From The Retina To The Neocortex

Author : VAINA
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2012-12-06
Category : Science
ISBN : 9781468467758

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From the Retina to the Neocortex by VAINA Pdf

David Courtnay Marr was born on January 19, 1945 in Essex, England. He went to the English public school, Rugby, on scholarship and between 1963 and 1966 studied mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge University where he obtained his B.S. and M.S. degrees. Rather than pursue a Ph. D. in math ematics he preferred to switch to neurophysiology under Giles Brindley. His education involved training in neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Marr's Ph. D. work resulted in a theory of the cerebel lar cortex, the essence of which became "A Theory of the Cerebellar Cortex," reproduced in Chapter 1 of this volume with a commentary by Thomas Thach. He wrote a short paper subsequently with Stephen Blomfield, "How the Cere bellum May Be Used," (Chapter 2 in this volume with commentary by Jack Cowan). After obtaining his Ph. D., David Marr accepted an appointment to the scientific staff of the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge in the division of Cell Biology under Sydney Brenner and Francis Crick. Two other major studies, "Simple Memory: A Theory of the Archicortex" (Chapter 3 in this volume, commented on by Bruce McNaughton and David Willshaw) and "A Theory for Cerebral Neocortex" (Chapter 4 in this volume and commented on by Jack Cowan) followed the cerebellum study.

Author : Lucia Vaina
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 330 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 1991-01-01
Category : Brain
ISBN : 376433472X

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From the Retina to the Neocortex by Lucia Vaina Pdf

Author : Helga Kolb,Eduardo Fernandez,Ralph Nelson
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 46,7 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:503519994

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Webvision by Helga Kolb,Eduardo Fernandez,Ralph Nelson Pdf

Author : National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,Sandra Ackerman
Publisher : National Academies Press
Page : 195 pages
File Size : 48,8 Mb
Release : 1992-01-01
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780309045292

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Discovering the Brain by National Academy of Sciences,Institute of Medicine,Sandra Ackerman Pdf

The brain ... There is no other part of the human anatomy that is so intriguing. How does it develop and function and why does it sometimes, tragically, degenerate? The answers are complex. In Discovering the Brain, science writer Sandra Ackerman cuts through the complexity to bring this vital topic to the public. The 1990s were declared the "Decade of the Brain" by former President Bush, and the neuroscience community responded with a host of new investigations and conferences. Discovering the Brain is based on the Institute of Medicine conference, Decade of the Brain: Frontiers in Neuroscience and Brain Research. Discovering the Brain is a "field guide" to the brainâ€"an easy-to-read discussion of the brain's physical structure and where functions such as language and music appreciation lie. Ackerman examines: How electrical and chemical signals are conveyed in the brain. The mechanisms by which we see, hear, think, and pay attentionâ€"and how a "gut feeling" actually originates in the brain. Learning and memory retention, including parallels to computer memory and what they might tell us about our own mental capacity. Development of the brain throughout the life span, with a look at the aging brain. Ackerman provides an enlightening chapter on the connection between the brain's physical condition and various mental disorders and notes what progress can realistically be made toward the prevention and treatment of stroke and other ailments. Finally, she explores the potential for major advances during the "Decade of the Brain," with a look at medical imaging techniquesâ€"what various technologies can and cannot tell usâ€"and how the public and private sectors can contribute to continued advances in neuroscience. This highly readable volume will provide the public and policymakersâ€"and many scientists as wellâ€"with a helpful guide to understanding the many discoveries that are sure to be announced throughout the "Decade of the Brain."

