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Exploring the Secrets of the Aurora by Syun-Ichi Akasofu Pdf
This book describes the history of the progress made in auroral science and magnetospheric physics by providing examples of ideas, controversies, struggles, acceptance, and success in some instances. The author, a distinguished auroral scientist, fully describes his experiences in characterizing and explaining auroral phenomena. The volume also includes beautiful full-color photos of the aurora.
Exploring the Secrets of the Aurora by Syun-Ichi Akasofu Pdf
Prominent progress in science is inevitably associated with controversies. Thus, young researchers, in particular, have to learn how to persevere during the period of controversy and struggle for acceptance. Unfortunately, the skills needed are not taught in textbooks or monographs, which mostly describe the consensus of contemporary experts. This book, which is based on my own experiences as a scientist, describes the history of the progress made in auroral science and magnetospheric physics by providing examples of ideas, controversies, struggles, acceptance, and success in some instances. Although no general methodology (if any exists) is mentioned, I hope that the reader will learn about the history of progress in auroral science and examples (right or wrong) of dealing with the controversies.
Exploring the Secrets of the Aurora by Syun-Ichi Akasofu Pdf
This book describes the history of the progress made in auroral science and magnetospheric physics by providing examples of ideas, controversies, struggles, acceptance, and success in some instances. The author, a distinguished auroral scientist, fully describes his experiences in characterizing and explaining auroral phenomena. The volume also includes beautiful full-color photos of the aurora.
Secrets of the Aurora Borealis by Syun-Ichi Akasofu Pdf
An overview of the aurora borealis that covers the science behind it, historical reactions to it and research of it, and aspects of the phenomenon yet to be understood, and provides illustrations--including color photos and nineteenth-century engravings--and a list of further resources.
A Peculiar Peril is a head-spinning epic about three friends on a quest to protect the world from a threat as unknowable as it is terrifying, from the Nebula Award–winning and New York Times bestselling author of Annihilation, Jeff VanderMeer. Jonathan Lambshead stands to inherit his deceased grandfather’s overstuffed mansion—a veritable cabinet of curiosities—once he and two schoolmates catalog its contents. But the three soon discover that the house is filled with far more than just oddities: It holds clues linking to an alt-Earth called Aurora, where the notorious English occultist Aleister Crowley has stormed back to life on a magic-fueled rampage across a surreal, through-the-looking-glass version of Europe replete with talking animals (and vegetables). Swept into encounters with allies more unpredictable than enemies, Jonathan pieces together his destiny as a member of a secret society devoted to keeping our world separate from Aurora. But as the ground shifts and allegiances change with every step, he and his friends sink ever deeper into a deadly pursuit of the profound evil that is also chasing after them.
Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather by Dr. Stephen H. Schneider Pdf
This three-volume A-to-Z compendium consists of over 300 entries written by a team of leading international scholars and researchers working in the field. Authoritative and up-to-date, the encyclopedia covers the processes that produce our weather, important scientific concepts, the history of ideas underlying the atmospheric sciences, biographical accounts of those who have made significant contributions to climatology and meteorology and particular weather events, from extreme tropical cyclones and tornadoes to local winds.
Exploring Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials by Lois H. Gresh Pdf
His Dark Materials is one of the most popular, award-winning fantasies of all time, a bestselling trilogy hailed as "a modern classic" by The New York Times. Now, for the first time ever, Lois H. Gresh helps young readers examine Pullman's intricate universe with Exploring His Dark Materials, the ultimate companion guide. Gresh's fun, interactive book explores the complex science, religion, and fantastic elements of His Dark Materials in a way that's both informative and fun for younger readers. Exploring His Dark Materials is filled with sidebars, history, facts and an in-depth analysis of the books, answering questions like: *What are daemons? *Why is dust important to the series? * Is Dark Material real and how does it relate to our universe? * What are the origins of ghosts and shapeshifters? *And much more! Exploring His Dark Materials is a thrilling and essential guide for young adults to help them explore this fantastic and challenging fantasy world.
