Experiments Models Paper Tools

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Experiments, Models, Paper Tools

Ursula Klein
Experiments Models Paper Tools Book PDF

Author : Ursula Klein
Publisher : Stanford University Press
Page : 332 pages
File Size : 41,5 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Science
ISBN : 0804743592

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Experiments, Models, Paper Tools by Ursula Klein Pdf

In the early nineteenth century, chemistry emerged in Europe as a truly experimental discipline. What set this process in motion, and how did it evolve? Experimentalization in chemistry was driven by a seemingly innocuous tool: the sign system of chemical formulas invented by the Swedish chemist Jacob Berzelius. By tracing the history of this “paper tool,” the author reveals how chemistry quickly lost its orientation to natural history and became a major productive force in industrial society. These formulas were not merely a convenient shorthand, but productive tools for creating order amid the chaos of early nineteenth-century organic chemistry. With these formulas, chemists could create a multifaceted world on paper, which they then correlated with experiments and the traces produced in test tubes and flasks. The author’s semiotic approach to the formulas allows her to show in detail how their particular semantic and representational qualities made them especially useful as paper tools for productive application.

Tools and Modes of Representation in the Laboratory Sciences

U. Klein
Tools and Modes of Representation in the Laboratory Sciences Book PDF

Author : U. Klein
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 42,8 Mb
Release : 2001-10-31
Category : Computers
ISBN : 1402001002

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Tools and Modes of Representation in the Laboratory Sciences by U. Klein Pdf

Fourteen chapters provide insights into the efforts of 19th- and 20th-century scientists to construct working representations of invisible objects, such as the structural formula of a dye, a three- dimensional model of a protein, or a table conveying relationships between chemical elements. The essays focus on scientists' pragmatic use of representation, exploring the concrete ways that scientists implement sign systems as productive tools both to achieve and to shape their organizational goals. Editor Klein is associated with the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.

Working with Paper

Carla Bittel,Elaine Leong,Christine von Oertzen
Working with Paper Book PDF

Author : Carla Bittel,Elaine Leong,Christine von Oertzen
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
Page : 376 pages
File Size : 49,7 Mb
Release : 2019-06-18
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780822986805

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Working with Paper by Carla Bittel,Elaine Leong,Christine von Oertzen Pdf

Working with Paper builds on a growing interest in the materials of science by exploring the gendered uses and meanings of paper tools and technologies, considering how notions of gender impacted paper practices and in turn how paper may have structured knowledge about gender. Through a series of dynamic investigations covering Europe and North America and spanning the early modern period to the twentieth century, this volume breaks new ground by examining material histories of paper and the gendered worlds that made them. Contributors explore diverse uses of paper—from healing to phrenological analysis to model making to data processing—which often occurred in highly gendered, yet seemingly divergent spaces, such as laboratories and kitchens, court rooms and boutiques, ladies’ chambers and artisanal workshops, foundling houses and colonial hospitals, and college gymnasiums and state office buildings. Together, they reveal how notions of masculinity and femininity became embedded in and expressed through the materials of daily life. Working with Paper uncovers the intricate negotiations of power and difference underlying epistemic practices, forging a material history of knowledge in which quotidian and scholarly practices are intimately linked.

The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment

John Bickle,Carl F. Craver,Ann-Sophie Barwich
The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment Book PDF

Author : John Bickle,Carl F. Craver,Ann-Sophie Barwich
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 363 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2021-12-31
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781000531763

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The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment by John Bickle,Carl F. Craver,Ann-Sophie Barwich Pdf

This volume establishes the conceptual foundation for sustained investigation into tool development in neuroscience. Neuroscience relies on diverse and sophisticated experimental tools, and its ultimate explanatory target—our brains and hence the organ driving our behaviors—catapults the investigation of these research tools into a philosophical spotlight. The chapters in this volume integrate the currently scattered work on tool development in neuroscience into the broader philosophy of science community. They also present an accessible compendium for neuroscientists interested in the broader theoretical dimensions of their experimental practices. The chapters are divided into five thematic sections. Section 1 discusses the development of revolutionary research tools across neuroscience’s history and argues to various conclusions concerning the relationship between new research tools and theory progress in neuroscience. Section 2 shows how a focus on research tools and their development in neuroscience transforms some traditional epistemological issues and questions about knowledge production in philosophy of science. Section 3 speaks to the most general questions about the way we characterize the nature of the portion of the world that this science addresses. Section 4 discusses hybrid research tools that integrate laboratory and computational methods in exciting new ways. Finally, Section 5 extends research on tool development to the related science of genetics. The Tools of Neuroscience Experiment will be of interest to philosophers and philosophically minded scientists working at the intersection of philosophy and neuroscience.

The World in the Model

Mary S. Morgan
The World in the Model Book PDF

Author : Mary S. Morgan
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 441 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2012-09-17
Category : Biography & Autobiography
ISBN : 9780521176194

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The World in the Model by Mary S. Morgan Pdf

This book describes the radical shift in the study of economic science; where arguing with words was replaced by reasoning with mathematical models.