Author : Davide Zoccolan,David D. Cox,Andrea Benucci, R. Clay Reid
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
Page : 292 pages
File Size : 53,7 Mb
Release : 2015-11-18
Category : Electronic book
ISBN : 9782889196784

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What can simple brains teach us about how vision works by Davide Zoccolan,David D. Cox,Andrea Benucci, R. Clay Reid Pdf

Vision is the process of extracting behaviorally-relevant information from patterns of light that fall on retina as the eyes sample the outside world. Traditionally, nonhuman primates (macaque monkeys, in particular) have been viewed by many as the animal model-of-choice for investigating the neuronal substrates of visual processing, not only because their visual systems closely mirror our own, but also because it is often assumed that “simpler” brains lack advanced visual processing machinery. However, this narrow view of visual neuroscience ignores the fact that vision is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom, enabling a wide repertoire of complex behaviors in species from insects to birds, fish, and mammals. Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in alternative animal models for vision research, especially rodents. This resurgence is partly due to the availability of increasingly powerful experimental approaches (e.g., optogenetics and two-photon imaging) that are challenging to apply to their full potential in primates. Meanwhile, even more phylogenetically distant species such as birds, fish, and insects have long been workhorse animal models for gaining insight into the core computations underlying visual processing. In many cases, these animal models are valuable precisely because their visual systems are simpler than the primate visual system. Simpler systems are often easier to understand, and studying a diversity of neuronal systems that achieve similar functions can focus attention on those computational principles that are universal and essential. This Research Topic provides a survey of the state of the art in the use of animal models of visual functions that are alternative to macaques. It includes original research, methods articles, reviews, and opinions that exploit a variety of animal models (including rodents, birds, fishes and insects, as well as small New World monkey, the marmoset) to investigate visual function. The experimental approaches covered by these studies range from psychophysics and electrophysiology to histology and genetics, testifying to the richness and depth of visual neuroscience in non-macaque species.

Author : John E. Dowling
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 610 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2012-01-15
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780674247284

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The Retina by John E. Dowling Pdf

John Dowling’s The Retina, published in 1987, quickly became the most widely recognized introduction to the structure and function of retinal cells. In this Revised Edition, Dowling draws on twenty-five years of new research to produce an interdisciplinary synthesis focused on how retinal function contributes to our understanding of brain mechanisms. The retina is a part of the brain pushed out into the eye during development. It retains many characteristics of other brain regions and hence has yielded significant insights on brain mechanisms. Visual processing begins there as a result of neuronal interactions in two synaptic layers that initiate an analysis of space, color, and movement. In humans, visual signals from 126 million photoreceptors funnel down to one million ganglion cells that convey at least a dozen representations of a visual scene to higher brain regions. The Revised Edition calls attention to general principles applicable to all vertebrate retinas, while showing how the visual needs of different animals are reflected in their retinal variations. It includes completely new chapters on color vision and retinal degenerations and genetics, as well as sections on retinal development and visual pigment biochemistry, and presents the latest knowledge and theories on how the retina is organized anatomically, physiologically, and pharmacologically. The clarity of writing and illustration that made The Retina a book of choice for a quarter century among graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, vision researchers, and teachers of upper-level courses on vision is retained in Dowling’s new easy-to-read Revised Edition.

Author : Jennifer Walinga,Charles Stangor
Publisher : Hasanraza Ansari
Page : 810 pages
File Size : 45,7 Mb
Release : 2024-07-02
Category : Body, Mind & Spirit
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Introduction to Psychology by Jennifer Walinga,Charles Stangor Pdf

This book is designed to help students organize their thinking about psychology at a conceptual level. The focus on behaviour and empiricism has produced a text that is better organized, has fewer chapters, and is somewhat shorter than many of the leading books. The beginning of each section includes learning objectives; throughout the body of each section are key terms in bold followed by their definitions in italics; key takeaways, and exercises and critical thinking activities end each section.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 561 pages
File Size : 40,6 Mb
Release : 1992-04-21
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780080862156

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GABA in the Retina and Central Visual System by Anonim Pdf

GABA in the Retina and Central Visual System

Author : Peter H. Schiller,Edward J. Tehovnik
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 441 pages
File Size : 51,8 Mb
Release : 2015
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780199936533

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Vision and the Visual System by Peter H. Schiller,Edward J. Tehovnik Pdf

'Vision and the Visual System' offers students, teachers and researchers a rigorous, yet accessible account of how the brain analyses the visual scene. Schiller and Tehovnik describe key aspects of visual perception such as colour, motion, pattern and depth while explaining the relationship between eye movements and neural structures in the brain.

