El Narcotraficante

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El Narcotraficante

Author : Mark Cameron Edberg
Publisher : University of Texas Press
Page : 222 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2009-07-21
Category : Music
ISBN : 9780292782181

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El Narcotraficante by Mark Cameron Edberg Pdf

Since the late 1970s, a new folk hero has risen to prominence in the U.S.-Mexico border region and beyond—the narcotrafficker. Celebrated in the narcocorrido, a current form of the traditional border song known as the corrido, narcotraffickers are often portrayed as larger-than-life "social bandits" who rise from poor or marginalized backgrounds to positions of power and wealth by operating outside the law and by living a life of excess, challenging authority (whether U.S. or Mexican), and flouting all risks, including death. This image, rooted in Mexican history, has been transformed and commodified by the music industry and by the drug trafficking industry itself into a potent and highly marketable product that has a broad appeal, particularly among those experiencing poverty and power disparities. At the same time, the transformation from folk hero to marketable product raises serious questions about characterizations of narcocorridos as "narratives of resistance." This multilayered ethnography takes a wide-ranging look at the persona of the narcotrafficker and how it has been shaped by Mexican border culture, socioeconomic and power disparities, and the transnational music industry. Mark Edberg begins by analyzing how the narcocorrido emerged from and relates to the traditional corrido and its folk hero. Then, drawing upon interviews and participant-observation with corrido listening audiences in the border zone, as well as musicians and industry producers of narcocorridos, he elucidates how the persona of the narcotrafficker has been created, commodified, and enacted, and why this character resonates so strongly with people who are excluded from traditional power structures. Finally, he takes a look at the concept of the cultural persona itself and its role as both cultural representation and model for practice.

El Narco

Author : Ioan Grillo
Publisher : A&C Black
Page : 333 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2012-01-16
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9781408824337

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El Narco by Ioan Grillo Pdf

‘War’ is no exaggeration in discussing the bloodshed that has terrorized Mexico in the past decades. As rival cartels battle for control of a billion-dollar drug trade, the body count - 23,000 dead in five years - and sheer horror beggar the imagination of journalistic witnesses. Cartel gunmen have attacked schools and rehabilitation centers, and murdered the entire families of those who defy them. Reformers and law enforcement officials have been gunned down within hours of taking office. Headless corpses are dumped on streets to intimidate rivals, and severed heads are rolled onto dancefloors as messages to would-be opponents. And the war is creeping northward, towards the United States. El Narco is the story of the ultraviolent criminal organizations that have turned huge areas of Mexico into a combat zone. It is a piercing portrait of a drug trade that turns ordinary men into mass murderers, as well as a diagnosis of what drives the cartels and what gives them such power. Veteran Mexico correspondent Ioan Grillo traces the gangs from their origins as smugglers to their present status as criminal empires. The narco cartels are a threat to the Mexican government - and their violence has now reached as far as North Carolina. El Narco is required reading for anyone concerned about one of the most important news stories of the decade.

El Narcotraficante

Author : Mark Cameron Edberg
Publisher : University of Texas Press
Page : 222 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2004-02-01
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 029270206X

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El Narcotraficante by Mark Cameron Edberg Pdf

Since the late 1970s, a new folk hero has risen to prominence in the U.S.-Mexico border region and beyond—the narcotrafficker. Celebrated in the narcocorrido, a current form of the traditional border song known as the corrido, narcotraffickers are often portrayed as larger-than-life "social bandits" who rise from poor or marginalized backgrounds to positions of power and wealth by operating outside the law and by living a life of excess, challenging authority (whether U.S. or Mexican), and flouting all risks, including death. This image, rooted in Mexican history, has been transformed and commodified by the music industry and by the drug trafficking industry itself into a potent and highly marketable product that has a broad appeal, particularly among those experiencing poverty and power disparities. At the same time, the transformation from folk hero to marketable product raises serious questions about characterizations of narcocorridos as "narratives of resistance." This multilayered ethnography takes a wide-ranging look at the persona of the narcotrafficker and how it has been shaped by Mexican border culture, socioeconomic and power disparities, and the transnational music industry. Mark Edberg begins by analyzing how the narcocorrido emerged from and relates to the traditional corrido and its folk hero. Then, drawing upon interviews and participant-observation with corrido listening audiences in the border zone, as well as musicians and industry producers of narcocorridos, he elucidates how the persona of the narcotrafficker has been created, commodified, and enacted, and why this character resonates so strongly with people who are excluded from traditional power structures. Finally, he takes a look at the concept of the cultural persona itself and its role as both cultural representation and model for practice.

