Discrete Causal Theory

Author : Benjamin F. Dribus
Publisher : Springer
Page : 558 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2017-04-26
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783319500836

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Discrete Causal Theory by Benjamin F. Dribus Pdf

This book evaluates and suggests potentially critical improvements to causal set theory, one of the best-motivated approaches to the outstanding problems of fundamental physics. Spacetime structure is of central importance to physics beyond general relativity and the standard model. The causal metric hypothesis treats causal relations as the basis of this structure. The book develops the consequences of this hypothesis under the assumption of a fundamental scale, with smooth spacetime geometry viewed as emergent. This approach resembles causal set theory, but differs in important ways; for example, the relative viewpoint, emphasizing relations between pairs of events, and relationships between pairs of histories, is central. The book culminates in a dynamical law for quantum spacetime, derived via generalized path summation.

Author : Henry Mehlberg
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 338 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 1980
Category : Causality (Physics)
ISBN : 9027707219

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Time, Causality, and the Quantum Theory by Henry Mehlberg Pdf

Author : Patrick Suppes
Publisher : North-Holland
Page : 162 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 1970
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : UCSC:32106000013133

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A Probabilistic Theory of Causality by Patrick Suppes Pdf

Author : Daniele Oriti
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 605 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2009-03-05
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780521860451

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Approaches to Quantum Gravity by Daniele Oriti Pdf

Containing contributions from leading researchers in this field, this book provides a complete overview of this field from the frontiers of theoretical physics research for graduate students and researchers. It introduces the most current approaches to this problem, and reviews their main achievements.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 191 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2019-10-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9789004409965

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Free Will, Causality, and Neuroscience by Anonim Pdf

Neuroscientists often consider free will to be an illusion. Contrary to this hypothesis, the contributions to this volume show that recent developments in neuroscience can also support the existence of free will. Firstly, the possibility of intentional consciousness is studied. Secondly, Libet’s experiments are discussed from this new perspective. Thirdly, the relationship between free will, causality and language is analyzed. This approach suggests that language grants the human brain a possibility to articulate a meaningful personal life. Therefore, human beings can escape strict biological determinism. Contributing author Sofia Bonicalzi has received funding from the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 (2014-2020) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 754388 (LMUResearchFellows) and from LMUexcellent, funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Free State of Bavaria under the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal Government and the Länder.

Author : Steven Sloman
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 226 pages
File Size : 47,5 Mb
Release : 2005-07-28
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780198040378

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Causal Models by Steven Sloman Pdf

Human beings are active agents who can think. To understand how thought serves action requires understanding how people conceive of the relation between cause and effect, between action and outcome. In cognitive terms, how do people construct and reason with the causal models we use to represent our world? A revolution is occurring in how statisticians, philosophers, and computer scientists answer this question. Those fields have ushered in new insights about causal models by thinking about how to represent causal structure mathematically, in a framework that uses graphs and probability theory to develop what are called causal Bayesian networks. The framework starts with the idea that the purpose of causal structure is to understand and predict the effects of intervention. How does intervening on one thing affect other things? This is not a question merely about probability (or logic), but about action. The framework offers a new understanding of mind: Thought is about the effects of intervention and cognition is thus intimately tied to actions that take place either in the actual physical world or in imagination, in counterfactual worlds. The book offers a conceptual introduction to the key mathematical ideas, presenting them in a non-technical way, focusing on the intuitions rather than the theorems. It tries to show why the ideas are important to understanding how people explain things and why thinking not only about the world as it is but the world as it could be is so central to human action. The book reviews the role of causality, causal models, and intervention in the basic human cognitive functions: decision making, reasoning, judgment, categorization, inductive inference, language, and learning. In short, the book offers a discussion about how people think, talk, learn, and explain things in causal terms, in terms of action and manipulation.

Author : John Earman,John J. Stachel
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
Page : 482 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 1977-11-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780816657520

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Foundations of Space-Time Theories by John Earman,John J. Stachel Pdf

Foundations of Space-Time Theories was first published in 1977. Minnesota Archive Editions uses digital technology to make long-unavailable books once again accessible, and are published unaltered from the original University of Minnesota Press editions. The essays in this volume are based on the papers given at a conference on the philosophical aspects of the space-time theory held under the auspices of the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science.