Auroral Phenomenology and Magnetospheric Processes by Andreas Keiling,Eric Donovan,Fran Bagenal,Tomas Karlsson Pdf
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 197. Many of the most basic aspects of the aurora remain unexplained. While in the past terrestrial and planetary auroras have been largely treated in separate books, Auroral Phenomenology and Magnetospheric Processes: Earth and Other Planets takes a holistic approach, treating the aurora as a fundamental process and discussing the phenomenology, physics, and relationship with the respective planetary magnetospheres in one volume. While there are some behaviors common in auroras of the different planets, there are also striking differences that test our basic understanding of auroral processes. The objective, upon which this monograph is focused, is to connect our knowledge of auroral morphology to the physical processes in the magnetosphere that power and structure discrete and diffuse auroras. Understanding this connection will result in a more complete explanation of the aurora and also further the goal of being able to interpret the global auroral distributions as a dynamic map of the magnetosphere. The volume synthesizes five major areas: auroral phenomenology, aurora and ionospheric electrodynamics, discrete auroral acceleration, aurora and magnetospheric dynamics, and comparative planetary aurora. Covering the recent advances in observations, simulation, and theory, this book will serve a broad community of scientists, including graduate students, studying auroras at Mars, Earth, Saturn, and Jupiter. Projected beyond our solar system, it may also be of interest for astronomers who are looking for aurora-active exoplanets.
Just over one hundred years ago Kristian Birkeland looked into the night sky of his native Norway and saw in the beautiful Northern Lights a mystery waiting to be solved. Determined to prove to the world his bold theory about the heavens above, this misunderstood genius began a quest that would take him from Norway's ice mountains to the deserts of Africa, and across a continent ravaged by war. It was a quest that alienated friends and family, ruined his health and sanity, and ended in his mysterious death in a Japanese hotel in 1917. Lucy Jago brilliantly tells the fascinating and tragic story of Kristian Birkeland, the man who saw in the night sky a secret that no one else could see, but who died trying to convince the world of his vision.
The Sun Recorded Through History by J.M. Vaquero,M. Vázquez Pdf
The Sun is nowadays observed using di?erent techniques that provide an almost instantaneous 3-D map of its structure. Of particular interest is the studyofthevariabilityinthesolaroutputproducedbythedissipationofm- netic energy on di?erent spatial and temporal scales – the so-called magnetic activity. The 11-year cycle is the main feature describing this phenomenon. Apart from its intrinsic scienti?c interest, this topic is worth studying because of the interaction of such processes with the terrestrial environment. A ?eet of space and ground-based observatories are currently monitoring the behaviour of our star on a daily basis. However, solar activity varies not only on this decadal time-scale, as has been attested mainly through two methods: (a) records of the number of sunspots observed on the solar surface from 1610, and (b) the records of 14 10 cosmogenic isotopes, such as Cand Be, measured in tree-rings and i- cores, respectively. The study of the long-term behaviour of solar activity may be comp- mented by the study of historical accounts describing phenomena directly or indirectly related to solar activity. Numerous scienti?c and non-scienti?c d- uments have reported these events and we can make use of them as a proxy of solar activity in past times.
On the Origin of Myths in Catastrophic Experience, vol. 1: Preliminaries by Marinus Anthony van der Sluijs Pdf
Creation myths around the world reveal an intricate network of recurrent motifs. Many of these are counterintuitive and not widely known, describing a time when the sky was low, the stars did not yet shine, multiple suns appeared, the moon was brighter than the sun, no land existed, deities and mortals maintained frequent contact, a 'world axis' in the form of a tree, ladder or giant man connected the earth with the sky, a devastating flood or fire ended the old order, and so forth. The present work, in multiple volumes, aims to find an origin for this cross-culturally and internally consistent body of traditions in a series of extraordinary natural events relating especially to the earth's transition from the last glacial period to the Holocene. This first volume sets the stage for the interdisciplinary hypothesis. Essential lines of research receive a historical introduction: comparative mythology, catastrophism and the study of the mythical world axis in relation to the earth's rotation. Various astronomical and meteorological interpretations that are not strictly catastrophist are explored for several types of myths about the sun, the moon and the world axis, but leave many of the most intriguing traditions unexplained. It is argued that a structural core of the worldwide mythology of 'creation and destruction', in which the cosmic axis takes pride of place, points to a specific period of dramatic natural circumstances in real prehistoric time. A new synopsis is provided of this universal mythological substrate. It emerges that the mythical world axis cannot have been based on a single object seen or imagined at one of the poles, as has usually been supposed. This surprising conclusion paves the way for the innovative geomagnetic theory proposed in volume 2.
