Cooperative Threat Reduction

Author : National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,Committee on Strengthening and Expanding the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 180 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2009-08-29
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309131063

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Global Security Engagement by National Academy of Sciences,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,Committee on Strengthening and Expanding the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program Pdf

The government's first Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs were created in 1991 to eliminate the former Soviet Union's nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and prevent their proliferation. The programs have accomplished a great deal: deactivating thousands of nuclear warheads, neutralizing chemical weapons, converting weapons facilities for peaceful use, and redirecting the work of former weapons scientists and engineers, among other efforts. Originally designed to deal with immediate post-Cold War challenges, the programs must be expanded to other regions and fundamentally redesigned as an active tool of foreign policy that can address contemporary threats from groups that are that are agile, networked, and adaptable. As requested by Congress, Global Security Engagement proposes how this goal can best be achieved. To meet the magnitude of new security challenges, particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Global Security Engagement recommends a new, more flexible, and responsive model that will draw on a broader range of partners than current programs have. The White House, working across the Executive Branch and with Congress, must lead this effort.

Author : National Academy of Sciences,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,Cooperative Threat Reduction Program,Committee on Improving Metrics for the Department of Defense
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 119 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2012-02-20
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780309222556

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Improving Metrics for the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program by National Academy of Sciences,Committee on International Security and Arms Control,Cooperative Threat Reduction Program,Committee on Improving Metrics for the Department of Defense Pdf

The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program was created in 1991 as a set of support activities assisting the Former Soviet Union states in securing and eliminating strategic nuclear weapons and the materials used to create them. The Program evolved as needs and opportunities changed: Efforts to address biological and chemical threats were added, as was a program aimed at preventing cross-border smuggling of weapons of mass destruction. CTR has traveled through uncharted territory since its inception, and both the United States and its partners have taken bold steps resulting in progress unimagined in initial years. Over the years, much of the debate about CTR on Capitol Hill has concerned the effective use of funds, when the partners would take full responsibility for the efforts, and how progress, impact, and effectiveness should be measured. Directed by Congress, the Secretary of Defense completed a report describing DoD's metrics for the CTR Program (here called the DoD Metrics Report) in September 2010 and, as required in the same law, contracted with the National Academy of Sciences to review the metrics DoD developed and identify possible additional or alternative metrics, if necessary. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program provides that review and advice. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program identifies shortcomings in the DoD Metrics Report and provides recommendations to enhance DoD's development and use of metrics for the CTR Program. The committee wrote this report with two main audiences in mind: Those who are mostly concerned with the overall assessment and advice, and those readers directly involved in the CTR Program, who need the details of the DoD report assessment and of how to implement the approach that the committee recommends.

Author : Amy F. Woolf
Publisher : Nova Publishers
Page : 60 pages
File Size : 46,6 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : History
ISBN : 1590338766

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The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs by Amy F. Woolf Pdf

Congress established the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CRT) in 1991 so that the United States could assist the former Soviet Republics with the safe and secure transportation, storage and elimination of nuclear weapons. The CRT program seeks to reduce the threat these weapons pose to the United States and to reduce the proliferation risks from nuclear weapons and materials in the former Soviet Union. Congress has authorised and appropriated around USD300-USD400 million each year for CTR. have questioned whether all of the proposed and ongoing projects contribute to US national security. Some have questioned Russia's commitment, both political and financial to some of the projects. This book reviews many of the concerns that have been raised in Congress during debates over CTR. It also provides a summary of the funding for different CTR projects and presents an analysis of CTR and its structure and impact. Contents: Preface; Overview of the CTR Program; Evolving Rationale, Program Implementation, Focus of the CTR Programs, Value of U.S. Assistance under CTR, Scope of the CTR Programs, Russia's Financial Commitment to CTR Programs, Linkage between U.S. Assistance and Russian Policies. Subject Index.

Author : Ian Anthony
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 144 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Deterrence (Strategy)
ISBN : UOM:39015059102262

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Reducing Threats at the Source by Ian Anthony Pdf

Author : John M. Shields,William C. Potter
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 454 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : History
ISBN : 0262691981

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Dismantling the Cold War by John M. Shields,William C. Potter Pdf

The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program has since authorized more than $1.5 billion for a wide array of weapons destruction, demilitarization, nuclear security, and nonproliferation activities in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union.

Author : National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Prevention of Proliferation of Biological Weapons
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 120 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2007-10-10
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780309179515

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The Biological Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense by National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Development, Security, and Cooperation,Office for Central Europe and Eurasia,Committee on Prevention of Proliferation of Biological Weapons Pdf

This Congressionally-mandated report identifies areas for further cooperation with Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union under the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program of the Department of Defense in the specific area of prevention of proliferation of biological weapons. The report reviews relevant U.S. government programs, and particularly the CTR program, and identifies approaches for overcoming obstacles to cooperation and for increasing the long-term impact of the program. It recommends strong support for continuation of the CTR program.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:946629305

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Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR). by Anonim Pdf

Although the end of the Cold War dramatically reduced the danger to the United States posed by the threat of a massive nuclear exchange, instabilities and uncertainties in the new independent states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union have created new challenges and threats. The changing political, social, and economic conditions strain the ability of the NIS to provide for the safe and secure storage, transportation, and dismantlement of nuclear weapons and to eliminate these threatening systems once and for all. By assisting the NIS in these tasks, the CTR program reduces the threats from weapons of mass destruction missile by missile, warhead by warhead, factory by factory, and person by person. CTR is not foreign aid. Former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry calls it "defense by other means." Through CTR we have achieved some tremendous gains, which are noted in this booklet, toward ensuring our security by helping to eliminate weapons that could be aimed at us and by helping to prevent weapons proliferation to hostile countries.

