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Fossil Horses of South America by José Luis Prado,María Teresa Alberdi Pdf
This book provides an update on the phylogeny, systematics and ecology of horses in South America based on data provided over the past three decades. The contemporary South American mammalian communities were shaped by the emergence of the Isthmus of Panama and by the profound climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene. Horses were a conspicuous group of immigrant mammals from North America that arrived in South America during the Pleistocene. This group is represented by 2 genera, Hippidion and Equus, which include small species (Hippidion devillei, H. saldiasi, E. andium and E. insulatus) and large forms (Equus neogeus and H. principale). Both groups arrived in South America via 2 different routes. One model designed to explain this migration indicates that the small forms used the Andes corridor, while larger horses used the eastern route and arrived through some coastal areas. Molecular dating (ancient DNA) suggests that the South American horses separated from the North American taxa (caballines and the New World stilt-legged horse) after 3.6 - 3.2 Ma, consistent with the final formation of the Panamanian Isthmus. Recent studies of stable isotopes in these horses indicate an extensive range of 13C values cover closed woodlands to C4 grasslands. This plasticity agrees with the hypothesis that generalist species and open biome specialist species from North America indicate a positive migration through South America.
The horse has frequently been used as a classic example of long-term evolution because it possesses an extensive fossil record. This book synthesizes the large body of data and research relevant to an understanding of fossil horses from perspectives such as biology, geology, paleontology.
Raymond Louis Bernor,Gina Marie Semprebon,Florent Rivals,Leonardo Santos Avilla,Eric Scott
Author : Raymond Louis Bernor,Gina Marie Semprebon,Florent Rivals,Leonardo Santos Avilla,Eric Scott Publisher : Frontiers Media SA Page : 243 pages File Size : 41,7 Mb Release : 2020-03-12 Category : Electronic ISBN : 9782889635559
Examining Evolutionary Trends in Equus and its Close Relatives from Five Continents by Raymond Louis Bernor,Gina Marie Semprebon,Florent Rivals,Leonardo Santos Avilla,Eric Scott Pdf
Evolution of the horse has been an often-cited primary example of evolution, as well as one of the classic and important stories in paleontology for over a century and a half, due to their rich fossil record across 5 continents: North America, South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The recent horse has served a profound role in human ancestry, including agriculture, commerce, sport, transport, warfare, and in prehistory, for the subsistence of humans. Many studies have examined the evolution of the Equidae and chronicled the striking changes in skulls, dentition, limbs, and body size which have long been perceived to be a response to environmental shifts through time. Most comprehensive studies heretofore have: (1) focused on the “Great Transformation”- changes that occurred in the early Miocene, (2) involved tracking long-term diversity or paleoecological trends on a single continent or within a geographical locality, or (3) concentrated on the 3-toed hipparions. The Plio–Pleistocene evolutionary stage of horse evolution is punctuated by the great climatic fluctuations of the Quaternary beginning 2.6 Ma which influenced Equus evolution, biogeographic dispersion and adaptation on a nearly global scale. The evolutionary biology of Equus evolution across its entire range remains relatively poorly understood and often highly controversial. Some of this lack of understanding is due to assumptions that have arisen because of the relatively derived craniodental and postcranial anatomy of Equus and its close relatives which has seemed to imply that that these forms occupied relatively homogenous and narrow dietary and locomotor niches - notions that have not been adequately addressed and rigorously tested. Other challenges have revolved around teasing apart environmentally-driven adaptation versus phylogenetically defined morphological change. Geochronologic age control of localities, geographic provinces and continents has improved, but in no way is absolute and can be reexamined in our proposed volume. Temporal resolution for paleodietary, paleohabitat and paleoecological interpretations are also challenging for understanding the evolution of Equus. Our proposed volume attempts to assemble a group of experts who will address multiple dimensions of Equus’ evolution in time and space.