The Case of the Poisonous Socks

William Hodson Brock
The Case of the Poisonous Socks Book PDF

Author : William Hodson Brock
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
Page : 363 pages
File Size : 50,7 Mb
Release : 2011
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781849733243

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The Case of the Poisonous Socks by William Hodson Brock Pdf

A collection of essays containing 42 tales of chemists and their discoveries from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Experiments in Practice

Astrid Schwarz
Experiments in Practice Book PDF

Author : Astrid Schwarz
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 266 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2015-10-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781317317920

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Experiments in Practice by Astrid Schwarz Pdf

Traditionally experimentation has been understood as an activity performed within the laboratory, but in the twenty-first century this view is being challenged. Schwarz uses ecological and environmental case studies to show how scientific experiments can transcend the laboratory.

Peirce on Perception and Reasoning

Kathleen A. Hull,Richard Kenneth Atkins
Peirce on Perception and Reasoning Book PDF

Author : Kathleen A. Hull,Richard Kenneth Atkins
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
Page : 232 pages
File Size : 40,7 Mb
Release : 2017-03-27
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781315444635

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Peirce on Perception and Reasoning by Kathleen A. Hull,Richard Kenneth Atkins Pdf

The founder of both American pragmatism and semiotics, Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) is widely regarded as an enormously important and pioneering theorist. In this book, scholars from around the world examine the nature and significance of Peirce’s work on perception, iconicity, and diagrammatic thinking. Abjuring any strict dichotomy between presentational and representational mental activity, Peirce’s theories transform the Aristotelian, Humean, and Kantian paradigms that continue to hold sway today and, in so doing, forge a new path for understanding the centrality of visual thinking in science, education, art, and communication. The essays in this collection cover a wide range of issues related to Peirce’s theories, including the perception of generality; the legacy of ideas being copies of impressions; imagination and its contribution to knowledge; logical graphs, diagrams, and the question of whether their iconicity distinguishes them from other sorts of symbolic notation; how images and diagrams contribute to scientific discovery and make it possible to perceive formal relations; and the importance and danger of using diagrams to convey scientific ideas. This book is a key resource for scholars interested in Perice’s philosophy and its relation to contemporary issues in mathematics, philosophy of mind, philosophy of perception, semiotics, logic, visual thinking, and cognitive science.

Scientific Understanding

Henk W. de Regt,Sabina Leonelli,Kai Eigner
Scientific Understanding Book PDF

Author : Henk W. de Regt,Sabina Leonelli,Kai Eigner
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
Page : 368 pages
File Size : 55,5 Mb
Release : 2009
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780822971245

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Scientific Understanding by Henk W. de Regt,Sabina Leonelli,Kai Eigner Pdf

To most scientists, and to those interested in the sciences, understanding is the ultimate aim of scientific endeavor. In spite of this, understanding, and how it is achieved, has received little attention in recent philosophy of science. Scientific Understanding seeks to reverse this trend by providing original and in-depth accounts of the concept of understanding and its essential role in the scientific process. To this end, the chapters in this volume explore and develop three key topics: understanding and explanation, understanding and models, and understanding in scientific practice. Earlier philosophers, such as Carl Hempel, dismissed understanding as subjective and pragmatic. They believed that the essence of science was to be found in scientific theories and explanations. In Scientific Understanding, the contributors maintain that we must also consider the relation between explanations and the scientists who construct and use them. They focus on understanding as the cognitive state that is a goal of explanation and on the understanding of theories and models as a means to this end. The chapters in this book highlight the multifaceted nature of the process of scientific research. The contributors examine current uses of theory, models, simulations, and experiments to evaluate the degree to which these elements contribute to understanding. Their analyses pay due attention to the roles of intelligibility, tacit knowledge, and feelings of understanding. Furthermore, they investigate how understanding is obtained within diverse scientific disciplines and examine how the acquisition of understanding depends on specific contexts, the objects of study, and the stated aims of research.

Generic

Jeremy A. Greene
Generic Book PDF

Author : Jeremy A. Greene
Publisher : Johns Hopkins University Press
Page : 375 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2016-09-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9781421421643

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Generic by Jeremy A. Greene Pdf

Greene’s history sheds light on the controversies shadowing the success of generics: problems with the generalizability of medical knowledge, the fragile role of science in public policy, and the increasing role of industry, marketing, and consumer logics in late-twentieth-century and early twenty-first century health care.

The Natural and the Human

Stephen Gaukroger
The Natural and the Human Book PDF

Author : Stephen Gaukroger
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 411 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2016-01-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780191074875

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The Natural and the Human by Stephen Gaukroger Pdf

Stephen Gaukroger presents an original account of the development of empirical science and the understanding of human behaviour from the mid-eighteenth century. Since the seventeenth century, science in the west has undergone a unique form of cumulative development in which it has been consolidated through integration into and shaping of a culture. But in the eighteenth century, science was cut loose from the legitimating culture in which it had had a public rationale as a fruitful and worthwhile form of enquiry. What kept it afloat between the middle of the eighteenth and the middle of the nineteenth centuries, when its legitimacy began to hinge on an intimate link with technology? The answer lies in large part in an abrupt but fundamental shift in how the tasks of scientific enquiry were conceived, from the natural realm to the human realm. At the core of this development lies the naturalization of the human, that is, attempts to understand human behaviour and motivations no longer in theological and metaphysical terms, but in empirical terms. One of the most striking feature of this development is the variety of forms it took, and the book explores anthropological medicine, philosophical anthropology, the 'natural history of man', and social arithmetic. Each of these disciplines re-formulated basic questions so that empirical investigation could be drawn upon in answering them, but the empirical dimension was conceived very differently in each case, with the result that the naturalization of the human took the form of competing, and in some respects mutually exclusive, projects.

