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Author : Inter-Institutional Group on the Classification of Hazardous Locations
Publisher : IChemE
Page : 16 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 1989
Category : Science
ISBN : 0852952503
Author : W.O.E. Korver
Publisher : William Andrew
Page : 465 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-02
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780815516958
This book provides comprehensive coverage of electrical system installation within areas where flammable gases and liquids are handled and processed. The accurate hazard evaluation of flammability risks associated with chemical and petrochemical locations is critical in determining the point at which the costs of electrical equipment and installation are balanced with explosion safety requirements. The book offers the most current code requirements along with tables and illustrations as analytic tools. Environmental characteristics are covered in Section 1 along with recommended electrical installation and safety recommendations. Section 2 treats a number of application illustrations in detail. Section 3 presents examples for the application of classifying NEC Class 1 locations.
Author : R.J. Buschart
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 251 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781468466201
This text is about electrical and instrumentation safety for chemical proc esses. It covers a wide area of electrical and electronic phenomena and how they have and can significantly affect the safety of chemical processes. The importance of the subject is well known to anyone involved in the operation of chemical processes. Lightning strikes can explode storage tanks, shut down electrical power systems, and shut down or damage computer and instrument systems. Static electricity can ignite flammable materials and damage sensitive elec tronic process control equipment. Electrical power system failures or inter ruptions can produce unsafe process conditions. Chemical processes use flammable and combustible vapors, gases, or dusts that can be exploded by electrical equipment and wiring. Even low-energy equipment like flashlights can ignite a flammable vapor. Interlock and equipment protection systems can cause safety problems. How important is electrical and process control safety? A survey on "How Safe is Your Plant?", in the April 1988 issue of Chemical Engineer ing magazine, provided some answers. Among the results of this survey of chemical processes, it was found that over 800 respondents believed instru mentation and controls, shutdown systems, equipment interlocks, and other protection systems to be the least safe aspect of chemical industries. The survey also indicated that complying with OSHA and other regula tions, process control software security, inspections, audits, and safety training are important safety issues.
Author : Institution of Chemical Engineers (Great Britain)
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 112 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : UOM:39015061461698
"This booklet raises the awareness of operators to the main hazards of electricity and static electricity. Its message is reinforced using examples of actual accidents to highlight the potential threats and explain the possible causes, enabling operators to spot and rectify potential hazards before incidents occur."--BOOK JACKET.
Author : Peter Schram,Robert Benedetti,Mark Earley
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
Page : 373 pages
File Size : 54,7 Mb
Release : 2009-09-29
Category : House & Home
ISBN : 9780763752491
The Third Edition of this best-selling text continues to familiarize electricians with the intricate details of performing electrical installations in hazardous locations. Intended to serve as a general reference on the classes, groups, and divisions of hazardous locations, the text provides users with a comprehensive introduction to what hazardous locations are and are not, before progressing to more complex topics such as the requirements for equipment protection systems, protection against ignition from static electricity and lightning, and NEC? compliance. Completely updated, Electrical Installations in Hazardous Locations, Third Edition now includes information on the availability of new technology, as well as the latest national and international codes and standards.
Author : Peter J. Schram,Mark W. Earley
Publisher : Jones & Bartlett Learning
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 1997
Category : House & Home
ISBN : 0877654239
Before starting work in hazardous locations, make sure your entire crew is prepared with a basic understanding of fire and explosion safety in these specialized sites. NFPA's guide provides practical advice on key issues such as...Hazardous vx. classified locations, special considerations for grouding and bonding, protection against ignition from static electricity and lightning. Follow the right precautions in every environment, from aircraft hangars to zirconium processing plants! This guide also includes lists of relevant codes and standards, books and technical articles.
Author : R.J. Buschart
Publisher : Springer
Page : 256 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2012-03-16
Category : Science
ISBN : 1468466216
This text is about electrical and instrumentation safety for chemical proc esses. It covers a wide area of electrical and electronic phenomena and how they have and can significantly affect the safety of chemical processes. The importance of the subject is well known to anyone involved in the operation of chemical processes. Lightning strikes can explode storage tanks, shut down electrical power systems, and shut down or damage computer and instrument systems. Static electricity can ignite flammable materials and damage sensitive elec tronic process control equipment. Electrical power system failures or inter ruptions can produce unsafe process conditions. Chemical processes use flammable and combustible vapors, gases, or dusts that can be exploded by electrical equipment and wiring. Even low-energy equipment like flashlights can ignite a flammable vapor. Interlock and equipment protection systems can cause safety problems. How important is electrical and process control safety? A survey on "How Safe is Your Plant?", in the April 1988 issue of Chemical Engineer ing magazine, provided some answers. Among the results of this survey of chemical processes, it was found that over 800 respondents believed instru mentation and controls, shutdown systems, equipment interlocks, and other protection systems to be the least safe aspect of chemical industries. The survey also indicated that complying with OSHA and other regula tions, process control software security, inspections, audits, and safety training are important safety issues.
Author : J. Maxwell Adams
Publisher : IET
Page : 214 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 085296806X
This book explains the various environmental and health hazards due to electricity in its many forms, and sets out methods and practices to reduce risks.