Reveals how Darwin's study of fossils shaped his scientific thinking and led to his development of the theory of evolution. Darwin's Fossils is an accessible account of Darwin's pioneering work on fossils, his adventures in South America, and his relationship with the scientific establishment. While Darwin's research on Galápagos finches is celebrated, his work on fossils is less well known. Yet he was the first to collect the remains of giant extinct South American mammals; he worked out how coral reefs and atolls formed; he excavated and explained marine fossils high in the Andes; and he discovered a fossil forest that now bears his name. All of this research was fundamental in leading Darwin to develop his revolutionary theory of evolution. This richly illustrated book brings Darwin's fossils, many of which survive in museums and institutions around the world, together for the first time. Including new photography of many of the fossils--which in recent years have enjoyed a surge of scientific interest--as well as superb line drawings produced in the nineteenth century and newly commissioned artists' reconstructions of the extinct animals as they are understood today, Darwin's Fossils reveals how Darwin's discoveries played a crucial role in the development of his groundbreaking ideas.
Giants of the Lost World by Donald R. Prothero Pdf
More than a hundred years ago, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote a novel called The Lost World with the exciting premise that dinosaurs and other prehistoric beasts still ruled in South America. Little did Conan Doyle know, there were terrifying monsters in South America--they just happened to be extinct. In fact, South America has an incredible history as a land where many strange creatures evolved and died out. In his book Giants of the Lost World: Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Monsters of South America, Donald R. Prothero uncovers the real science and history behind this fascinating story. The largest animal ever discovered was the huge sauropod dinosaur Argentinosaurus, which was about 130 feet long and weighed up to 100 tons. The carnivorous predator Giganotosaurus weighed in at more than 8 tons and measured more than 47 feet long, dwarfing the T. rex in comparison. Gigantic anacondas broke reptile records; possums evolved into huge saber-toothed predators; and ground sloths grew larger than elephants in this strange, unknown land. Prothero presents the scientific details about each of these prehistoric beasts, provides a picture of the ancient landscapes they once roamed, and includes the stories of the individuals who first discovered their fossils for a captivating account of a lost world that is stranger than fiction.
Beyond Science Standards captures a vision of science education both whimsical and serious. Ranging across examples from elementary to university level classrooms and grounded in philosophy and history, the stories address dimensions beyond the realm of bureaucratic standards. Its thesis brings into question the premise of scientific unity and its representation in school as notions of method, process, nature, and practice. Schools, no less than the sciences, profit from playful exploration—of musical instruments in fourth grade physical science, for example, and hotel lobby decorative rock in a college geology course. Aesthetic expression permeates geologic interpretation and evolutionary insight—in depicting dentition, for instance, in the history of the horse family and linking this history to changing landscapes. Participating in collecting local, high altitude weather data enhances trust in climate science, especially when the observations benefit the local farming community. Allied with historical examples of the conduct of science, Beyond Science Standards offers the reader inspiring stories of science teaching, varying from place to place, time to time, discipline to discipline, and purpose to purpose.
Delphi Complete Harvard Classics and Shelf of Fiction (Illustrated) by Charles W. Eliot Pdf