Crime Wars and Narco Terrorism in the Americas

Author : Robert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan
Publisher : iUniverse
Page : 544 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2014-07-16
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781491739563

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Crime Wars and Narco Terrorism in the Americas by Robert J. Bunker and John P. Sullivan Pdf

This work marks the 3rd Small Wars Journal—El Centro anthology. Its analyses, crafted by over thirty contributing authors, forms a compilation of the violence and corruption in Mexico plaguing the first year of Enrique Peña Nieto’s presidency. Instances of spillover violence in the United States and the gang and cartel crime wars in other Latin American countries are also chronicled. Spanish language article appendices are additionally incorporated in this important anthology. Dave Dilegge SWJ Editor-in-Chief

1920-2000 ¡el Pastel! Parte Dos

Author : Jos Luis Garc a. Cabrera,José Luis GarcíA Cabrera
Publisher : Palibrio
Page : 382 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2012-08
Category : True Crime
ISBN : 9781463337018

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1920-2000 ¡el Pastel! Parte Dos by Jos Luis Garc a. Cabrera,José Luis GarcíA Cabrera Pdf

Pedro Avilés Pérez, Jaime Herrera Nevarez, Juan N. Guerra, Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, Manuel Salcido Uzeta, Pablo Acosta Villarreal, Juan José Esparragoza Moreno, Gilberto Ontiveros Lucero, Amado Carrillo Fuentes, Joaquín Loera Guzmán, los hermanos Arellano Félix, los hermanos Quintero Payán, Alberto Sicilia Falcón, Héctor Luis Palma Salazar, Rafael Muñoz Talavera, Juan García Ábrego, Casimiro Campos Espinosa, Luis Medrano García, José Alonso Pérez de la Rosa, Óscar Malherbe, Oliverio Chávez Araujo, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, Baldomero Medina Garza, Juan Ramón Matta Ballesteros, Pablo Escobar Gaviria, Carlos Enrique Lehder, Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, Jorge Luis Ochoa Vázquez, Roberto Suárez Gómez, Luis Malpartida, Carlos Langbert, Reynaldo Rodríguez López, los hermanos Rodríguez Orejuela, entre muchos otros, son los principales protagonistas de esta novela político-policiaca. Aunque durante sus respectivos juicios se evitó hablar de sus poderosos e influyentes cómplices, al final salieron a relucir los nombres de los políticos, militares y policías como: Miguel Alemán Valdés, Luis Echeverría Álvarez, Mario Moya Palencia, Manuel Bartlett Díaz, Miguel Nazar Haro, José Antonio Zorilla Pérez, Rafael Chao López, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo, Florentino Ventura Gutiérrez, Miguel Aldana Ibarra, Manuel Ibarra Herrera, Carlos Aguilar Garza, Guillermo González Calderoni, Emilio Martínez Manautou, Tomás Yarrington Ruvalcaba, Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, Antonio Toledo Corro, Enrique Álvarez del Castillo, óscar Flores Sánchez, Javier Coello Trejo, Rodolfo León Aragón, Raúl Salinas de Gortari, Jorge Carpizo, Juan Arévalo Gardoqui, Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo, Arturo Durazo Moreno, Francisco Sahagún Baca, y de muchísimos personajes más. De los expedientes de estas historias, el periodista y escritor José Luis García Cabrera formó la trama de esta su quinta novela: 1920-2000 ¡El Pastel!, un documento apegado a la dura y terrible realidad del tráfico de drogas en México.

