Control Of Cardiac Output

Author : David Young
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 110 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2010-01-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615040223

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Control of Cardiac Output by David Young Pdf

Although cardiac output is measured as the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, the system that controls cardiac output includes many other components besides the heart itself. The heart’s rate of output cannot exceed the rate of venous return to it, and therefore, the factors governing venous return are primarily responsible for control of output from the heart. Venous return is affected by its pressure gradient and resistance to flow throughout the vascular system. The pressure gradient for venous return is a function of several factors including the blood volume flowing through the system, the unstressed vascular volume of the circulatory system, its capacitance, mean systemic pressure, and right atrial pressure. Resistance to venous return is the sum of total vascular resistance from the aortic valve to the right atrium. The sympathetic nervous system and vasoactive circulating hormones affect short-term resistance, whereas local tissue blood flow autoregulatory mechanisms are the dominant determinants of long-term resistance to venous return. The strength of contraction of the heart responds to changes in atrial pressure driven by changes in venous return, with small changes in atrial pressure eliciting large changes in strength of contraction, as described by the Frank–Starling mechanism. In addition, the autonomic nervous system input to the heart alters myocardial pumping ability in response to cardiovascular challenges. The function of the cardiovascular system is strongly affected by the operation of the renal sodium excretion–body fluid volume–arterial pressure negative feedback system that maintains arterial blood pressure at a controlled value over long periods. The intent of this volume is to integrate the basic knowledge of these cardiovascular system components into an understanding of cardiac output regulation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Venous Return / Cardiac Function / Integrated Analysis of Cardiac Output Control / Analysis of Cardiac Output Regulation by Computer Simulation / Analysis of Cardiac Output Control in Response to Challenges / Conclusion / References / Author Biography

Author : R. John Solaro
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 46 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2011-04-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615041756

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Regulation of Cardiac Contractility by R. John Solaro Pdf

Contractility describes the relative ability of the heart to eject a stroke volume (SV) at a given prevailing afterload (arterial pressure) and preload (end-diastolic volume; EDV). Various measures of contractility are related to the fraction as the SV/EDV or the ejection fraction, and the dynamics of ejection as determined from maximum pressure rise in the ventricles or arteries or from aortic flow velocities determined by echocardiography. At the cellular level, the ultimate determinant of contractility is the relative tension generation and shortening capability of the molecular motors (myosin cross-bridges) of the sarcomeres as determined by the rates and extent of Ca activation, the turnover kinetics of the cross-bridges, and the relative Ca responsiveness of the sarcomeres. Engagement of the regulatory signaling cascades controlling contractility occurs with occupancy and signal transduction by receptors for neurohumors of the autonomic nervous system as well as growth and stress signaling pathways. Contractility is also determined by the prevailing conditions of pH, temperature, and redox state. Short-term control of contractility is fully expressed during exercise. In long-term responses to stresses on the heart, contractility is modified by cellular remodeling and altered signaling that may compensate for a time but which ultimately may fail, leading to disorders.

Author : J R Levick
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2013-10-22
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781483183848

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An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology by J R Levick Pdf

An Introduction to Cardiovascular Physiology is designed primarily for students of medicine and physiology. This introductory text is mostly didactic in teaching style and it attempts to show that knowledge of the circulatory system is derived from experimental observations. This book is organized into 15 chapters. The chapters provide a fuller account of microvascular physiology to reflect the explosion of microvascular research and include a discussion of the fundamental function of the cardiovascular system involving the transfer of nutrients from plasma to the tissue. They also cover major advances in cardiovascular physiology including biochemical events underlying Starling's law of the heart, nonadrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmission, the discovery of new vasoactive substances produced by endothelium and the novel concepts on the organization of the central nervous control of the circulation. This book is intended to medicine and physiology students.