Regarded by many as the most comprehensive anthology of all time, ‘The Harvard Classics’ was first published in 1909 under the supervision of the Harvard president Charles W. Eliot. An esteemed academic, Eliot had argued that the elements of a liberal education could be gained by spending 15 minutes a day reading from a collection of books that could fit on a five-foot shelf. The publisher P. F. Collier challenged Eliot to make good on this statement and ‘Dr. Eliot's Five Foot Shelf’ was the result. Eight years later Eliot added a further 20 volumes as a sub-collection titled ‘The Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction’, offering some of the greatest novels and short stories of world literature. The exhaustive anthology of the ‘The Harvard Classics’ comprises every major literary figure, philosopher, religion, folklore and historical subject up to the twentieth century. This comprehensive eBook presents the complete anthology, with Eliot’s original introductions, numerous illustrations, rare texts and the usual Delphi bonus material. (Version 1) * Beautifully illustrated with images relating to life and works of the authors featured in the anthology * All 51 volumes of ‘The Harvard Classics’ * Eliot’s original concise introductions * Eliot’s general introduction to the anthology (Volume 50) * The complete 20 volume edition of ‘The Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction’ * Images of how the books were first published, giving your eReader a taste of the original texts * Excellent formatting of the texts * Major works include the original illustrations that accompanied the text * Easily locate the chapters and sections you want to read with individual contents tables * Precise arrangement of texts into the original anthology order * A veritable digital library comprised in a single eBook! Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to see the full contents - too many titles to list fully here. CONTENTS: Vol. 1: FRANKLIN, WOOLMAN, PENN Vol. 2. PLATO, EPICTETUS, MARCUS AURELIUS Vol. 3. BACON, MILTON’S PROSE, THOS. BROWNE Vol. 4. COMPLETE POEMS IN ENGLISH, MILTON Vol. 5. ESSAYS AND ENGLISH TRAITS, EMERSON Vol. 6. POEMS AND SONGS, BURNS Vol. 7. CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE, IMITATION OF CHRIST Vol. 8. NINE GREEK DRAMAS Vol. 9. LETTERS AND TREATISES OF CICERO AND PLINY Vol. 10. WEALTH OF NATIONS, ADAM SMITH Vol. 11. ORIGIN OF SPECIES, DARWIN Vol. 12. PLUTARCH’S LIVES Vol. 13. AENEID, VIRGIL Vol. 14. DON QUIXOTE, PART 1, CERVANTES Vol. 15. PILGRIM’S PROGRESS, DONNE & HERBERT, BUNYAN, WALTON Vol. 16. THE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS Vol. 17. FOLKLORE AND FABLE, AESOP, GRIMM, ANDERSON Vol. 18. MODERN ENGLISH DRAMA Vol. 19. FAUST, EGMONT, ETC. DOCTOR FAUSTUS, GOETHE, MARLOWE Vol. 20. THE DIVINE COMEDY, DANTE Vol. 21. I PROMESSI SPOSI, MANZONI Vol. 22. THE ODYSSEY, HOMER Vol. 23. TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST, DANA Vol. 24. ON THE SUBLIME, FRENCH REVOLUTION, ETC., BURKE Vol. 25. AUTOBIOGRAPHY, ETC., ESSAYS AND ADDRESSES, J.S. MILL, T. CARLYLE Vol. 26. CONTINENTAL DRAMA Vol. 27. ENGLISH ESSAYS: SIDNEY TO MACAULAY Vol. 28. ESSAYS: ENGLISH AND AMERICAN Vol. 29. VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE, DARWIN Vol. 30. FARADAY, HELMHOLTZ, KELVIN, NEWCOMB, ETC Vol. 31. AUTOBIOGRAPHY, BENVENUTO CELLINI Vol. 32. LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS Vol. 33. VOYAGES AND TRAVELS Vol. 34. FRENCH AND ENGLISH PHILOSOPHERS Vol. 35. CHRONICLE AND ROMANCE Vol. 36. MACHIAVELLI, MORE, LUTHER Vol. 37. LOCKE, BERKELEY, HUME Vol. 38. HARVEY, JENNER, LISTER, PASTEUR Vol. 39. PREFACES AND PROLOGUES Vol. 40. ENGLISH POETRY 1 Vol. 41. ENGLISH POETRY 2 Vol. 42. ENGLISH POETRY 3 Vol. 43. AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS Vol. 44. SACRED WRITINGS 1 Vol. 45. SACRED WRITINGS 2 Vol. 46. ELIZABETHAN DRAMA 1 Vol. 47. ELIZABETHAN DRAMA 2 Vol. 48. THOUGHTS AND MINOR WORKS, PASCAL Vol. 49. EPIC AND SAGA Vol. 50. INTRODUCTION AND READER’S GUIDE Vol. 51. LECTURES The Harvard Classics Shelf of Fiction 20 Volumes: FIELDING to TURGENEV
PREFACE I have stated in the preface to the first Edition of this work, and in the Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle, that it was in consequence of a wish expressed by Captain Fitz Roy, of having some scientific person on board, accompanied by an offer from him of giving up part of his own accommodations, that I volunteered my services, which received, through the kindness of the hydrographer, Captain Beaufort, the sanction of the Lords of the Admiralty. As I feel that the opportunities which I enjoyed of studying the Natural History of the different countries we visited, have been wholly due to Captain Fitz Roy, I hope I may here be permitted to repeat my expression of gratitude to him; and to add that, during the five years we were together, I received from him the most cordial friendship and steady assistance. Both