External Sector Report 2021

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External Sector Report 2021

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
External Sector Report 2021 Book PDF

Author : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 110 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2021-08-02
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513576671

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External Sector Report 2021 by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Pdf

Produced since 2012, the IMF’s annual External Sector Report analyzes global external developments and provides multilaterally consistent assessments of external positions, including current accounts, real exchange rates, external balance sheets, capital flows, and international reserves, of the world’s largest economies, representing over 90 percent of global GDP. Chapter 1 discusses the evolution of global external positions in 2020, external developments throughout the COVID-19 crisis, and policy priorities for reducing excess imbalances over the medium term. Chapter 2 analyzes how the unprecedented fiscal support provided in response to the COVID-19 crisis has affected external positions at the individual and global level. It also focuses on how withdrawal of such support will impact external positions in the medium term. Chapter 3, “Individual Economy Assessments,” provides details on the different aspects of the overall external assessment and associated policy recommendations for 30 economies. This year’s report and associated external assessments are based on the latest vintage of the External Balance Assessment (EBA) methodology and on data and IMF staff projections as of June 30, 2021.

External Sector Report 2022

International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
External Sector Report 2022 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Research Dept.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2022-08-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9798400214943

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External Sector Report 2022 by International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. Pdf

Global current account balances—the overall size of current account deficits and surpluses—continued to widen in 2021 to 3.5 percent of world GDP, and are expected to widen again this year. The IMF’s multilateral approach suggests that global excess balances narrowed to 0.9 percent of world GDP in 2021 compared with 1.2 percent of world GDP in 2020. The pandemic has continued to affect economies’ current account balances unevenly through the travel and transportation sectors as well as a shift from services to goods consumption. Commodity prices recovered from the COVID-19 shock and started rising in 2021 with opposite effects on the external position of exporters and importers, a trend that the war in Ukraine is exacerbating in 2022. The medium-term outlook for global current account balances is a gradual narrowing as the impact of the pandemic fades away, commodity prices normalize, and fiscal consolidation in current account deficit economies progresses. However, this outlook is highly uncertain and subject to several risks. Policies to promote external rebalancing differ with positions and needs of individual economies.

The Great Demographic Reversal

Charles Goodhart,Manoj Pradhan
The Great Demographic Reversal Book PDF

Author : Charles Goodhart,Manoj Pradhan
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 260 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2020-08-08
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9783030426576

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The Great Demographic Reversal by Charles Goodhart,Manoj Pradhan Pdf

This original and panoramic book proposes that the underlying forces of demography and globalisation will shortly reverse three multi-decade global trends – it will raise inflation and interest rates, but lead to a pullback in inequality. “Whatever the future holds”, the authors argue, “it will be nothing like the past”. Deflationary headwinds over the last three decades have been primarily due to an enormous surge in the world’s available labour supply, owing to very favourable demographic trends and the entry of China and Eastern Europe into the world’s trading system. This book demonstrates how these demographic trends are on the point of reversing sharply, coinciding with a retreat from globalisation. The result? Ageing can be expected to raise inflation and interest rates, bringing a slew of problems for an over-indebted world economy, but is also anticipated to increase the share of labour, so that inequality falls. Covering many social and political factors, as well as those that are more purely macroeconomic, the authors address topics including ageing, dementia, inequality, populism, retirement and debt finance, among others. This book will be of interest and understandable to anyone with an interest on where the world’s economy may be going.

International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2021

International Monetary Fund. Secretary's Department
International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2021 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Secretary's Department
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 74 pages
File Size : 50,9 Mb
Release : 2021-10-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513568812

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International Monetary Fund Annual Report 2021 by International Monetary Fund. Secretary's Department Pdf

A recovery is underway, but the economic fallout from the global pandemic could be with us for years to come. With the crisis exacerbating prepandemic vulnerabilities, country prospects are diverging. Nearly half of emerging market and developing economies and some middle-income countries are now at risk of falling further behind, undoing much of the progress made toward achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

External Sector Report 2023

International Monetary
External Sector Report 2023 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2023-07-18
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 9798400245688

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External Sector Report 2023 by International Monetary Pdf

Global current account balances--the overall size of headline current account deficits and surpluses--widened for a third consecutive year in 2022. Main drivers were Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the uneven recovery from the pandemic, and the rapid tightening of US monetary policy. Concurrently, the US dollar appreciated substantially, and the uphill capital flow reappeared. IMF's external sector assessments suggest that the overall size of excess current account deficits and surpluses has remained unchanged since 2021, after declining for several years. This highlights the importance of efforts in both excess surplus and deficit economies to promote external rebalancing. The US dollar appreciation under the "global dollar cycle", which is driven primarily by global financial risks, has negative spillovers on activity and imports that fall on emerging market economies more severely than on advance economies. More flexible exchange rates and more anchored inflation expectations can mitigate negative spillovers to emerging markets.

Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis

Massimo Rostagno,Carlo Altavilla,Giacomo Carboni,Jonathan Yiangou
Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis Book PDF

Author : Massimo Rostagno,Carlo Altavilla,Giacomo Carboni,Jonathan Yiangou
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 449 pages
File Size : 42,5 Mb
Release : 2021
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9780192895912

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Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis by Massimo Rostagno,Carlo Altavilla,Giacomo Carboni,Jonathan Yiangou Pdf

The first twenty years of the European Central Bank offer a unique insight into how a central bank can navigate macroeconomic insecurity and crisis. This volume examines the structures and decision-making processes behind the complex measures taken by the ECB to tackle some of the toughest economic challenges in the history of modern Europe.

External Sector Report, 2020

International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
External Sector Report 2020 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 114 pages
File Size : 55,6 Mb
Release : 2020-08-04
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513549019

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External Sector Report, 2020 by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department Pdf

Produced since 2012, the IMF’s annual External Sector Report analyzes global external developments and provides multilaterally consistent assessments of external positions, including current accounts, real exchange rates, external balance sheets, capital flows, and international reserves, of the world’s largest economies, representing over 90 percent of global GDP. Chapter 1 discusses the evolution of global external positions in 2019, external developments during the COVID-19 crisis, and policy priorities for responding to the crisis and for reducing excess imbalances over the medium term. Chapter 2 analyzes the relationship between the structure of external assets and liabilities—the components of the international investment position—and the risk of external stress events. It also assesses how heightened global risk aversion, as during the COVID-19 crisis, amplifies these risks. Chapter 3, “Individual Economy Assessments,” provides details on the different aspects of the overall external assessment and associated policy recommendations for 30 economies. This year’s report and associated external assessments are based on the latest vintage of the External Balance Assessment (EBA) methodology and on data and IMF staff projections as of July 15, 2020.

External Sector Report, July 2019

International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
External Sector Report July 2019 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 116 pages
File Size : 48,5 Mb
Release : 2019-07-17
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498318976

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External Sector Report, July 2019 by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department Pdf

The IMF’s 2019 External Sector Report shows that global current account balances stand at about 3 percent of global GDP. Of this, about 35–45 percent are now deemed excessive. Meanwhile, net credit and debtor positions are at historical peaks and about four times larger than in the early 1990s. Short-term financing risks from the current configuration of external imbalances are generally contained, as debtor positions are concentrated in reserve-currency-issuing advanced economies. An intensification of trade tensions or a disorderly Brexit outcome—with further repercussions for global growth and risk aversion—could, however, affect other economies that are highly dependent on foreign demand and external financing. With output near potential in most systemic economies, a well-calibrated macroeconomic and structural policy mix is necessary to support rebalancing. Recent trade policy actions are weighing on global trade flows, investment, and growth, including through confidence effects and the disruption of global supply chains, with no discernible impact on external imbalances thus far.

External Sector Report, July 2018

International Monetary Fund
External Sector Report July 2018 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 150 pages
File Size : 55,8 Mb
Release : 2018-07-23
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484370469

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External Sector Report, July 2018 by International Monetary Fund Pdf

The External Sector Report presents a methodologically consistent assessment of the exchange rates, current accounts, reserves, capital flows, and external balance sheets of the world’s largest economies. The 2018 edition includes an analytical assessment of how trade costs and related policy barriers drive excess global imbalances.

Global Financial Stability Report, October 2021

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Global Financial Stability Report October 2021 Book PDF

Author : INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 100 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 2021-10-12
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513595603

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Global Financial Stability Report, October 2021 by INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND. Pdf

Financial stability risks have been contained so far, reflecting ongoing policy support and a rebound in the global economy earlier this year. Chapter 1 explains that financial conditions have eased further in net in advanced economies but changed little in emerging markets. However, the optimism that propelled markets earlier in the year has faded on growing concerns about the strength of the global recovery, and ongoing supply chain disruptions intensified inflation concerns. Signs of stretched asset valuations in some market segments persist, and pockets of vulnerabilities remain in the nonbank financial sector; recovery is uneven in the corporate sector. Chapter 2 discusses the opportunities and challenges of the crypto ecosystem. Crypto asset providers’ lack of operational or cyber resilience poses risks, and significant data gaps imperil financial integrity. Crypto assets in emerging markets may accelerate dollarization risks. Chapter 3 shows that sustainable funds can support the global transition to a green economy but must be scaled up to have a major impact. It also discusses how a disorderly transition could disrupt the broader investment fund sector in the future.

Global Financial Stability Report, October 2019

International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Global Financial Stability Report October 2019 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 109 pages
File Size : 50,5 Mb
Release : 2019-10-16
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781498324021

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Global Financial Stability Report, October 2019 by International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department Pdf

The October 2019 Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR) identifies the current key vulnerabilities in the global financial system as the rise in corporate debt burdens, increasing holdings of riskier and more illiquid assets by institutional investors, and growing reliance on external borrowing by emerging and frontier market economies. The report proposes that policymakers mitigate these risks through stricter supervisory and macroprudential oversight of firms, strengthened oversight and disclosure for institutional investors, and the implementation of prudent sovereign debt management practices and frameworks for emerging and frontier market economies.

