Error Reduction And Prevention In Surgical Pathology

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Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology

Raouf E. Nakhleh,Keith E. Volmar
Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology Book PDF

Author : Raouf E. Nakhleh,Keith E. Volmar
Publisher : Springer
Page : 297 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2019-07-09
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030184643

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Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology by Raouf E. Nakhleh,Keith E. Volmar Pdf

The 1st edition of Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology was an opportunity to pull together into one place all the ideas related to errors in surgical pathology and to organize a discipline in error reduction. This 2nd edition is an opportunity to refine this information, to reorganize the book to improve its usability and practicality, and to include topics that were not previously addressed. This book serves as a guide to pathologists to successfully avoid errors and deliver the best diagnosis possible with all relevant information needed to manage patients. The introductory section includes general principles and ideas that are necessary to understand the context of error reduction. In addition to general principles of error reduction and legal and regulatory responsibilities, a chapter on regulatory affairs and payment systems which increasingly may be impacted by error reduction and improvement activities was added. This later chapter is particularly important in view of the implementation of various value-based payment programs, such as the Medicare Merit-Based Incentive Payment System that became law in 2015. The remainder of the book is organized in a similar manor to the 1st edition with chapters devoted to all aspects of the test cycle, including pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic. The 2nd Edition of Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology serves as an essential guide to a successfully managed laboratory and contains all relevant information needed to manage specimens and deliver the best diagnosis.

Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology

Raouf E. Nakhleh,Keith E. Volmar
Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology Book PDF

Author : Raouf E. Nakhleh,Keith E. Volmar
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2019
Category : Pathology, Surgical
ISBN : 303018465X

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Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology by Raouf E. Nakhleh,Keith E. Volmar Pdf

The 1st edition of Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology was an opportunity to pull together into one place all the ideas related to errors in surgical pathology and to organize a discipline in error reduction. This 2nd edition is an opportunity to refine this information, to reorganize the book to improve its usability and practicality, and to include topics that were not previously addressed. This book serves as a guide to pathologists to successfully avoid errors and deliver the best diagnosis possible with all relevant information needed to manage patients. The introductory section includes general principles and ideas that are necessary to understand the context of error reduction. In addition to general principles of error reduction and legal and regulatory responsibilities, a chapter on regulatory affairs and payment systems which increasingly may be impacted by error reduction and improvement activities was added. This later chapter is particularly important in view of the implementation of various value-based payment programs, such as the Medicare Merit-Based Incentive Payment System that became law in 2015. The remainder of the book is organized in a similar manor to the 1st edition with chapters devoted to all aspects of the test cycle, including pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic. The 2nd Edition of Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology serves as an essential guide to a successfully managed laboratory and contains all relevant information needed to manage specimens and deliver the best diagnosis.

Quality Management in Anatomic Pathology

Raouf E. Nakhleh
Quality Management in Anatomic Pathology Book PDF

Author : Raouf E. Nakhleh
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 185 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2005
Category : Autopsy
ISBN : 0930304861

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Quality Management in Anatomic Pathology by Raouf E. Nakhleh Pdf

Partial Contents: Designing a Quality Improvement Plan; Regulatory Compliance; Strategies for Error Reduction and Prevention in Surgical Pathology; Defining and Handling Errors; Quality Improvement Plan Components and Monitors; Quality Management in Histology, Immunohistochemistry, Cytology, and Autopsy Pathology.

Improving Diagnosis in Health Care

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health Care
Improving Diagnosis in Health Care Book PDF

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health Care
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 473 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2015-12-29
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309377720

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Improving Diagnosis in Health Care by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health Care Pdf

Getting the right diagnosis is a key aspect of health care - it provides an explanation of a patient's health problem and informs subsequent health care decisions. The diagnostic process is a complex, collaborative activity that involves clinical reasoning and information gathering to determine a patient's health problem. According to Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, diagnostic errors-inaccurate or delayed diagnoses-persist throughout all settings of care and continue to harm an unacceptable number of patients. It is likely that most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, sometimes with devastating consequences. Diagnostic errors may cause harm to patients by preventing or delaying appropriate treatment, providing unnecessary or harmful treatment, or resulting in psychological or financial repercussions. The committee concluded that improving the diagnostic process is not only possible, but also represents a moral, professional, and public health imperative. Improving Diagnosis in Health Care, a continuation of the landmark Institute of Medicine reports To Err Is Human (2000) and Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001), finds that diagnosis-and, in particular, the occurrence of diagnostic errorsâ€"has been largely unappreciated in efforts to improve the quality and safety of health care. Without a dedicated focus on improving diagnosis, diagnostic errors will likely worsen as the delivery of health care and the diagnostic process continue to increase in complexity. Just as the diagnostic process is a collaborative activity, improving diagnosis will require collaboration and a widespread commitment to change among health care professionals, health care organizations, patients and their families, researchers, and policy makers. The recommendations of Improving Diagnosis in Health Care contribute to the growing momentum for change in this crucial area of health care quality and safety.