Author : Roland N. Pittman
Publisher : Biota Publishing
Page : 117 pages
File Size : 42,7 Mb
Release : 2016-08-18
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781615047215

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Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation, Second Edition by Roland N. Pittman Pdf

This presentation describes various aspects of the regulation of tissue oxygenation, including the roles of the circulatory system, respiratory system, and blood, the carrier of oxygen within these components of the cardiorespiratory system. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the atmosphere and transports it by diffusion from the air in the alveoli to the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries. The cardiovascular system then moves the oxygenated blood from the heart to the microcirculation of the various organs by convection, where oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the red blood cells and moves to the parenchymal cells of each tissue by diffusion. Oxygen that has diffused into cells is then utilized in the mitochondria to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency of all cells. The mitochondria are able to produce ATP until the oxygen tension or PO2 on the cell surface falls to a critical level of about 4–5 mm Hg. Thus, in order to meet the energetic needs of cells, it is important to maintain a continuous supply of oxygen to the mitochondria at or above the critical PO2 . In order to accomplish this desired outcome, the cardiorespiratory system, including the blood, must be capable of regulation to ensure survival of all tissues under a wide range of circumstances. The purpose of this presentation is to provide basic information about the operation and regulation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as the properties of the blood and parenchymal cells, so that a fundamental understanding of the regulation of tissue oxygenation is achieved.

Author : Michitoshi Inoue,Masatsugu Hori,Shoichi Imai,Robert M. Berne
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2013-11-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9784431683674

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Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow by Michitoshi Inoue,Masatsugu Hori,Shoichi Imai,Robert M. Berne Pdf

Research centering on blood flow in the heart continues to hold an important position, especially since a better understanding of the subject may help reduce the incidence of coronary arterial disease and heart attacks. This book summarizes recent advances in the field; it is the product of fruitful cooperation among international scientists who met in Japan in May, 1990 to discuss the regulation of coronary blood flow.

Author : S. Sideman,Rafael Beyar
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 448 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9789400949928

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Simulation and Imaging of the Cardiac System by S. Sideman,Rafael Beyar Pdf

The ultrasound velocity tomography allows measurement of cardiac geometries for various phases in the cardiac cycle. The present tomograph makes reconstruc tions at intervals of 20 ms. Because of a lack of clear (intramural) landmarks (except the roots of the papillairy muscle), it is difficult to pinpoint spatial trajectories of particular points in the heart. Therefore, a second method was developed of injecting radiopaque markers in the heart and following their motion patterns during the cardiac cycle with help of a biplane X-ray equipment. The data obtained with both methods can be implemented in our finite element model of the heart to compute intramural stresses and strains. The results obtained sofar with the extended Darcy equation to account for the interaction of blood rheology and tissue mechanics look promising. Further testing with more sophisticated subjects than mentioned in Figure 9 is required before it will be implemented in our finite element model of the heart. We conclude that analysis of regional cardiac function, including regional myocardial blood flow, requires still a major research effort but the results obtained sofar justify, to our opinion, a continuation in this direction. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Dr. C. Borst and coworkers for doing the animal experiments and prof. Van Campen and dr. Grootenboer for their participation is some aspects of this work.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 1981
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0080268218

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Cardiovascular Physiology by Anonim Pdf

Author : J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2013-04-25
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 1947172808

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Anatomy and Physiology by J. Gordon Betts,Peter DeSaix,Jody E. Johnson,Oksana Korol,Dean H. Kruse,Brandon Poe,James A. Wise,Mark Womble,Kelly A. Young Pdf

Author : David Jordan,Janice Marshall
Publisher : Ashgate Publishing
Page : 159 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 1995
Category : Medical
ISBN : 1855780240

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Cardiovascular Regulation by David Jordan,Janice Marshall Pdf

The Studies in Physiology series provides a concise introduction to developments in complex areas of physiology for a wide audience. Published on behalf of the Physiology Society, Cardiovascular Regulation provides an up-to-date account of our current understanding of the control of the cardiovascular system that is not covered by existing textbooks. Both students and lecturers of cardiovascular and exercise physiology, medicine, dentistry and biomedical sciences will find this book informative and easy to read. Each chapter has numerous summary boxes. 'Essential reading' suggestions provide additional reading for undergraduates and the suggestions for 'Further reading' cover the subject to postgraduate level.

Author : Achilles J. Pappano,Withrow Gil Wier
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 305 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2012-12-20
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780323088268

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Cardiovascular Physiology E-Book by Achilles J. Pappano,Withrow Gil Wier Pdf

Cardiovascular Physiology gives you a solid understanding of how the cardiovascular system functions in both health and disease. Ideal for your systems-based curriculum, this title in the Mosby Physiology Monograph Series explains how the latest concepts apply to real-life clinical situations. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Get clear, accurate, and up-to-the-minute coverage of the physiology of the cardiovascular system. Master the material easily with objectives at the start of each chapter; self-study questions, summaries, and key words and concepts. Grasp the latest concepts in vascular, molecular, and cellular biology as they apply to cardiovascular function, thanks to molecular commentaries in each chapter. Apply information to clinical situations with the aid of clinical commentaries and highlighted clinical vignettes throughout.