The Dynamical Ionosphere by Massimo Materassi,Biagio Forte,Anthea J. Coster,Susan Skone Pdf
The Dynamical Ionosphere: A Systems Approach to Ionospheric Irregularity examines the Earth’s ionosphere as a dynamical system with signatures of complexity. The system is robust in its overall configuration, with smooth space-time patterns of daily, seasonal and Solar Cycle variability, but shows a hierarchy of interactions among its sub-systems, yielding apparent unpredictability, space-time irregularity, and turbulence. This interplay leads to the need for constructing realistic models of the average ionosphere, incorporating the increasing knowledge and predictability of high variability components, and for addressing the difficulty of dealing with the worst cases of ionospheric disturbances, all of which are addressed in this interdisciplinary book. Borrowing tools and techniques from classical and stochastic dynamics, information theory, signal processing, fluid dynamics and turbulence science, The Dynamical Ionosphere presents the state-of-the-art in dealing with irregularity, forecasting ionospheric threats, and theoretical interpretation of various ionospheric configurations. Presents studies addressing Earth’s ionosphere as a complex dynamical system, including irregularities and radio scintillation, ionospheric turbulence, nonlinear time series analysis, space-ionosphere connection, and space-time structures Utilizes interdisciplinary tools and techniques, such as those associated with stochastic dynamics, information theory, signal processing, fluid dynamics and turbulence science Offers new data-driven models for different ionospheric variability phenomena Provides a synoptic view of the state-of-the-art and most updated theoretical interpretation, results and data analysis tools of the "worst case" behavior in ionospheric configurations
The Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun-Earth Connection by Willie Wei-Hock Soon,Steven H Yaskell Pdf
This book takes an excursion through solar science, science history, and geoclimate with a husband and wife team who revealed some of our sun's most stubborn secrets. E Walter and Annie S D Maunder's work helped in understanding our sun's chemical, electromagnetic and plasma properties. They knew the sun's sunspot migration patterns and its variable, climate-affecting, inactive and active states in short and long time frames. An inactive solar period starting in the mid-seventeenth century lasted approximately seventy years, one that E Walter Maunder worked hard to make us understand: the Maunder Minimum of c 1620–1720 (which was posthumously named for him). With ongoing concern over global warming, and the continuing failure to identify root causes driving earth's climatic changes, the Maunders' story outlines how our cyclical sun can alter climate. The book goes on to view the sun-earth connection in terms of geomagnetic variation and climatic change; contemporary views on the sun's operating mechanisms are explored, and the effects these have on the earth over long and short time scales are pondered. If not a call to widen earth's climate research to include the sun, this book strives to illustrate how solar causes and effects can influence earth's climate in ways we must understand in order to enhance solar system research and our well-being. Contents:A Sun Most Pure and Most LucidBackground of the Maunder MinimumThe Maunder Minimum: Europe, Asia, North AmericaSurveying the Maunder MinimumMaunder's Early Life and AssociationsThe Family Maunder: the BAA and Astronomy for AllA Particle Theory for the Sun-Earth ConnectionOur Knowledge of the Sun and Its Variability TodaySummary: Cycles of the Sun and Their Tie to EarthThe Maunders and Their Final Storyand other papers Readership: Researchers, scientists, college-level astrophysics students and readers interested in the history of solar science. Keywords:Maunder Minimum;Sun-Earth Connection;Sunspots;Solar Flares;Coronal Mass Ejections;Magnetic Dynamo;Geomagnetic Storms;Little Ice Age;History of Solar and Sun-Earth Connection SciencesReviews:“You have put together an impressive and fascinating collection of historical facts, combining the human condition and the condition of the climate and of the Sun. Your account is unique and valuable … When agriculture is disrupted by cold weather and the landlord still tries to collect the same rent, there is bound to be turmoil.”Eugene N Parker University of Chicago “Although the Maunder Minimum is a very well-known phenomenon in the history of paleoclimate, its explanation is still full of controversies. It is highly important, therefore, that the authors of this book have made a successful effort of collecting and discussing the entire existing factual information on the subject, as well as highlighting the theoretical considerations of the Maunder Minimum. This is an impressive step forward in the analysis of a most important phenomenon in the history of past climates. I find this effort both persuasive and perspective.”Kirill Ya Kondratyev Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences “This is an excellent, well-balanced and informative book on an important phase in the study of sun-climate relations. After a brief introduction on early, most naked eye solar observation, it centers on the period of globally low temperatures, now known as the Maunder minimum. Many unknown historical observational data, from the various continents, are described. The book then describes the Maunder couple and their family, their life history in Victorian England and at the Greenwich Observatory, and their discovery of the Maunder (‘butterfly’) diagram and of the 17th century minimum in the sunspot activity and in related features such as auroras and tree-ring data. Their finding that the sunspot minimum might be related to the globally reduced temperatures may be considered as the early beginning of the study of Sun-Climate relations. The third part of the book is devoted to modern views on the Sun-Earth connection. This part too is written in a critical, informative and balanced way. I find this volume a fine contribution to the study of the Sun-Climate problem.”Cornelis de