The Last Narco

Author : Malcolm Beith
Publisher : Open Road + Grove/Atlantic
Page : 288 pages
File Size : 51,9 Mb
Release : 2010-09-07
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9780802196224

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The Last Narco by Malcolm Beith Pdf

“Malcolm Beith risked life and limb to tell the inside story of Joaquín ‘El Chapo’ Guzmán Loera, Mexico’s notorious drug capo.” —George W. Grayson, author of Mexico: Narco-Violence and a Failed State? The dense hills of Sinaloa, Mexico, were home to the most powerful drug lord since Pablo Escobar: Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman. Guzman was among the world’s ten most wanted men and also appeared on Forbes magazine’s 2009 billionaire list. With his massive wealth, his army of professional killers, and a network of informants that reached into the highest levels of government, catching Guzman was once considered impossible Newly isolated by infighting amongst the cartels, and with Mexican and DEA authorities closing in, El Chapo was vulnerable as never before. Newsweek correspondent Malcolm Beith had spent years reporting on the drug wars and followed the chase with full access to senior officials and exclusive interviews with soldiers and drug traffickers in the region, including members of Guzman’s cartel. The Last Narco combines fearless reporting with the story of El Chapo’s legendary rise from a poor farming family to the “capo” of the world’s largest drug empire. “The Last Narco gracefully captures the heroic struggle of those who dare to stand up to the cartels, and the ways those cartels have tragically corrupted every aspect of Mexican law enforcement.” —Laura Bickford, producer, Traffic

Blurring organizational issues and social phenomena in the age of technology: a multidisciplinary perspective

Author : Nemesio Castillo,Alberto Ochoa,Chlöé Malépart
Publisher : Lulu.com
Page : 439 pages
File Size : 44,5 Mb
Release : 2024-06-13
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9781300703440

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Blurring organizational issues and social phenomena in the age of technology: a multidisciplinary perspective by Nemesio Castillo,Alberto Ochoa,Chlöé Malépart Pdf

Mass Mediated Representations of Crime and Criminality

Author : Julie B. Wiest
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
Page : 221 pages
File Size : 53,8 Mb
Release : 2021-05-28
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781800437609

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Mass Mediated Representations of Crime and Criminality by Julie B. Wiest Pdf

Sponsored by the Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology section of the American Sociological Association (CITAMS), this volume features social science research that examines the practices, patterns and messages related to representations of crime in mass media around the world.

1920-2000 ¡el Pastel! Parte Uno

Author : Jos Luis Garc a. Cabrera,José Luis GarcíA Cabrera
Publisher : Palibrio
Page : 387 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2012-10
Category : True Crime
ISBN : 9781463336936

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1920-2000 ¡el Pastel! Parte Uno by Jos Luis Garc a. Cabrera,José Luis GarcíA Cabrera Pdf

