Flame Retardants

Author : George Wypych
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 261 pages
File Size : 43,8 Mb
Release : 2021-01-25
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781927885703

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Handbook of Flame Retardants by George Wypych Pdf

Handbook of Flame Retardants contains an extensive evaluation of the existing literature, products and patents related to flame retardance. As a perfect complement to The Databook of Flame Retardants, this book explains the roles, selection, mechanisms of action, use in different polymers and products, and health and environmental issues of over 350 different products. Chapters highlight the fundamentals of material burning and the associated stages of heat, flame and smoke, properties and mechanisms, and preventive, delaying and extinguishing attributes of 27 chemical groups of flame retardants. Examples of synergistic and antagonistic actions of various additives are discussed next, along with testing methods. The book concludes with chapters providing guidance on optimal selection of flame retardants for various polymers and information on the toxicity of flame retardants and their effects on the environment. Evaluates the existing literature, products and patents related to flame retardance Covers the fundamentals of material burning and associated stages of heat, flame and smoke Outlines and evaluates the properties of 27 chemical groups of flame retardants Provides examples of synergistic and antagonistic actions of various additives Looks at methods of testing flame retardants and quantifies their effect on products

Author : J. Innes,A. Innes
Publisher : iSmithers Rapra Publishing
Page : 152 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Science
ISBN : 1859574351

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Plastic Flame Retardants by J. Innes,A. Innes Pdf

This review sets out to describe the types of flame retardants available for compounding into plastics materials, mechanisms of action and uses. This review provides a clear overview of the state-of-the-art of flame retardancy for plastics. It highlights the new developments and the potential problems with legislation, together with the benefits to end users of protection from fire hazards. This review is accompanied by around 400 abstracts from papers and books in the Rapra Polymer Library.

Author : Constantine D. Papaspyrides,Pantelis Kiliaris
Publisher : Newnes
Page : 943 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2014-08-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780444538093

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Polymer Green Flame Retardants by Constantine D. Papaspyrides,Pantelis Kiliaris Pdf

Polymer Green Flame Retardants covers key issues regarding the response of polymers during fire, the mechanisms of their flame retardation, the regulations imposed on their use, and the health hazards arising from their combustion. Presenting the latest research developments, the book focuses in particular on nanocomposites, believed to be the most promising approach for producing physically superior materials with low flammability and ecological impact. The fire properties of nanocomposites of various matrixes and fillers are discussed, the toxicological characteristics of these materials are analyzed, addressing also their environmental sustainability. Edited by distinguished scientists, including an array of international industry and academia experts, this book will appeal to chemical, mechanical, environmental, material and process engineers, upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines, and generally to researchers developing commercially attractive and environmentally friendly fire-proof products. Provides recent findings on the manufacture of environmentally sustainable flame retardant polymeric materials Covers legislation and regulations concerning flame retarded polymeric material use Includes tables containing the fire properties of the most common polymeric materials

Author : National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 534 pages
File Size : 51,5 Mb
Release : 2000-07-06
Category : Nature
ISBN : 9780309171939

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Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals by National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals Pdf

Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.

Author : Anna Wypych,George Wypych
Publisher : ChemTec Publishing
Page : 494 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2021-02-12
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781927885710

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Databook of Flame Retardants by Anna Wypych,George Wypych Pdf

Databook of Flame Retardants contains information on commonly-used additives broken out into five sections, including General, Physical, Health and Safety, Ecological, and Use. Over one hundred types of data are included for over three hundred and fifty commercial-based products. All data fields are defined and include a broad range of information, such as calcium contents, molecular mass, brightness, freezing/melting points, viscosity, volatility, UN/NA class, autoignition temperature, partition coefficient, processing methods, concentrations used, and more. This book is best utilized in tandem with the Handbook of Flame Retardants. Each book complements the other without repeating information, with the other release explaining the role of these products, their selection, mechanism of action, use in different polymers and products, and health and commercial issues related to flame retardants. Provides key physical, health and safety, ecological, and application data for over 350 commonly-used fire retardant additives Covers halogenated, inorganic, phosphorus, intumescent, and nitrogen-based fire retardants Data listed includes CAS #, chemical class and name, decomposition temperature, electrical conductivity, IMDG class, biodegradation probability, product and resin recommendations, guidelines for use, and more

Author : A. Richard Horrocks,D. Price
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 446 pages
File Size : 43,6 Mb
Release : 2001-02-16
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781855737464

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Fire Retardant Materials by A. Richard Horrocks,D. Price Pdf

This is a comprehensive source of information on all aspects of fire retardancy. Particluar emphasis is placed on the burning behaviour and flame retarding properties of polymeric materials and textiles. It covers combustion, flame retardants, smoke and toxic products generally and then goes on to concentrate on some more material-specific aspects of combustion in relation to textiles, composites and bulk polymers. Developments in all areas of fire retardant materials are covered including research in new areas such as nanocomposition.Fire retardant materials is an essential reference source for all those working with, researching into, or designing new fire retardant materials. Detailed analysis of the burning behaviour and flame retarding properties of ploymers, composites and textiles Covers smoke and toxic gas generation Analysis of material performance in fire

Author : P. M. Visakh,Yoshihiko Arao
Publisher : Springer
Page : 321 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2015-02-04
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9783319034676

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Flame Retardants by P. M. Visakh,Yoshihiko Arao Pdf

This book summarizes comprehensively many recent technical research accomplishments in the area of flame retardant research. It presents mainly flame retardant studies of polymer blends, composites and nano composites such as rubber, thermosets and thermoplastics. This book discusses different types of flame retardant using in polymers especially nano composites, as well as the role and chemistry. Leading researchers from industry, academy, government and private research institutions across the globe contribute to this book. Academics, researchers, scientists, engineers and students in research and development will benefit from an application-oriented book that helps them to find solutions to both fundamental and applied problems.