to Captain Fitz Roy and to all the Officers of the Beagle [ 1] I shall ever feel most thankful for the undeviating kindness with which I was treated during our long voyage. This volume contains, in the form of a Journal, a history of our voyage, and a sketch of those observations in Natural History and Geology, which I think will possess some interest for the general reader. I have in this edition largely condensed and corrected some parts, and have added a little to others, in order to render the volume more fitted for popular reading; but I trust that naturalists will remember, that they must refer for details to the larger publications which comprise the scientific results of the Expedition. The Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle includes an account of the Fossil Mammalia, by Professor Owen; of the Living Mammalia, by Mr. Waterhouse; of the Birds, by Mr. Gould; of the Fish, by the Rev. L. Jenyns; and of the Reptiles, by Mr. Bell. I have appended to the descriptions of each species an account of its habits and range. These works, which I owe to the high talents and disinterested zeal of the above distinguished authors, could not have been undertaken, had it not been for the liberality of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury, who, through the representation of the Right Honourable the Chancellor of the Exchequer, have been pleased to grant a sum of one thousand pounds towards defraying part of the expenses of publication. I have myself published separate volumes on the 'Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs;' on the 'Volcanic Islands visited during the Voyage of the Beagle;' and on the 'Geology of South America.' The sixth volume of the 'Geological Transactions' contains two papers of mine on the Erratic Boulders and Volcanic Phenomena of South America. Messrs. Waterhouse, Walker, Newman, and White, have published several able papers on the Insects which were collected, and I trust that many others will hereafter follow. The plants from the southern parts of America will be given by Dr. J. Hooker, in his great work on the Botany of the Southern Hemisphere. The Flora of the Galapagos Archipelago is the subject of a separate memoir by him, in the 'Linnean Transactions.' The Reverend Professor Henslow has published a list of the plants collected by me at the Keeling Islands; and the Reverend J. M. Berkeley has described my cryptogamic plants. I shall have the pleasure of acknowledging the great assistance which I have received from several other naturalists, in the course of this and my other works; but I must be here allowed to return my most sincere thanks to the Reverend Professor Henslow, who, when I was an undergraduate at Cambridge, was one chief means of giving me a taste for Natural History,—who, during my absence, took charge of the collections I sent home, and by his correspondence directed my endeavours,—and who, since my return, has constantly rendered me every assistance which the kindest friend could offer.
A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum (natural History) by British Museum Natural History Pdf
The Legacy of the Mastodon by Keith Stewart Thomson Pdf
The uncovering in the mid-1700s of fossilized mastodon bones and teeth at Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, signaled the beginning of a great American adventure. The West was opening up and unexplored lands beckoned. Unimagined paleontological treasures awaited discovery: strange horned mammals, birds with teeth, flying reptiles, gigantic fish, diminutive ancestors of horses and camels, and more than a hundred different kinds of dinosaurs. This exciting book tells the story of the grandest period of fossil discovery in American history, the years from 1750 to 1890. The volume begins with Thomas Jefferson, whose keen interest in the American mastodon led him to champion the study of fossil vertebrates. The book continues with vivid descriptions of the actual work of prospecting for fossils--a pick in one hand, a rifle in the other--and enthralling portraits of Joseph Leidy, Ferdinand Hayden, Edward Cope, and Othniel Marsh among other major figures in the development of the science of paleontology. Shedding new light on these scientists feuds and rivalries, on the connections between fossil studies in Europe and America, and on paleontologys contributions to Americas developing national identity, The Legacy of the Mastodon is itself a fabulous discovery for every reader to treasure.