Author : Rachel D. Burke
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Arms control
ISBN : 1634637232

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Cooperative Threat Reduction by Rachel D. Burke Pdf

The United States uses a number of policy tools to address the threat of attack using chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. These include a set of financial and technical programs known, variously, as cooperative threat reduction (CTR) programs, nonproliferation assistance, or, global security engagement. Congress has supported these programs over the years, but has raised a number of questions about their implementation and their future direction. Over the years, the CTR effort shifted from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union to a broader program seeking to keep CBRN weapons away from rogue nations or terrorist groups. It has also grown from a DOD-centered effort to include projects funded by the Department of Defense (DOD), the State Department, the Department of Energy (DOE), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). This book summarizes cooperative activities conducted during the full 20 years of U.S. threat reduction and nonproliferation assistance. It also provides basic information on the Global Security Contingency Fund (GSCF) legislation.

Author : DIANE Publishing Company
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 53 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : Economic conversion
ISBN : 9780788146404

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Cooperative Threat Reduction by DIANE Publishing Company Pdf

Reviews the DoD program to help convert defense industries in the former Soviet Union to commercial enterprises. DoD had undertaken 20 conversion projects, and the Defense Enterprise Fund (DEF) had completed agreements to undertake 4 projects. This report assesses: the effect of defense conversion efforts on the elimination or reduction of military activities and production capabilities in former Soviet weapons of mass destruction enterprises; the status of defense conversion projects and funding; and conformance of the DEFs management practices to its grant agreement and the Fund's operating expenses. Includes update to Sep. Ô97.

Author : M. Krepon
Publisher : Springer
Page : 295 pages
File Size : 41,8 Mb
Release : 2003-01-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781403973580

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Cooperative Threat Reduction, Missile Defense and the Nuclear Future by M. Krepon Pdf

In this book, Michael Krepon analyzes nuclear issues such as missile defenses, space warfare, and treaties, and argues that the United States is on a dangerous course. During the Cold War, Mutual Assured Destruction, or MAD, facilitated strategic arms control. Now that the Cold War has been replaced by asymmetric warfare, treaties based on nuclear overkill and national vulnerability are outdated and must be adapted to a far different world. A new strategic concept of Cooperative Threat Reduction is needed to replace MAD. A balance is needed that combines military might with strengthened treaty regimes.

Author : Amy F. Woolf
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 64 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2010-06
Category : History
ISBN : 9781437921953

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Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance by Amy F. Woolf Pdf

Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar amendment, authorizing U.S. threat reduction assistance to the former Soviet Union, in Nov. 1991, after a failed coup in Moscow and the disintegration of the Soviet Union raised concerns about the safety and security of Soviet nuclear weapons. The annual program has grown from $400 million to over $1 billion/year across 3 agencies. It has also evolved from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union, to a more comprehensive threat reduction and non-proliferation effort, to a broader program seeking to keep nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons from leaking into the hands of rogue nations or terrorists. This report discusses issues related to U.S. non-proliferation and threat reduction assistance. Illus.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 24 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 1998
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:946629305

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Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) by Anonim Pdf

Although the end of the Cold War dramatically reduced the danger to the United States posed by the threat of a massive nuclear exchange, instabilities and uncertainties in the new independent states (NIS) of the former Soviet Union have created new challenges and threats. The changing political, social, and economic conditions strain the ability of the NIS to provide for the safe and secure storage, transportation, and dismantlement of nuclear weapons and to eliminate these threatening systems once and for all. By assisting the NIS in these tasks, the CTR program reduces the threats from weapons of mass destruction missile by missile, warhead by warhead, factory by factory, and person by person. CTR is not foreign aid. Former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry calls it "defense by other means." Through CTR we have achieved some tremendous gains, which are noted in this booklet, toward ensuring our security by helping to eliminate weapons that could be aimed at us and by helping to prevent weapons proliferation to hostile countries.

Author : DIANE Publishing Company
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 35 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 1996-12
Category : History
ISBN : 0788135805

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Weapons Of Mass Destruction by DIANE Publishing Company Pdf

Since 1992, the DoD1s Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program has sought to help the four newly independent states of Belarus, Kazakstan, Russia, and Ukraine control and reduce threats posed by weapons of mass destruction inherited from the former Soviet Union. This report evaluates: the draft 1996 multi-year CTR program plan in terms of its scope, project status and cost estimates, and the progress, estimated costs, and potential impacts of CTR efforts to help control nuclear weapons and materials, eliminate strategic delivery vehicles, and destroy chemical weapons. Charts and tables.

Author : Sharon A. Squassoni,Amy F. Woolf
Publisher : Nova Publishers
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2006
Category : History
ISBN : 1600210805

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Global Threat Reduction by Sharon A. Squassoni,Amy F. Woolf Pdf

Globalizing cooperative threat reduction : a survey of options / Sharon Squassoni -- Nunn-Lugar cooperative threat reduction programs / Amy F. Woolf -- Nuclear threat reduction measures for India and Pakistan / Sharon Squassoni -- Expanding threat reduction and nonproliferation programs / Amy F. Woolf

Author : Anonim
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
Page : 52 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Nuclear arms control
ISBN : 9781428930681

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Cooperative threat reduction DOD has improved its management and internal controls, but challenges remain : report to congressional committees. by Anonim Pdf