Pedro Avilés Pérez, Jaime Herrera Nevarez, Juan N. Guerra, Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, Rafael Caro Quintero, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, Manuel Salcido Uzeta, Pablo Acosta Villarreal, Juan José Esparragoza Moreno, Gilberto Ontiveros Lucero, Amado Carrillo Fuentes, Joaquín Loera Guzmán, los hermanos Arellano Félix, los hermanos Quintero Payán, Alberto Sicilia Falcón, Héctor Luis Palma Salazar, Rafael Muñoz Talavera, Juan García Ábrego, Casimiro Campos Espinosa, Luis Medrano García, José Alonso Pérez de la Rosa, Óscar Malherbe, Oliverio Chávez Araujo, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, Baldomero Medina Garza, Juan Ramón Matta Ballesteros, Pablo Escobar Gaviria, Carlos Enrique Lehder, Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha, Jorge Luis Ochoa Vázquez, Roberto Suárez Gómez, Luis Malpartida, Carlos Langbert, Reynaldo Rodríguez López, los hermanos Rodríguez Orejuela, entre muchos otros, son los principales protagonistas de esta novela político-policiaca. Aunque durante sus respectivos juicios se evitó hablar de sus poderosos e influyentes cómplices, al final salieron a relucir los nombres de los políticos, militares y policías como: Miguel Alemán Valdés, Luis Echeverría Álvarez, Mario Moya Palencia, Manuel Bartlett Díaz, Miguel Nazar Haro, José Antonio Zorilla Pérez, Rafael Chao López, Rafael Aguilar Guajardo, Florentino Ventura Gutiérrez, Miguel Aldana Ibarra, Manuel Ibarra Herrera, Carlos Aguilar Garza, Guillermo González Calderoni, Emilio Martínez Manautou, Tomás Yarrington Ruvalcaba, Leopoldo Sánchez Celis, Antonio Toledo Corro, Enrique Álvarez del Castillo, óscar Flores Sánchez, Javier Coello Trejo, Rodolfo León Aragón, Raúl Salinas de Gortari, Jorge Carpizo, Juan Arévalo Gardoqui, Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo, Arturo Durazo Moreno, Francisco Sahagún Baca, y de muchísimos personajes más. De los expedientes de estas historias, el periodista y escritor José Luis García Cabrera formó la trama de esta su quinta novela: 1920-2000 ¡El Pastel!, un documento apegado a la dura y terrible realidad del tráfico de drogas en México.

Pablo Escobar

Author : J.D. Rockefeller
Publisher : J.D. Rockefeller
Page : 28 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2016-03-18
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9781530623921

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Pablo Escobar by J.D. Rockefeller Pdf

La vida es lo que usted hace de ella. Nadie puede nunca decir cómo en el mundo un joven chico de clase media e inocente se convirtió en uno de los criminales más buscados y de mala fama en el mundo. A veces, las circunstancias pueden cambiar a un ángel en un demonio y vice versa. Una persona es la única que puede decidir por su propia vida y del futuro que a él le encantaría tener pronto. El dinero es una de las cosas que puede hacer que una persona cambie en alguien que es muy distinto de él. Pablo Escobar es una de esas inocentes personas que se volvió la más destructiva del pasado debido a algunos cambios en su vida que tuvieron una gran influencia en él. ¿Quién dice que solo aquellas celebridades son las personas más influyentes y famosas en la tierra? Pablo Escobar es famoso no porque es una celebridad, sino porque fue uno de los narcotraficantes colombianos más infames y ricos que ha suministrado más del 80% de la cocaína que fue contrabandeada en los Estados Unidos. Pablo Escobar fue ampliamente conocido en el mundo como el "Rey de la Cocaína" y se convirtió en un gran nombre en la industria del mercado negro cuando él se volvió el criminal más rico que ha vivido alguna vez en la historia; con un patrimonio neto estimado de, alrededor de, 30 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses muy atrás, a comienzos de los 90. Aparte de eso, él tenía unos, aproximadamente, 50 mil millones de dólares estadounidenses cuando su dinero, que fue enterrado en varias partes de Colombia está incluido. Este libro dice los comienzos y el ascenso brutal, así como la caída del criminal y Rey de la Cocaína Colombiano más peligroso del mundo, Pablo Escobar, cuyo imperio criminal y dominio de la injusticia retuvo una nación entera de más de 30 millones de rehenes. Su imperio criminal ha traído un reino de completo caos y terror que sólo terminaría con la muerte de Pablo Escobar y esto había pasado después de una persecución de 16 meses por Escobar. En su altura y cima del éxito en los 80, Pablo Escobar era dueño de aviones y flotas de barcos de lujo, y 19 residencias y mansiones diferentes en Medellín, cada una con su propio helipuerto. Hay muchos intentos de capturarlo, pero él simplemente sobornaba a la policía, los jueces y políticos a través de todo el país, y mató a los otros que no cooperaron con él. El gobierno colombiano intentó muchas veces de capturarlo, pero él siempre los evadió. Pero en 1988, alrededor de mil policías nacionales buscaron e hicieron una redada en una de sus lujosas mansiones y, con pura suerte, él fue pillado con sus pantalones abajo, literalmente.