Delphi Complete Works of Charles Darwin (Illustrated) by Charles Darwin Pdf
One of the most influential scientists of world history, the naturalist Charles Darwin gained widespread fame and notoriety with the 1859 publication of ‘On the Origin of Species’. At first shocking his Victorian readers by suggesting that animals and humans shared a common ancestry, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies. For the first time in publishing history, this comprehensive eBook presents Darwin’s complete works, with numerous illustrations, rare texts appearing in digital print for the first time, informative introductions and the usual Delphi bonus material. (Version 1) * Beautifully illustrated with images relating to Darwin’s life and works * New introductions, specially written for this collection, by Professor Kenneth Richard Seddon, OBE (QUILL, The Queen’s University of Belfast) * ALL of Darwin’s published books, with individual contents tables * Images of how the books were first published, giving your eReader a taste of the original texts * Excellent formatting of the books * Famous works are fully illustrated with their original drawings and diagrams * Multiple editions for the same books, including three editions for the groundbreaking ‘On the Origin of Species’: first, second and definitive sixth edition * Includes Darwin’s letters and autobiographies - spend hours exploring the scientist’s personal correspondence * Special criticism section, with 11 essays evaluating Darwin’s contribution to science * Features Bettany’s seminal biography - discover Darwin’s life * Scholarly ordering of texts into chronological order and genres Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to browse through our range of exciting titles CONTENTS: The Books INTRODUCTION TO ‘THE ZOOLOGY OF THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. BEAGLE’ THE JOURNAL OF RESEARCHES THE STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CORAL REEFS GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE VOLCANIC ISLANDS VISITED DURING THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. BEAGLE GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOUTH AMERICA A MONOGRAPH OF THE SUB-CLASS CIRRIPEDIA A MONOGRAPH OF THE FOSSIL LEPADIDAE ON THE TENDENCY OF SPECIES TO FORM VARIETIES; AND ON THE PERPETUATION OF VARIETIES AND SPECIES BY NATURAL MEANS OF SELECTION ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION ON THE VARIOUS CONTRIVANCES BY WHICH BRITISH AND FOREIGN ORCHIDS ARE FERTILISED BY INSECTS ON THE MOVEMENTS AND HABITS OF CLIMBING PLANTS THE VARIATION OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS UNDER DOMESTICATION THE DESCENT OF MAN, AND SELECTION IN RELATION TO SEX THE EXPRESSION OF THE EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS THE EFFECTS OF CROSS AND SELF FERTILISATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES ERASMUS DARWIN THE POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD, THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES Pamphlets, Essays and Other Short Pieces QUESTIONS ABOUT THE BREEDING OF ANIMALS GEOLOGY: A MANUAL OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY RECOLLECTIONS OF PROFESSOR HENSLOW, IN JENYNS, MEMOIR OF THE REV. JOHN STEVENS HENSLOW QUERIES ABOUT EXPRESSION REPORT OF THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON THE PRACTICE OF SUBJECTING LIVE ANIMALS TO EXPERIMENTS FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AN INFANT MIND IN WEISMANN, STUDIES IN THE THEORY OF DESCENT ESSAY ON INSTINCT INHERITANCE The Letters THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN MORE LETTERS OF CHARLES DARWIN The Autobiographies DARWIN: HIS LIFE TOLD IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES DARWIN The Criticism ON THE RECEPTION OF THE ‘ORIGIN OF SPECIES’ by Thomas Henry Huxley DARWIN ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES by Samuel Butler DARWIN AMONG THE MACHINES by Samuel Butler AN ESTIMATE OF DARWIN by Asa Gray DARWINISM IN THE THEORY OF SOCIAL EVOLUTION by Franklin H. Giddings GLIMPSES AT DARWIN’S WORKING LIFE by William H. Larrabee THE DARWIN CELEBRATION AT CAMBRIDGE by T. D. A. Cockerell SPENCER AND DARWIN by Grant Allen THE WORLD OF LIFE AS VISUALIZED AND INTERPRETED BY DARWINISM by Alfred Russel Wallace CANON WILBERFORCE ON DARWIN OBITUARY NOTICE OF CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN by John Hutton Balfour The Biography LIFE OF CHARLES DARWIN by G. T. Bettany Please visit www.delphiclassics.com to browse through our range of exciting titles
A Guide to the Exhibition Galleries of the Department of Geology and Palaeontology in the British Museum (Natural History) Cromwell Road, London, S. W. by Henry Woodward Pdf