Author : Johannes Karl Fink
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 384 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2020-08-18
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781119750611

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Flame Retardants by Johannes Karl Fink Pdf

This book focuses on the chemistry and applications of flame retardants for polymers and other materials. It starts with a description and types of flame retardants, as well as their properties and chemical structures, to include chlorine- and bromine-containing flame retardants, phosphorus-based flame retardants, nitrogen-based flame retardants, and silicones. Inorganic materials that serve as flame retardants, such as boron-based additives, graphenes, and others are discussed in detail. In addition, the following subjects are discussed in detail: Flame retardant polymers The mechanisms of flame retardants, such as flame cooling, synergetic effects, degradation of flame retardants, and others Other flame retardant compositions, such as dripping inhibitors and smoke suppressants Testing methods for flame retardants, international standards, human health hazards, such as smoke toxicity and problems with wastes Synthesis and fabrication methods, as well as recycling methods The application of flame retardants to the coating material using 3D printing, reactive coating, and bulk addition methods Non-burning comonomers, foams, nanocomposites and bio-based materials Flame retardants with other textiles, such as wool and electrical applications such as batteries

Author : Ethel Eljarrat,Damià Barceló
Publisher : Springer
Page : 290 pages
File Size : 47,7 Mb
Release : 2011-04-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9783642192692

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Brominated Flame Retardants by Ethel Eljarrat,Damià Barceló Pdf

Brominated flame retardants are one of the last classes of halogenated compounds that are still being produced worldwide and used in large quantities in many applications. They are used in plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry, and other materials to prevent fires. This volume covers the state-of-the-art of the analysis, fate and behaviour of brominated flame retardants. Experts in the field provide an overview of the compounds’ physico-chemical properties and uses, their occurrence in the environment and biota, advanced chemical analytical methods, degradation studies, toxicological effects and human exposure. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in brominated flame retardant issues, and for authorities and producers.

Author : Frca
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 228 pages
File Size : 52,7 Mb
Release : 1998-01-14
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 1566764459

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Flame Retardants 101 by Frca Pdf

Author : Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury
Publisher : CRC Press
Page : 427 pages
File Size : 43,5 Mb
Release : 2020-08-03
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9780429629679

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Flame Retardants for Textile Materials by Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury Pdf

This book focuses on flame retardants (FR) for textile materials. It discusses basics of flame retardancy and flammability and covers various types of flame retardants and materials, including natural FRs, halogen, phosphorous, and nanomaterial-based FRs. This book also discusses methods of applications of FRs and discusses FRs and the environment. Covers a variety of interdisciplinary applications in the textile industry Emphasizes environmental aspects Reports on a large number of FR compounds studied globally Discusses in detail recent developments in halogen-free eco-friendly flame retardants Extensively describes basic aspects of flame retardancy and their measurements Aimed at the practitioner and textile engineering professional this work aims to ensure development of safe textile materials for various uses, including apparel, protective wear, floor coverings, upholstery, drapery, and others.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 387 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2020-02-14
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780444643407

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Emerging Halogenated Flame Retardants in the Environment by Anonim Pdf

Analysis and Fate of Emerging Brominated and Fluorinated Organic Pollutants, Volume 87 in the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series, contains a wide range of topics on flame retardants in the environment, specifically focusing on halogenated flame retardants. New chapters in this release include an Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment, Analysis of emerging halogenated flame Retardants in environment, Toxicity of emerging halogenated organic chemicals, Occurrence and fate of emerging halogenated flame retardants in environment, Emerging halogenated flame retardants in indoor environment, Food contamination on emerging halogenated flame retardants, Human exposure to emerging halogenated flame retardants, and much more. Provides the current research results on emerging halogenated flame retardants Contains all research subjects about emerging halogenated flame retardants, from analysis to human exposure Presents critical information on halogenated flame retardants

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Am Cncl on Science, Health
Page : 23 pages
File Size : 47,9 Mb
Release : 2024-06-29
Category : Electronic
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Brominated Flame Retardants: A Burning Issue by Anonim Pdf

Author : Alexander B. Morgan,Charles A. Wilkie
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
Page : 314 pages
File Size : 54,8 Mb
Release : 2014-04-07
Category : Technology & Engineering
ISBN : 9781118939208

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The Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook by Alexander B. Morgan,Charles A. Wilkie Pdf

A one-stop, practical handbook containing all of the current commercial non-halogenated flame retardant technologies as well as experimental systems near commercialization In response to the emphasis on replacing halogenated flame retardants with alternate technologies, this handbook focuses on existing non-halogenated flame retardants and the experimental close-to-production systems that are available today. The Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook starts with an overview of the regulations and customer perceptions driving non-halogenated flame retardant selections over older halogenated technologies. It then moves on to cover the known major classes of non-halogenated flame retardants, before concluding with the current niche-performing technologies and untried commercial contenders of the future. The Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook: Takes a practical approach to addressing the narrow subject of non-halogenated flame retardancy—placing more emphasis on flame retardant selection for specific plastics, practical considerations in flame retardant material design, and the various technologies’ strengths and limits Focuses on the proper use of non-halogenated flame retardants, rather than the mechanics of how they work Discusses important future trends in flame retardancy Features sections written by industrial and chemical experts who know how to apply the technology to polymers for fire safety needs

Author : Pingan Song,Yan Zhang,Xin Wen
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
Page : 465 pages
File Size : 43,9 Mb
Release : 2023-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781839167201

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Green Fire Retardants for Polymeric Materials by Pingan Song,Yan Zhang,Xin Wen Pdf