Author : W.O.E. Korver
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 442 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 1995-12-31
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780815516446
The degree of danger in the atmosphere of a hazardous location needs to be determined prior to selecting an acceptable electrical equipment installation. If maximum safety is the predominant factor in determining the type of electrical installations, the cost of electrical equipment will be extremely high. If low cost of electrical installation is the predominant factor, safety to personnel and equipment may be unacceptably low. It is, therefore, necessary to find a point of balance at which the cost and safety requirements are both satisfied and acceptable. In nine out of ten cases, a hazardous location is classified much too conservatively. The reason for this conservative approach is a lack of knowledge and a misunderstanding of the actual concept of safety and danger. This book provides an in-depth understanding of the factors that influence the classification of a hazardous location. One factor, in combination with one or more other factors, will have an impact on the level of danger and its hazardous boundaries. These factors and their influences are explained in detail, and once their impact is understood, the classification of a hazardous location becomes a straightforward procedure.
Author : Heinrich Groh
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 544 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2003-12-18
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 0080470157
This book makes Hazardous or Electrical Area Classification simple. In plants processing flammable materials, every effort is made to avoid the escape of such materials and in addition, stringent measures are taken to exclude sources of ignition. A complex array of standards surround this topic which has lead to an overly conservative approach being taken. This type of approach means that much more expensive electrical apparatus than is necessary is installed. To avoid this unnecessary expenditure, Dr Groh clearly explains the relevant standards, so that accurate assessment of the risks associated with hazardous areas is possible. He also identifies possible ignition sources and methods of designing apparatus which do not cause sparks thereby maintaining safety. * Covers must-have information regarding IEC/CENELEC standards in electrical or hazardous area classification * Provides a clear overview of a complex area
Author : Alan McMillan
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
Page : 656 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 1998-05-22
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780080523552
The Health and Safety at Work Act, together with current and impending EU Directives, obliges those responsible for hazardous areas, those who work in such areas and those who supply equipment for use in such areas to demonstrate that they have taken all necessary and reasonable steps to prevent fires and explosions. This book addresses these issues, seeks to explain the ever increasing complexity of standards and codes pertaining to this field and describes their method of application and the application of other procedures to assist those involved. The only book which provides comprehensive cover of this vital area Written by a leading Internationally recognised UK authority in this field
Author : Laurence G. Britton
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 304 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2010-08-27
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780470935392
Written by Laurence Britton, who has over 20 years' experience in the fields of static ignition and process fire and explosion hazards research, this resource addresses an area not extensively covered in process safety standards or literature: understanding and reducing potential hazards associated with static electricity. The book covers the nature of static electricity, characteristics and effective energies of different static resources, techniques for evaluating static electricity hazards, general bonding, grounding, and other techniques used to control static or prevent ignition, gases and liquids, powders and hybrid mixtures.
Author : National Fire Protection Association
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 280 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 1972
Category : Chemical reactions
ISBN : CORNELL:31924003884719
Author : John Bond
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 164 pages
File Size : 52,8 Mb
Release : 2017-01-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781483161259
Sources of Ignition: Flammability Characteristics of Chemicals and Products describes the flammability characteristics of substances and deals with the different sources of ignition. Case histories are presented for review and analysis. The book is comprised of six chapters and seven appendices. The introduction gives a basic description of the anatomy of fire and explosions, including the access to fuel and the interaction of oxygen and fuel. A description of the flammable limits of gases, dusts, mists, and mixtures and the method of estimating these follow. The text also explains the flash point of a substance and the method of calculating it, using citations from Fuji and Hermann. The ignition energy of a chemical, as well as how to estimate it using the method of Calcote et al., is also presented. The book explains that autoignition temperature of gases is dependent on different factors, such as time delay, oxygen concentration, and catalyst effects of materials, but may still be estimated citing Zabetakis, 1965 as reference. The formula is given in more detail. Finally, the energy sources for ignition are enumerated as mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical. The appendices deal with chemicals, self-heating substances, organic peroxides, substances prone to spontaneous combustions, unstable substances, flammability characteristics of dusts, and a checklist of possible sources of ignition. This book is beneficial to fire safety engineers, firemen, fire prevention maintenance administrators, fire hazard officers, and other personnel whose line of work is in fire safety and prevention.
Author : British Standards Institute Staff
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 40 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 1992-01-31
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 0580200183
Electrostatics, Hazards, Industrial, Occupational safety, Electrical safety, Fire risks, Fire safety, Bulk storage, Tanks (containers), Liquids, Road tankers, Tank wagons, Tankers, Barges, Aircraft, Aviation fuels, Flammable atmospheres, Flammable materials, Pipelines, Gas pipelines, Freight transport, Sheet wall coverings, Spraying, Spraying (coating), Sheet materials, Explosives, Detonators, Electrically-operated devices, Clothing, Pneumatic conveyors, Vacuum filtration, Centrifuging, Flakes, Dust collectors, Size reduction, Centrifuges, Filters, Intermediate bulk containers, Earthing, Bulk storage containers, Personnel, Mixing, Separators