Over 40 Publications Combined: Implications Of Narco-Terrorism And Human Trafficking In Mexico and Central America On United States National Security

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Jeffrey Frank Jones
Page : 3178 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2018-12-11
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Over 40 Publications Combined: Implications Of Narco-Terrorism And Human Trafficking In Mexico and Central America On United States National Security by Anonim Pdf

Over 3,100 total pages ... CONTENTS: The Nexus of Extremism and Trafficking: Scourge of the World or So Much Hype? Crossing Our Red Lines About Partner Engagement in Mexico Two Faces of Attrition: Analysis of a Mismatched Strategy against Mexican and Central American Drug Traffickers Combating Drug Trafficking: Variation in the United States' Military Cooperation with Colombia and Mexico Ungoverned Spaces in Mexico: Autodefensas, Failed States, and the War on Drugs in Michoacan U.S. SOUTHWEST BORDER SECURITY: AN OPERATIONAL APPROACH TWO WARS: OVERSEAS CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS AND THE WAR ON DRUGS WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM THE WAR ON DRUGS? AN ASSESSMENT OF MEXICO’S COUNTERNARCOTICS STRATEGY THE DIVERSIFICATION OF MEXICAN TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS AND ITS EFFECTS ON SPILLOVER VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations: Matching Strategy to Threat THE IMPACTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CITIZEN SECURITY BEHAVIOR IN MEXICO Combating Transnational Organized Crime: Strategies and Metrics for the Threat Beyond Merida: A Cooperative Counternarcotics Strategy for the 21st Century MEXICAN DRUG CARTELS AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS, A NEW ALLIANCE? THE EFFECTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES OF MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS (DTOs) DRUG TRAFFICKING AND POLICE CORRUPTION: A COMPARISON OF COLOMBIA AND MEXICO CRISIS IN MEXICO: ASSESSING THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE AND ITS IMPACT ON US-MEXICAN SECURITY BORDER SECURITY: IS IT ACHIEVABLE ON THE RIO GRANDE? Borders and Borderlands in the Americas PREVENTING BULK CASH AND WEAPONS SMUGGLING INTO MEXICO: ESTABLISHING AN OUTBOUND POLICY ON THE SOUTHWEST BORDER FOR CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTON DRUG TRAFFICKING WITHIN MEXICO: A LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUE OR INSURGENCY? USSOCOM’s Role in Addressing Human Trafficking Southwest Border Violence: Issues in Identifying and Measuring Spillover Violence National Security Threats at the U.S.-Mexico Border Merida Initiative: Proposed U.S. Anticrime and Counterdrug Assistance for Mexico and Central America COCAINE TRAFFICKING THROUGH WEST AFRICA: THE HYBRIDIZED ILLICIT NETWORK AS AN EMERGING TRANSNATIONAL THREAT ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN MEXICO, 1999-2002 Is the Narco-violence in Mexico an Insurgency? THE USE OF TERRORISM BY DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS’ PARAMILITARY GROUPS IN MEXICO An Approach to the 40-Year Drug War EXPLOITING WEAKNESSES: AN APPROACH TO COUNTER CARTEL STRATEGY MEXICO AND THE COCAINE EPIDEMIC: THE NEW COLOMBIA OR A NEW PROBLEM? EXPLAINING VARIATION IN THE APPREHENSION OF MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING CARTEL LEADERS Drug Cartels and Gangs in Mexico and Central America: A View through the Lens of Counterinsurgency The COIN Approach to Mexican Drug Cartels: Square Peg in a Round Hole Counterinsurgency and the Mexican Drug War THE UNTOLD STORY OF MEXICO’S RISE AND EVENTUAL MONOPOLY OF THE METHAMPHETAMINE TRADE Competing with the Cartels: How Mexico's Government Can Reduce Organized Crime's Economic Grip on its People FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN MEXICO: LESSONS FROM COLOMBIA Defeating Mexico's Drug Trafficking Organizations: The Range of Military Operations in Mexico Drug Trafficking as a Lethal Regional Threat in Central America What Explains the Patterns of Diversification in Drug Trafficking Organizations Evaluating the Impact of Drug Trafficking Organizations on the Stability of the Mexican State