Author : Alexander L. George,Andrew Bennett
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 347 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2005-04-15
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780262262897

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Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences by Alexander L. George,Andrew Bennett Pdf

The use of case studies to build and test theories in political science and the other social sciences has increased in recent years. Many scholars have argued that the social sciences rely too heavily on quantitative research and formal models and have attempted to develop and refine rigorous methods for using case studies. This text presents a comprehensive analysis of research methods using case studies and examines the place of case studies in social science methodology. It argues that case studies, statistical methods, and formal models are complementary rather than competitive. The book explains how to design case study research that will produce results useful to policymakers and emphasizes the importance of developing policy-relevant theories. It offers three major contributions to case study methodology: an emphasis on the importance of within-case analysis, a detailed discussion of process tracing, and development of the concept of typological theories. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences will be particularly useful to graduate students and scholars in social science methodology and the philosophy of science, as well as to those designing new research projects, and will contribute greatly to the broader debate about scientific methods.

Author : S. Leela,V. Lakshmikantham
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 208 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2010-01-01
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9789491216251

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THEORY OF CAUSAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS by S. Leela,V. Lakshmikantham Pdf

The problems of modern society are both complex and inter-disciplinary. Despite the - parent diversity of problems, however, often tools developed in one context are adaptable to an entirely different situation. For example, consider the well known Lyapunov’s second method. This interesting and fruitful technique has gained increasing signi?cance and has given decisive impetus for modern development of stability theory of discrete and dynamic system. It is now recognized that the concept of Lyapunov function and theory of diff- ential inequalities can be utilized to investigate qualitative and quantitative properties of a variety of nonlinear problems. Lyapunov function serves as a vehicle to transform a given complicated system into a simpler comparison system. Therefore, it is enough to study the properties of the simpler system to analyze the properties of the complicated system via an appropriate Lyapunov function and the comparison principle. It is in this perspective, the present monograph is dedicated to the investigation of the theory of causal differential equations or differential equations with causal operators, which are nonanticipative or abstract Volterra operators. As we shall see in the ?rst chapter, causal differential equations include a variety of dynamic systems and consequently, the theory developed for CDEs (Causal Differential Equations) in general, covers the theory of several dynamic systems in a single framework.

Author : G. Scharf
Publisher : Springer
Page : 419 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783642577505

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Finite Quantum Electrodynamics by G. Scharf Pdf

In this textbook for graduate students in physics the author carefully analyses the role of causality in Q.E.D. This new approach avoids ultraviolet divergences, so that the detailed calculations of scattering processes and proofs can be carried out in a mathematically rigorous manner. Significant themes such as renormalizability, gauge invariance, unitarity, renormalization group, interacting fields and axial anomalies are discussed. The extension of the methods to non-abelian gauge theories is briefly described. The book differs considerably from its first edition: Chap. 3 on Causal Perturbation Theory was completely rewritten and Chap. 4 on Properties of the S-Matrix and Chap. 5 on Other Electromagnetic Couplings are new.

Author : Nick Huggett,Keizo Matsubara,Christian Wüthrich
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 371 pages
File Size : 43,7 Mb
Release : 2020-05-14
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781108477024

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Beyond Spacetime by Nick Huggett,Keizo Matsubara,Christian Wüthrich Pdf

A collection of essays discussing the philosophy and foundations of quantum gravity. Written by leading philosophers and physicists in the field, chapters cover the important conceptual questions in the search for a quantum theory of gravity, and the current state of understanding among philosophers and physicists.