Author : Richard E. Klabunde
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Page : 689 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2020-12-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781975150099

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Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts by Richard E. Klabunde Pdf

Praised for its concise coverage, this highly accessible monograph lays a foundation for understanding the underlying concepts of normal cardiovascular function and offers a welcome alternative to a more mechanistically oriented approach or an encyclopedic physiology text. Clear explanations, ample illustrations and engaging clinical cases and problems provide the perfect guidance for self-directed learning and prepare you to excel in clinical practice.

Author : D. Gareth Beevers,Gregory Y. H. Lip,Eoin T. O'Brien
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 89 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2010-07-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781405171359

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ABC of Hypertension by D. Gareth Beevers,Gregory Y. H. Lip,Eoin T. O'Brien Pdf

Hypertension is a condition which affects millions of peopleworldwide and its treatment greatly reduces the risk of strokes andheart attacks. This fully revised and updated edition of the ABCof Hypertension is an established guide providing all thenon-specialist needs to know about the measurement of bloodpressure and the investigation and management of hypertensivepatients. This new edition provides comprehensively updated andrevised information on how and whom to treat. The ABC of Hypertension will prove invaluable to generalpractitioners who may be screening large numbers of patients forhypertension, as well as nurse practitioners, midwives and otherhealthcare professionals.

Author : Matthew E. Cross,Emma V. E. Plunkett
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 439 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2014-03-06
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781107615885

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Physics, Pharmacology and Physiology for Anaesthetists by Matthew E. Cross,Emma V. E. Plunkett Pdf

A quick reference to basic science for anaesthetists, containing all the key information needed for FRCA exams.

Author : Sheldon Magder,Atul Malhotra,Kathryn A. Hibbert,Charles Corey Hardin
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 952 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2021-09-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030733872

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Cardiopulmonary Monitoring by Sheldon Magder,Atul Malhotra,Kathryn A. Hibbert,Charles Corey Hardin Pdf

This book offers a comprehensive overview of the basic physiology of the cardiac and pulmonary systems, tools for cardiopulmonary monitoring, and related issues in the management of specific conditions. The volume is divided into three main parts. The first part examines the functional basis of normal and abnormal physiology, organized into cardiac and pulmonary units and followed by a “combined” interactive component. The next section discusses cardiopulmonary monitoring tools and variables and is also divided into cardiac (e.g, echocardiography, heart rate, cardiac output), pulmonary (e.g, lung volume, pleural pressure, electrical impedance tomography), and combined tools such as radiology/MRI and tissue perfusion tests. The third section concerns the management and application of specific clinical problems such as pulmonary hypertension, cardiac shunts, cardiogenic shock, and ECMO with an emphasis on the physiological basics. /div Cardiopulmonary Monitoring: Basic Physiology, Tools, and Bedside Management for the Critically Ill is an essential resource for physicians, residents, fellows, medical students, and researchers in cardiology, critical care, emergency medicine, anesthesiology, and radiology.

Author : Michael S. Sagiv
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 254 pages
File Size : 52,9 Mb
Release : 2012-05-08
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781447128885

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Exercise Cardiopulmonary Function in Cardiac Patients by Michael S. Sagiv Pdf

The textbook will describe the relationship between human cardiopulmonary system and exercise in a format that is related to the mode of exercise, health status and aging. It will include data regarding exercise training principles and the adaptations of the cardiopulmonary following: anaerobic, resistance and aerobic training. A more in-depth presentation of the cardiopulmonary system adaptations in pressing environments such as: warm, cold and altitude. Therefore, students will experience a depth and extent of content balanced with unique and effective learning features: It will help students find the way by both the text and subject matter. Knowing cardiopulmonary exercise function in health and disease will allow understand new research and findings relevant to cardiovascular status as assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise indices. It will bring together investigational exercise physiologists, cardiologists and scientists who share a wealth of experience needed to judge the cardiovascular status and function, and the impairments of patients with a variety of cardiac dysfunction. This book will provide a comprehensive, updated presentation of the information of the cardiovascular system as a whole, and its individual components.