Vignettes in Patient Safety

Stanislaw P. Stawicki,Michael S. Firstenberg
Vignettes in Patient Safety Book PDF

Author : Stanislaw P. Stawicki,Michael S. Firstenberg
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 194 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2018-09-05
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781789236620

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Vignettes in Patient Safety by Stanislaw P. Stawicki,Michael S. Firstenberg Pdf

Over the past decade it has been increasingly recognized that medical errors constitute an important determinant of patient safety, quality of care, and clinical outcomes. Such errors are both directly and indirectly responsible for unnecessary and potentially preventable morbidity and/or mortality across our healthcare institutions. The spectrum of contributing variables or "root causes" - ranging from minor errors that escalate, poor teamwork and/or communication, and lapses in appropriate protocols and processes (just to name a few) - is both extensive and heterogeneous. Moreover, effective solutions are few, and many have only recently been described. As our healthcare systems mature and their focus on patient safety solidifies, a growing body of research and experiences emerges to help provide an organized framework for continuous process improvement. Such a paradigm - based on best practices and evidence-based medical principles- sets the stage for hardwiring "the right things to do" into our institutional patient care matrix. Based on the tremendous interest in the first two volumes of The Vignettes in Patient Safety series, this third volume follows a similar model of case-based learning. Our goal is to share clinically relevant, practical knowledge that approximates experiences that busy practicing clinicians can relate to. Then, by using evidence-based approaches to present contemporary literature and potential contributing factors and solutions to various commonly encountered clinical patient safety scenarios, we hope to give our readers the tools to help prevent similar occurrences in the future. In outlining some of the best practices and structured experiences, and highlighting the scope of the problem, the authors and editors can hopefully lend some insights into how we can make healthcare experiences for our patients safer.

Making Healthcare Safe

Lucian L. Leape
Making Healthcare Safe Book PDF

Author : Lucian L. Leape
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 450 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2021-05-28
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030711238

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Making Healthcare Safe by Lucian L. Leape Pdf

This unique and engaging open access title provides a compelling and ground-breaking account of the patient safety movement in the United States, told from the perspective of one of its most prominent leaders, and arguably the movement’s founder, Lucian L. Leape, MD. Covering the growth of the field from the late 1980s to 2015, Dr. Leape details the developments, actors, organizations, research, and policy-making activities that marked the evolution and major advances of patient safety in this time span. In addition, and perhaps most importantly, this book not only comprehensively details how and why human and systems errors too often occur in the process of providing health care, it also promotes an in-depth understanding of the principles and practices of patient safety, including how they were influenced by today’s modern safety sciences and systems theory and design. Indeed, the book emphasizes how the growing awareness of systems-design thinking and the self-education and commitment to improving patient safety, by not only Dr. Leape but a wide range of other clinicians and health executives from both the private and public sectors, all converged to drive forward the patient safety movement in the US. Making Healthcare Safe is divided into four parts: I. In the Beginning describes the research and theory that defined patient safety and the early initiatives to enhance it. II. Institutional Responses tells the stories of the efforts of the major organizations that began to apply the new concepts and make patient safety a reality. Most of these stories have not been previously told, so this account becomes their histories as well. III. Getting to Work provides in-depth analyses of four key issues that cut across disciplinary lines impacting patient safety which required special attention. IV. Creating a Culture of Safety looks to the future, marshalling the best thinking about what it will take to achieve the safe care we all deserve. Captivatingly written with an “insider’s” tone and a major contribution to the clinical literature, this title will be of immense value to health care professionals, to students in a range of academic disciplines, to medical trainees, to health administrators, to policymakers and even to lay readers with an interest in patient safety and in the critical quest to create safe care.