Author : Colin Elman,Miriam Fendius Elman
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 452 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2001-04-13
Category : History
ISBN : 0262550393

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Bridges and Boundaries by Colin Elman,Miriam Fendius Elman Pdf

Bridges and Boundaries offers a conversation between what might loosely be described as traditionalist diplomatic and military historians, and political scientists who employ qualitative case study methods to examine international relations. The book opens with a series of chapters discussing differences, commonalities, and opportunities for cross-fertilization between the two disciplines.To help focus the dialogue on real events and research, the volume then revisits three empirical topics that have been studied at length by members of both disciplines: British hegemony in the nineteenth century; diplomacy in the interwar period and the causes of World War II; and the origins and course of the Cold War. For each of these subjects, a political scientist, a historian, and a commentator reflect on how disciplinary "guild rules" have shaped the study of international events. The book closes with incisive overviews by Robert Jervis and Paul W. Schroeder. Bridges and Boundaries explores how historians and political scientists can learn from one another and illustrates the possibilities that arise when open-minded scholars from different disciplines sit down to talk.

Author : Michael Waldmann
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 542 pages
File Size : 46,9 Mb
Release : 2017-03-30
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780199399574

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The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning by Michael Waldmann Pdf

Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Although causal reasoning is a component of most of our cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning offers a state-of-the-art review of the growing field, and its contribution to the world of cognitive science. The Handbook begins with an introduction of competing theories of causal learning and reasoning. In the next section, it presents research about basic cognitive functions involved in causal cognition, such as perception, categorization, argumentation, decision-making, and induction. The following section examines research on domains that embody causal relations, including intuitive physics, legal and moral reasoning, psychopathology, language, social cognition, and the roles of space and time. The final section presents research from neighboring fields that study developmental, phylogenetic, and cultural differences in causal cognition. The chapters, each written by renowned researchers in their field, fill in the gaps of many cognitive psychology textbooks, emphasizing the crucial role of causal structures in our everyday lives. This Handbook is an essential read for students and researchers of the cognitive sciences, including cognitive, developmental, social, comparative, and cross-cultural psychology; philosophy; methodology; statistics; artificial intelligence; and machine learning.

Author : Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2017-11-29
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9780262037310

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Elements of Causal Inference by Jonas Peters,Dominik Janzing,Bernhard Scholkopf Pdf

A concise and self-contained introduction to causal inference, increasingly important in data science and machine learning. The mathematization of causality is a relatively recent development, and has become increasingly important in data science and machine learning. This book offers a self-contained and concise introduction to causal models and how to learn them from data. After explaining the need for causal models and discussing some of the principles underlying causal inference, the book teaches readers how to use causal models: how to compute intervention distributions, how to infer causal models from observational and interventional data, and how causal ideas could be exploited for classical machine learning problems. All of these topics are discussed first in terms of two variables and then in the more general multivariate case. The bivariate case turns out to be a particularly hard problem for causal learning because there are no conditional independences as used by classical methods for solving multivariate cases. The authors consider analyzing statistical asymmetries between cause and effect to be highly instructive, and they report on their decade of intensive research into this problem. The book is accessible to readers with a background in machine learning or statistics, and can be used in graduate courses or as a reference for researchers. The text includes code snippets that can be copied and pasted, exercises, and an appendix with a summary of the most important technical concepts.

Author : Andrew Loke
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 398 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2022
Category : Islam
ISBN : 9783030944032

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The Teleological and Kalam Cosmological Arguments Revisited by Andrew Loke Pdf

A prominent issue in many contemporary philosophy of religion debates concerns whether the universe has a Designer. This book moves the discussion ahead in a significant way by devising an original deductive formulation of the Teleological Argument (TA) which demonstrates that the following are the only possible categories of hypotheses concerning fine-tuning and order: (i) chance, (ii) regularity, (iii) combinations of regularity and chance, (iv) uncaused, and (v) design. This book also demonstrates that there are essential features of each category such that, while the alternatives to design are unlikely, the Design Hypothesis is not, and that one can argue for design by exclusion without having to first assign a prior probability for design. By combining the TA with the Kalam Cosmological Argument (KCA) which it defends against various objections, this book responds to the God-of-the-gaps objection by demonstrating that the conclusion of the KCA-TA is not based on gaps which can be filled by further scientific progress, but follows from deduction and exclusion. This is an open access book.