Symbols and Things

Kevin Lambert
Symbols and Things Book PDF

Author : Kevin Lambert
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
Page : 299 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2021-10-12
Category : Mathematics
ISBN : 9780822988410

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Symbols and Things by Kevin Lambert Pdf

In the steam-powered mechanical age of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the work of late Georgian and early Victorian mathematicians depended on far more than the properties of number. British mathematicians came to rely on industrialized paper and pen manufacture, railways and mail, and the print industries of the book, disciplinary journal, magazine, and newspaper. Though not always physically present with one another, the characters central to this book—from George Green to William Rowan Hamilton—relied heavily on communication technologies as they developed their theories in consort with colleagues. The letters they exchanged, together with the equations, diagrams, tables, or pictures that filled their manuscripts and publications, were all tangible traces of abstract ideas that extended mathematicians into their social and material environment. Each chapter of this book explores a thing, or assembling of things, mathematicians needed to do their work—whether a textbook, museum, journal, library, diagram, notebook, or letter—all characteristic of the mid-nineteenth-century British taskscape, but also representative of great change to a discipline brought about by an industrialized world in motion.

A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Modern Age

Peter J. T. Morris
A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Modern Age Book PDF

Author : Peter J. T. Morris
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 289 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2023-12-14
Category : History
ISBN : 9781350251564

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A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Modern Age by Peter J. T. Morris Pdf

A Cultural History of Chemistry in the Modern Age covers the period from 1914 to the present. The impact of chemistry and the chemical industry on science, war, society, and the economy has made this era the “Chemical Age”. Having prospered in the West, chemical science spread across the globe and slowly became more diversified in terms of its ethnic and gendered mix. After flourishing for sixty years, the chemical industry was impacted by the Oil Crisis of the 1970s and became almost invisible in the West. While the industry has clearly delivered many benefits to society-such as new materials and better drugs-it has been excoriated by critics for its impact on the environment. The 6 volume set of the Cultural History of Chemistry presents the first comprehensive history from the Bronze Age to today, covering all forms and aspects of chemistry and its ever-changing social context. The themes covered in each volume are theory and concepts; practice and experiment; laboratories and technology; culture and science; society and environment; trade and industry; learning and institutions; art and representation. Peter J. T. Morris is Honorary Research Associate at the Science Museum, London, and at University College London, UK Volume 6 in the Cultural History of Chemistry set. General Editors: Peter J. T. Morris, University College London, UK, and Alan Rocke, Case Western Reserve University, USA.

Verified Software. Theories, Tools, and Experiments

Ruzica Piskac,Philipp Rümmer
Verified Software Theories Tools and Experiments Book PDF

Author : Ruzica Piskac,Philipp Rümmer
Publisher : Springer
Page : 359 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2018-11-23
Category : Computers
ISBN : 9783030035921

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Verified Software. Theories, Tools, and Experiments by Ruzica Piskac,Philipp Rümmer Pdf

This volume constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Verified Software: Theories, Tools, and Experiments, VSTTE 2018, held in Oxford, UK, in July 2018. The 19 full papers presented were carefully revised and selected from 24 submissions. The papers describe large-scale verification efforts that involve collaboration, theory unification, tool integration, and formalized domain knowledge as well as novel experiments and case studies evaluating verification techniques and technologies.

Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry

Eric Scerri,Grant Fisher
Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry Book PDF

Author : Eric Scerri,Grant Fisher
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 44,6 Mb
Release : 2016-04-10
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780190631543

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Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry by Eric Scerri,Grant Fisher Pdf

The philosophy of chemistry has emerged in recent years as a new and autonomous field within the Anglo-American philosophical tradition. With the development of this new discipline, Eric Scerri and Grant Fisher's "Essays in the Philosophy of Chemistry" is a timely and definitive guide to all current thought in this field. This edited volume will serve to map out the distinctive features of the field and its connections to the philosophies of the natural sciences and general philosophy of science more broadly. It will be a reference for students and professional alike. Both the philosophy of chemistry and philosophies of scientific practice alike reflect the splitting of analytical and continental scholastic traditions, and some philosophers are turning for inspiration from the familiar resources of analytical philosophy to influences from the continental tradition and pragmatism. While philosophy of chemistry is practiced very much within the familiar analytical tradition, it is also capable of trail-blazing new philosophical approaches. In such a way, the seemingly disparate disciplines such as the "hard sciences" and philosophy become much more linked.