations of leading computer scientists, engineers, educators, and entrepreneurs. Computer book and magazine publishers also played important, if overlooked, roles in the diffusion of new technical skills, and this book highlights their creative work and influence. Code Nation offers a “behind-the-scenes” look at application and operating-system programming practices, the diversity of historic computer languages, the rise of user communities, early attempts to market PC software, and the origins of “enterprise” computing systems. Code samples and over 80 historic photographs support the text. The book concludes with an assessment of contemporary efforts to teach computational thinking to young people.

Probabilistic and Causal Inference

Hector Geffner,Rina Dechter,Joseph Halpern
Probabilistic and Causal Inference Book PDF

Author : Hector Geffner,Rina Dechter,Joseph Halpern
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 946 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2022-03-10
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450395892

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Probabilistic and Causal Inference by Hector Geffner,Rina Dechter,Joseph Halpern Pdf

Professor Judea Pearl won the 2011 Turing Award “for fundamental contributions to artificial intelligence through the development of a calculus for probabilistic and causal reasoning.” This book contains the original articles that led to the award, as well as other seminal works, divided into four parts: heuristic search, probabilistic reasoning, causality, first period (1988–2001), and causality, recent period (2002–2020). Each of these parts starts with an introduction written by Judea Pearl. The volume also contains original, contributed articles by leading researchers that analyze, extend, or assess the influence of Pearl’s work in different fields: from AI, Machine Learning, and Statistics to Cognitive Science, Philosophy, and the Social Sciences. The first part of the volume includes a biography, a transcript of his Turing Award Lecture, two interviews, and a selected bibliography annotated by him.

Edsger Wybe Dijkstra

Krzysztof R. Apt,Tony Hoare
Edsger Wybe Dijkstra Book PDF

Author : Krzysztof R. Apt,Tony Hoare
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 576 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2022-07-14
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450397742

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Edsger Wybe Dijkstra by Krzysztof R. Apt,Tony Hoare Pdf

Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (1930–2002) was one of the most influential researchers in the history of computer science, making fundamental contributions to both the theory and practice of computing. Early in his career, he proposed the single-source shortest path algorithm, now commonly referred to as Dijkstra’s algorithm. He wrote (with Jaap Zonneveld) the first ALGOL 60 compiler, and designed and implemented with his colleagues the influential THE operating system. Dijkstra invented the field of concurrent algorithms, with concepts such as mutual exclusion, deadlock detection, and synchronization. A prolific writer and forceful proponent of the concept of structured programming, he convincingly argued against the use of the Go To statement. In 1972 he was awarded the ACM Turing Award for “fundamental contributions to programming as a high, intellectual challenge; for eloquent insistence and practical demonstration that programs should be composed correctly, not just debugged into correctness; for illuminating perception of problems at the foundations of program design.” Subsequently he invented the concept of self-stabilization relevant to fault-tolerant computing. He also devised an elegant language for nondeterministic programming and its weakest precondition semantics, featured in his influential 1976 book A Discipline of Programming in which he advocated the development of programs in concert with their correctness proofs. In the later stages of his life, he devoted much attention to the development and presentation of mathematical proofs, providing further support to his long-held view that the programming process should be viewed as a mathematical activity. In this unique new book, 31 computer scientists, including five recipients of the Turing Award, present and discuss Dijkstra’s numerous contributions to computing science and assess their impact. Several authors knew Dijkstra as a friend, teacher, lecturer, or colleague. Their biographical essays and tributes provide a fascinating multi-author picture of Dijkstra, from the early days of his career up to the end of his life.

Logic, Automata, and Computational Complexity

Bruce M. Kapron
Logic Automata and Computational Complexity Book PDF

Author : Bruce M. Kapron
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 424 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2023-05-22
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9798400707803

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Logic, Automata, and Computational Complexity by Bruce M. Kapron Pdf

Professor Stephen A. Cook is a pioneer of the theory of computational complexity. His work on NP-completeness and the P vs. NP problem remains a central focus of this field. Cook won the 1982 Turing Award for “his advancement of our understanding of the complexity of computation in a significant and profound way.” This volume includes a selection of seminal papers embodying the work that led to this award, exemplifying Cook’s synthesis of ideas and techniques from logic and the theory of computation including NP-completeness, proof complexity, bounded arithmetic, and parallel and space-bounded computation. These papers are accompanied by contributed articles by leading researchers in these areas, which convey to a general reader the importance of Cook’s ideas and their enduring impact on the research community. The book also contains biographical material, Cook’s Turing Award lecture, and an interview. Together these provide a portrait of Cook as a recognized leader and innovator in mathematics and computer science, as well as a gentle mentor and colleague.

Democratizing Cryptography

Rebecca Slayton
Democratizing Cryptography Book PDF

Author : Rebecca Slayton
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool
Page : 558 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2022-08-25
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9781450398282

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Democratizing Cryptography by Rebecca Slayton Pdf

In the mid-1970s, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invented public key cryptography, an innovation that ultimately changed the world. Today public key cryptography provides the primary basis for secure communication over the internet, enabling online work, socializing, shopping, government services, and much more. While other books have documented the development of public key cryptography, this is the first to provide a comprehensive insiders’ perspective on the full impacts of public key cryptography, including six original chapters by nine distinguished scholars. The book begins with an original joint biography of the lives and careers of Diffie and Hellman, highlighting parallels and intersections, and contextualizing their work. Subsequent chapters show how public key cryptography helped establish an open cryptography community and made lasting impacts on computer and network security, theoretical computer science, mathematics, public policy, and society. The volume includes particularly influential articles by Diffie and Hellman, as well as newly transcribed interviews and Turing Award Lectures by both Diffie and Hellman. The contributed chapters provide new insights that are accessible to a wide range of readers, from computer science students and computer security professionals, to historians of technology and members of the general public. The chapters can be readily integrated into undergraduate and graduate courses on a range of topics, including computer security, theoretical computer science and mathematics, the history of computing, and science and technology policy.