Amando a Pablo, Odiando a Escobar

Author : Virginia Vallejo
Publisher : Vintage Espanol
Page : 417 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9780345807052

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Amando a Pablo, Odiando a Escobar by Virginia Vallejo Pdf

The Colombian television journalist describes her relationship with cocaine cartel kingpin Pablo Escobar, how she became his witness of choice for subduing people, and how she was silenced for twenty years before fleeing for America in 2006.

Prostíbulo de la Palabra

Author : Benito Pastoriza Iyodo
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
Page : 173 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2012-05-07
Category : Poetry
ISBN : 9781469127194

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Prostíbulo de la Palabra by Benito Pastoriza Iyodo Pdf

Prostíbulo de la palabra is Benito Pastoriza Iyodo’s fourth collection of poetry. The first edition of the book is accompanied by its English translation: Brothel of the Word. This bilingual volume exposes the reader to a work diverse in themes, structure and format. The book is a collection that encapsulates the people, places, beliefs and actions implicit in the concepts presented in the operative terms “brothel” and “word” in their physical, linguistic and spiritual incarnations. The title engenders curiosity about how the poet will interconnect these two concepts. A brothel is generally associated with prostitution. But knowing that the term “prostitution” can go beyond the world associated with the sexual act, it should be no surprise that the poetic subject moves from the confines of a building (the brothel) to the environs where prostitution manifests itself in the impure and many times masked manipulation of language and mankind within a broader, more global brothel. The dialog between the poems transforms into a conversation among the reader, the poetry and the poet in the physical, linguistic, spiritual and philosophic debates that affect humanity.

Pure Narco

Author : Jesse Fink,Luis Navia
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 592 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2021-11-11
Category : True Crime
ISBN : 9781538155585

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Pure Narco by Jesse Fink,Luis Navia Pdf

For a quarter century, Luis Antonio Navia worked as a high-level cocaine transporter for all of the major Colombian and Mexican drug cartels, including Pablo Escobar’s Medellín Cartel, and flooded the United States and Europe with cocaine before his dramatic arrest in Venezuela in 2000 during the 12-nation Operation Journey. The story of Navia’s rise, fall, takedown, imprisonment, and redemption is expertly researched and told by acclaimed biographer Jesse Fink, who has gathered interviews with Navia, Navia’s family, and a dozen law-enforcement agents in the United States and Great Britain from agencies such as the DEA, ICE and Her Majesty’s Customs and Excise (now Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs). Told in vivid detail, this true crime story will captivate the reader from start to finish.

Español Para la Vida

Author : Zena Moore
Publisher : Nelson Thornes
Page : 174 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2014-11
Category : Foreign Language Study
ISBN : 0174290330

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Español Para la Vida by Zena Moore Pdf

A Complete Spanish course for the Caribbean This popular Spanish course has an up-to-date communicative approach that will help students to learn to use the language in everyday situations. This books has the following important features: " Emphasis is given to all the language skills, including culture " Grammar structures are introduced and recycled in natural real-life situations " Pronunciation practice in included in every chapter " Caribbean Spanish-speaking contexts make learning relevant and practical Book 4 is written for students preparing for the CXC examination in Spanish. It provided opportunities for students to revise and practice their speaking, reading and writing skills in context specifically modelled on the CXC test formats.