Talking with Patients and Families about Medical Error

Robert D. Truog,David M. Browning,Judith A. Johnson,Thomas H. Gallagher
Talking with Patients and Families about Medical Error Book PDF

Author : Robert D. Truog,David M. Browning,Judith A. Johnson,Thomas H. Gallagher
Publisher : JHU Press
Page : 198 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2011-01-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781421401027

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Talking with Patients and Families about Medical Error by Robert D. Truog,David M. Browning,Judith A. Johnson,Thomas H. Gallagher Pdf

More than a million patient safety incidents occur every year, and medical error is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Illuminating the experiences of those affected by medical error—patients, their loved ones, and physicians and other medical professionals—Talking with Patients and Families about Medical Error delves deeply into the challenges of communicating honestly and openly about mistakes in medical practice. cc Based on guidelines from the Institute for Professional and Ethical Practice and the authors' own experiences, the practice-based approaches outlined here offer concrete guidance on • initiating discussions • dealing professionally and compassionately with patients' reactions • who should be included in the conversation • what information should be documented in the medical record • how to respond to questions about financial compensation Aimed at promoting resolution and healing, this book stresses the importance of clear, empathetic communication that will improve clinical and organizational responses to medical missteps and mismanagement. It emphasizes five features of the physician-patient relationship deserving of special attention: transparency, respect, accountability, continuity, and kindness (TRACK). Narrative examples of common situations demonstrate how conversations about medical error can lead to healing.

Quality Control in Laboratory

Gaffar Zaman
Quality Control in Laboratory Book PDF

Author : Gaffar Zaman
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
Page : 160 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2018-08-22
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781789234121

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Quality Control in Laboratory by Gaffar Zaman Pdf

The book presents a qualitative and quantitative approach to understand, manage and enforce the integration of statistical concepts into quality control and quality assurance methods. Utilizing a sound theoretical and practical foundation and illustrating procedural techniques through scientific examples, this book bridges the gap between statistical quality control, quality assurance and quality management. Detailed procedures have been omitted because of the variety of equipment and commercial kits used in today's clinical laboratories. Instrument manuals and kit package inserts are the most reliable reference for detailed instructions on current analytical procedures.

Preventing Medication Errors

Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors
Preventing Medication Errors Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 481 pages
File Size : 45,5 Mb
Release : 2007-01-11
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309101479

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Preventing Medication Errors by Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Committee on Identifying and Preventing Medication Errors Pdf

In 1996 the Institute of Medicine launched the Quality Chasm Series, a series of reports focused on assessing and improving the nation's quality of health care. Preventing Medication Errors is the newest volume in the series. Responding to the key messages in earlier volumes of the seriesâ€"To Err Is Human (2000), Crossing the Quality Chasm (2001), and Patient Safety (2004)â€"this book sets forth an agenda for improving the safety of medication use. It begins by providing an overview of the system for drug development, regulation, distribution, and use. Preventing Medication Errors also examines the peer-reviewed literature on the incidence and the cost of medication errors and the effectiveness of error prevention strategies. Presenting data that will foster the reduction of medication errors, the book provides action agendas detailing the measures needed to improve the safety of medication use in both the short- and long-term. Patients, primary health care providers, health care organizations, purchasers of group health care, legislators, and those affiliated with providing medications and medication- related products and services will benefit from this guide to reducing medication errors.

Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management

Liam Donaldson,Walter Ricciardi,Susan Sheridan,Riccardo Tartaglia
Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management Book PDF

Author : Liam Donaldson,Walter Ricciardi,Susan Sheridan,Riccardo Tartaglia
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 496 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2020-12-14
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9783030594039

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Textbook of Patient Safety and Clinical Risk Management by Liam Donaldson,Walter Ricciardi,Susan Sheridan,Riccardo Tartaglia Pdf

Implementing safety practices in healthcare saves lives and improves the quality of care: it is therefore vital to apply good clinical practices, such as the WHO surgical checklist, to adopt the most appropriate measures for the prevention of assistance-related risks, and to identify the potential ones using tools such as reporting & learning systems. The culture of safety in the care environment and of human factors influencing it should be developed from the beginning of medical studies and in the first years of professional practice, in order to have the maximum impact on clinicians' and nurses' behavior. Medical errors tend to vary with the level of proficiency and experience, and this must be taken into account in adverse events prevention. Human factors assume a decisive importance in resilient organizations, and an understanding of risk control and containment is fundamental for all medical and surgical specialties. This open access book offers recommendations and examples of how to improve patient safety by changing practices, introducing organizational and technological innovations, and creating effective, patient-centered, timely, efficient, and equitable care systems, in order to spread the quality and patient safety culture among the new generation of healthcare professionals, and is intended for residents and young professionals in different clinical specialties.

Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High, Third Edition

Joseph Grenny,Kerry Patterson,Ron McMillan,Al Switzler,Emily Gregory
Crucial Conversations Tools for Talking When Stakes are High Third Edition Book PDF

Author : Joseph Grenny,Kerry Patterson,Ron McMillan,Al Switzler,Emily Gregory
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 42,6 Mb
Release : 2021-10-26
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781260474190

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Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High, Third Edition by Joseph Grenny,Kerry Patterson,Ron McMillan,Al Switzler,Emily Gregory Pdf

Keep your cool and get the results you want when faced with crucial conversations. This New York Times bestseller and business classic has been fully updated for a world where skilled communication is more important than ever. The book that revolutionized business communications has been updated for today’s workplace. Crucial Conversations provides powerful skills to ensure every conversation—especially difficult ones—leads to the results you want. Written in an engaging and witty style, the book teaches readers how to be persuasive rather than abrasive, how to get back to productive dialogue when others blow up or clam up, and it offers powerful skills for mastering high-stakes conversations, regardless of the topic or person. This new edition addresses issues that have arisen in recent years. You’ll learn how to: Respond when someone initiates a crucial conversation with you Identify and address the lag time between identifying a problem and discussing it Communicate more effectively across digital mediums When stakes are high, opinions vary, and emotions run strong, you have three choices: Avoid a crucial conversation and suffer the consequences; handle the conversation poorly and suffer the consequences; or apply the lessons and strategies of Crucial Conversations and improve relationships and results. Whether they take place at work or at home, with your coworkers or your spouse, crucial conversations have a profound impact on your career, your happiness, and your future. With the skills you learn in this book, you'll never have to worry about the outcome of a crucial conversation again.

Perioperative Nursing - EBook-epub

Lois Hamlin,Menna Davies,Marilyn Richardson-Tench,Sally Sutherland-Fraser
Perioperative Nursing EBook epub Book PDF

Author : Lois Hamlin,Menna Davies,Marilyn Richardson-Tench,Sally Sutherland-Fraser
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 54,5 Mb
Release : 2016-03-15
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780729585507

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Perioperative Nursing - EBook-epub by Lois Hamlin,Menna Davies,Marilyn Richardson-Tench,Sally Sutherland-Fraser Pdf

Perioperative Nursing 2e has been written by local leaders in perioperative nursing and continues to deliver a contemporary, practical text for Australian and New Zealand perioperative nurses. Appropriate for nursing students and graduates entering the perioperative environment, Perioperative Nursing, 2e offers a sound foundational knowledge base to underpin a perioperative nursing career. This unique text will also be of value to those undertaking postgraduate perioperative studies, as well as to more experienced perioperative nurses seeking to refresh their knowledge or expand their nursing practice. This essential title examines the roles and responsibilities of nurses working within a perioperative environment, providing an overview of key concepts in perioperative care. The scope of this book addresses anaesthetic, intraoperative and postanaesthetic recovery care, as well as day surgery and evolving perioperative practices and environments. Research boxes where appropriate Feature boxes on special populations, such as paediatric, geriatric and bariatric patients Emphasis is placed on the concept of the patient journey, working within interprofessional teams, communication, teamwork, patient and staff safety, risk management strategies and medico-legal considerations. Now endorsed by ACORN Aligns with the 2016 ACORN and PNC NZNO Standards Reflects the latest national and international standards, including the NSQHS Standards, the new NMBA Standards for Practice for Registered and Enrolled Nurses and the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist Includes two new chapters: The perioperative team and interdisciplinary collaboration and Perioperative patient safety Supporting online resources are available on evolve.

To Err Is Human

Institute of Medicine,Committee on Quality of Health Care in America
To Err Is Human Book PDF

Author : Institute of Medicine,Committee on Quality of Health Care in America
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2000-03-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309068376

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To Err Is Human by Institute of Medicine,Committee on Quality of Health Care in America Pdf