Global Financial Stability Report, April 2021

International Monetary Fund
Global Financial Stability Report April 2021 Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 92 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2021-04-06
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781513569673

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Global Financial Stability Report, April 2021 by International Monetary Fund Pdf

Extraordinary policy measures have eased financial conditions and supported the economy, helping to contain financial stability risks. Chapter 1 warns that there is a pressing need to act to avoid a legacy of vulnerabilities while avoiding a broad tightening of financial conditions. Actions taken during the pandemic may have unintended consequences such as stretched valuations and rising financial vulnerabilities. The recovery is also expected to be asynchronous and divergent between advanced and emerging market economies. Given large external financing needs, several emerging markets face challenges, especially if a persistent rise in US rates brings about a repricing of risk and tighter financial conditions. The corporate sector in many countries is emerging from the pandemic overindebted, with notable differences depending on firm size and sector. Concerns about the credit quality of hard-hit borrowers and profitability are likely to weigh on the risk appetite of banks. Chapter 2 studies leverage in the nonfinancial private sector before and during the COVID-19 crisis, pointing out that policymakers face a trade-off between boosting growth in the short term by facilitating an easing of financial conditions and containing future downside risks. This trade-off may be amplified by the existing high and rapidly building leverage, increasing downside risks to future growth. The appropriate timing for deployment of macroprudential tools should be country-specific, depending on the pace of recovery, vulnerabilities, and policy tools available. Chapter 3 turns to the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the commercial real estate sector. While there is little evidence of large price misalignments at the onset of the pandemic, signs of overvaluation have now emerged in some economies. Misalignments in commercial real estate prices, especially if they interact with other vulnerabilities, increase downside risks to future growth due to the possibility of sharp price corrections.

The Global Findex Database 2017

Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar
The Global Findex Database 2017 Book PDF

Author : Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 148 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2018-04-19
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464812682

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The Global Findex Database 2017 by Asli Demirguc-Kunt,Leora Klapper,Dorothe Singer,Saniya Ansar Pdf

In 2011 the World Bank—with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation—launched the Global Findex database, the world's most comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage risk. Drawing on survey data collected in collaboration with Gallup, Inc., the Global Findex database covers more than 140 economies around the world. The initial survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 and by a third in 2017. Compiled using nationally representative surveys of more than 150,000 adults age 15 and above in over 140 economies, The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution includes updated indicators on access to and use of formal and informal financial services. It has additional data on the use of financial technology (or fintech), including the use of mobile phones and the Internet to conduct financial transactions. The data reveal opportunities to expand access to financial services among people who do not have an account—the unbanked—as well as to promote greater use of digital financial services among those who do have an account. The Global Findex database has become a mainstay of global efforts to promote financial inclusion. In addition to being widely cited by scholars and development practitioners, Global Findex data are used to track progress toward the World Bank goal of Universal Financial Access by 2020 and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The database, the full text of the report, and the underlying country-level data for all figures—along with the questionnaire, the survey methodology, and other relevant materials—are available at www.worldbank.org/globalfindex.

People's Republic of China

International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
People s Republic of China Book PDF

Author : International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
Page : 77 pages
File Size : 45,6 Mb
Release : 2017-08-15
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781484314722

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People's Republic of China by International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept Pdf

This Selected Issues paper examines the drivers and prospects for high levels of savings in China. China has one of the highest levels of national savings in the world, which is at the heart of its external and internal imbalances. High and rising household savings have mainly resulted from demographic changes as a result of the one-child policy and the breakdown of the social safety net during the transition from a planned to a market economy. Demographic changes will put downward pressure on national savings. Policy efforts to strengthen the social safety net and reduce income inequality are also needed to reduce savings further and faster and to boost consumption.

Global Economic Prospects, June 2021

World Bank
Global Economic Prospects June 2021 Book PDF

Author : World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 339 pages
File Size : 50,6 Mb
Release : 2021-08-03
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 9781464816666

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Global Economic Prospects, June 2021 by World Bank Pdf

The world economy is experiencing a very strong but uneven recovery, with many emerging market and developing economies facing obstacles to vaccination. The global outlook remains uncertain, with major risks around the path of the pandemic and the possibility of financial stress amid large debt loads. Policy makers face a difficult balancing act as they seek to nurture the recovery while safeguarding price stability and fiscal sustainability. A comprehensive set of policies will be required to promote a strong recovery that mitigates inequality and enhances environmental sustainability, ultimately putting economies on a path of green, resilient, and inclusive development. Prominent among the necessary policies are efforts to lower trade costs so that trade can once again become a robust engine of growth. This year marks the 30th anniversary of the Global Economic Prospects. The Global Economic Prospects is a World Bank Group Flagship Report that examines global economic developments and prospects, with a special focus on emerging market and developing economies, on a semiannual basis (in January and June). Each edition includes analytical pieces on topical policy challenges faced by these economies.