Jager Distinguished Solar Physicist SRON Laboratory for Space Research, The Netherlands “This book is a wonderful reading which combines intellectual ideas from various branches of modern science, i.e. astronomy, climatology, physics, history of science, biology, etc. The content is very deep and the authors are not afraid to show the soul of scientific methods to the reader. Yet the book avoids complicated mathematical details. The book is interesting for specialists and understandable for general public. One learns from the book about a cataclysm which happened about 350 years ago on the Sun supported and probed by various observational methods including the novel technique of learning about the Sun from other ‘solar stars’. A coherent understanding of the information obtained perhaps requires a century and this story looks more intriguing, rather like many crime stories. The Maunder minimum of solar activity affected various aspects of life on Earth and it is impossible to ignore related experiences by discussing such important topics as global warming, greenhouse effect, sun-climate relation, etc. I believe that everybody who would like to know what modern science offers about these varieties of topics can learn a great deal from the book of W Soon and S Yaskell.”Dmitry Sokoloff Professor of Mathematical Physics Moscow University “This book opens with a Foreword by Eugene N Parker, the world's leading authority on the solar wind and the effects of magnetic fields on the heliosphere … The details of this Sun-Earth connection are still to be discovered, but this book provides the historical evidence that must be taken into account as we improve our understanding of both the Sun and Earth's climate.”Eugene H Avrett Division Director Solar, Stellar, and Planetary Sciences Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics “This book is a rich tapestry of scientific information and wide-ranging historical narrative, into which is woven the little-known personal story of Walter Maunder and his mathematician wife Annie. The authors see Maunder as clearly a man ahead of his time and his wife as a collaborator who brought the benefit of university training to an unusual and devoted partnership. They were among the most experienced eclipse observers of their day and were active promoters of amateur astronomy in Britain. They deserve a place in the annals of the Sun.”Mary Bruck Formerly from University of Edinburgh “This is a fascinating and wide-ranging book which deserves to be read by everyone with an interest in the Earth–Sun environment, in global warming and climatic change and in the history of science … it ends with a useful and non-mathematical summary on the modern view of solar magnetic mechanisms, and a short biography of the Maunders.”Journal of the British Astronomical Association “… offer a readable and engaging summary of the history and current status of sunspot understanding, sunspot observation, and linkages between sunspots and changes in Earth's atmosphere.”Choice “Drawing profitably from the latest research, this is a well-rounded, recommended read.”Astronomy Now “The main strength is that this book brings together a vast amount of diverse, but related, material … the authors have provided a very comprehensive and extremely valuable index of sources at the conclusion of the book. The compilation contains citations for many of the original sources, as well as recent reviews. This bibliography provides an excellent point of departure for those readers who, like numerous scientists, savants, and scholars of the last three centuries, have become hooked on deciphering the unfolding clues that underlie the variable Sun-Earth Connection.”Thomas J Bogdan Societal-Environmental Research and Education Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
The author argues that, after five decades of debate about the interactive of solar wind with the magnetosphere, it is time to get back to basics. Starting with Newton's law, this book also examines Maxwell's equations and subsidiary equations such as continuity, constitutive relations and the Lorentz transformation; Helmholtz' theorem, and Poynting's theorem, among other methods for understanding this interaction. Includes chapters on prompt particle acceleration to high energies, plasma transfer event, and the low latitude boundary layer More than 200 figures illustrate the text Includes a color insert
Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace by Evgeny Mishin,Anatoly Streltsov Pdf
Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace presents a comprehensive examination of the self-consistent processes leading to multiscale electromagnetic and plasma structures in the magnetosphere and ionosphere near the plasmapause, particularly in the auroral and subauroral geospace. It utilizes simulations and a large number of relevant in situ measurements conducted by the most recent satellite missions, as well as ground-based optical and radar observations to verify the conclusions and analysis. Including several case studies of observations related to prominent geospacer events, the book also provides experimental and numerical results throughout the chapters to further enhance understanding of how the same physical mechanisms produce different phenomena at different regions of the near-Earth space environment. Additionally, the comprehensive description of mechanisms responsible for space weather effects will give readers a broad foundation of wave and particle processes in the near-Earth magnetosphere. As such, Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace is a cutting-edge reference for space physicists looking to better understand plasma physics in geospace. Presents a unified approach to wave and particle phenomena occurring in the auroral and subauroral geospace Summarizes the most current theoretical concepts related to the generation of the large-scale electric field near the plasmapause by flows of hot plasma from the reconnection site Includes case studies of the observations related to the most “famous events during the last 20 years as well as a large number of experimental and numerical results illustrated throughout the text