Experts estimate that as many as 98,000 people die in any given year from medical errors that occur in hospitals. That's more than die from motor vehicle accidents, breast cancer, or AIDSâ€"three causes that receive far more public attention. Indeed, more people die annually from medication errors than from workplace injuries. Add the financial cost to the human tragedy, and medical error easily rises to the top ranks of urgent, widespread public problems. To Err Is Human breaks the silence that has surrounded medical errors and their consequenceâ€"but not by pointing fingers at caring health care professionals who make honest mistakes. After all, to err is human. Instead, this book sets forth a national agendaâ€"with state and local implicationsâ€"for reducing medical errors and improving patient safety through the design of a safer health system. This volume reveals the often startling statistics of medical error and the disparity between the incidence of error and public perception of it, given many patients' expectations that the medical profession always performs perfectly. A careful examination is made of how the surrounding forces of legislation, regulation, and market activity influence the quality of care provided by health care organizations and then looks at their handling of medical mistakes. Using a detailed case study, the book reviews the current understanding of why these mistakes happen. A key theme is that legitimate liability concerns discourage reporting of errorsâ€"which begs the question, "How can we learn from our mistakes?" Balancing regulatory versus market-based initiatives and public versus private efforts, the Institute of Medicine presents wide-ranging recommendations for improving patient safety, in the areas of leadership, improved data collection and analysis, and development of effective systems at the level of direct patient care. To Err Is Human asserts that the problem is not bad people in health careâ€"it is that good people are working in bad systems that need to be made safer. Comprehensive and straightforward, this book offers a clear prescription for raising the level of patient safety in American health care. It also explains how patients themselves can influence the quality of care that they receive once they check into the hospital. This book will be vitally important to federal, state, and local health policy makers and regulators, health professional licensing officials, hospital administrators, medical educators and students, health caregivers, health journalists, patient advocatesâ€"as well as patients themselves. First in a series of publications from the Quality of Health Care in America, a project initiated by the Institute of Medicine

Quality and Safety in Nursing

Gwen Sherwood,Jane Barnsteiner
Quality and Safety in Nursing Book PDF

Author : Gwen Sherwood,Jane Barnsteiner
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 434 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2017-04-17
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781119151678

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Quality and Safety in Nursing by Gwen Sherwood,Jane Barnsteiner Pdf

Drawing on the universal values in health care, the second edition of Quality and Safety in Nursing continues to devote itself to the nursing community and explores their role in improving quality of care and patient safety. Edited by key members of the Quality and Safety Education for Nursing (QSEN) steering team, Quality and Safety in Nursing is divided into three sections. Itfirst looks at the national initiative for quality and safety and links it to its origins in the IOM report. The second section defines each of the six QSEN competencies as well as providing teaching and clinical application strategies, resources and current references. The final section now features redesigned chapters on implementing quality and safety across settings. New to this edition includes: Instructional and practice approaches including narrative pedagogy and integrating the competencies in simulation A new chapter exploring the application of clinical learning and the critical nature of inter-professional teamwork A revised chapter on the mirror of education and practice to better understand teaching approaches This ground-breaking unique text addresses the challenges of preparing future nurses with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) necessary to continuously improve the health care system in which they practice.

Manual of Surgical Pathology E-Book

Susan C. Lester
Manual of Surgical Pathology E Book Book PDF

Author : Susan C. Lester
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
Page : 617 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2010-07-23
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781437735765

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Manual of Surgical Pathology E-Book by Susan C. Lester Pdf

Dr. Lester’s Manual of Surgical Pathology, 3rd Edition offers complete, practical guidance on the evaluation of the surgical pathology specimen, from its arrival in the department to preparation of the final report. Inside, you’ll find step-by-step instructions on specimen processing, tissue handling, gross dissection technique, histological examination, application of special stains, development of a differential diagnosis, and more. This thoroughly revised New Edition integrates cutting-edge procedures well as the latest staging and classification information. Coverage of the latest standards and procedures for the laboratory and handling of surgical pathology specimens are valuable assets to pathologists, pathology assistants, and anyone working in a pathology laboratory. • Features more than 150 tables that examine the interpretation of histochemical stains, immunohistochemical studies, electron microscopy findings, cytogenetic changes, and much more. • Presents a user-friendly design, concise paragraphs, numbered lists, and bulleted material throughout the text that makes information easy to find. • Offers detailed instructions on the dissection, description, and sampling of specimens. • Includes useful guidance on operating room consultations, safety, microscope use, and error prevention. • Explains the application of pathology reports to patient management. • Discusses how to avoid frequent errors and pitfalls in pathology specimen processing. • Comes with access to expertconsult.com where you’ll find the fully searchable text and all of the book’s illustrations. • Includes all updates from the last three revisions of the Brigham & Women's Hospital in-house handbook, ensuring you have the best knowledge available. • Features new and updated tables in special studies sections, particularly immunohistochemistry with an increased number of antibodies covered, keeping you absolutely up to date. • Provides new tables that cover the histologic appearance of viruses and fungi and a table covering the optical properties of commonly seen noncellular material for easy reference. • Incorporates the TNM classification systems from the new 7th edition AJCC manual, including additional guidelines for the assessment of critical pathologic features. • Presents four new full size illustrations by Dr. Christopher French and Mr. Shogun G. Curtis, as well as 39 illustrations for the new tables on viruses, fungi, and noncellular material to aid in their recognition.