Author : Georg F. Striedter
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 644 pages
File Size : 55,7 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Nervous system
ISBN : 9780195396157

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Neurobiology by Georg F. Striedter Pdf

Introducing neurobiology through an evolutionary, organismal, and experimental perspective, Neurobiology covers not only what neuroscientists have learned about the brain in terms of facts and ideas, but also how they have learned it through key experiments. With a strong emphasis on neuralcircuits and systems, this text bridges the gap between the cellular and molecular end and the cognitive end of the neuroscience spectrum, allowing students to grasp the full breadth of the subject.

Author : Gerald E. Schneider
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 725 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 2014-03-21
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780262026734

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Brain Structure and Its Origins by Gerald E. Schneider Pdf

An introduction to the brain's anatomical organization and functions with explanations in terms of evolutionary adaptations and development. This introduction to the structure of the central nervous system demonstrates that the best way to learn how the brain is put together is to understand something about why. It explains why the brain is put together as it is by describing basic functions and key aspects of its evolution and development. This approach makes the structure of the brain and spinal cord more comprehensible as well as more interesting and memorable. The book offers a detailed outline of the neuroanatomy of vertebrates, especially mammals, that equips students for further explorations of the field. Gaining familiarity with neuroanatomy requires multiple exposures to the material with many incremental additions and reviews. Thus the early chapters of this book tell the story of the brain's origins in a first run-through of the entire system; this is followed by other such surveys in succeeding chapters, each from a different angle. The book proceeds from basic aspects of nerve cells and their physiology to the evolutionary beginnings of the nervous system to differentiation and development, motor and sensory systems, and the structure and function of the main parts of the brain. Along the way, it makes enlightening connections to evolutionary history and individual development. Brain Structure and Its Origins can be used for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate classes in neuroscience, biology, psychology, and related fields, or as a reference for researchers and others who want to know more about the brain.

Author : Gordon M. Shepherd,Sten Grillner
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 625 pages
File Size : 53,6 Mb
Release : 2018
Category : Medical
ISBN : 9780190636111

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Handbook of Brain Microcircuits by Gordon M. Shepherd,Sten Grillner Pdf

In order to focus on principles, each chapter in this work is brief, organized around 1-3 wiring diagrams of the key circuits, with several pages of text that distil the functional significance of each microcircuit

Author : J. Storm-Mathisen,O.P. Ottersen
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 312 pages
File Size : 44,8 Mb
Release : 2000-11-03
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0080532578

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Glutamate by J. Storm-Mathisen,O.P. Ottersen Pdf

The volume presents a comprehensive and up-to-date treatise of the glutamatergic synapse and its environment. Particular emphasis is on the localizations of the molecular constituents of the synaptic machinery. Immunogold and other high-resolution methods are used extensively. Each chapter presents new data that have not previously been reviewed. The material presented forms the basis for work directed to understanding the functional properties of excitatory synapses in greater depth, to discover mechanisms of neurological and psychiatric disorders and novel methods for treatment. Chapter 1 deals with the transmitter molecule itself, mechanisms of release and pathways for glutamate synthesis. The anatomy of glutamatergic nerve projection pathways in different brain regions is dealt with. In Chapter 2, focus is on aspartate, the enigmatic congener of glutamate, and its possible role in excitatory neurotransmission. Chapters 3 through 6 deal with glutamate receptors. Metabotropic glutamate receptors are presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 presents an in situ hybridization atlas of the different classes of ionotropic glutamate receptors. The localizations of these receptors at the regional and synaptic level are presented in Chapter 5. The ways in which the receptors are brought to the synapse and held in position are the subject of Chapter 6. Chapter 7 deals with the enzymes responsible for formation and catabolism of glutamate. In Chapter 8, the regulation of extracellular glutamate levels by glutamate transporters is discussed. The final two chapters of the volume focus on two "model synapses" that, due to special features, lend themselves particularly well to demonstrating properties of glutamatergic synapses. The hair cell-to-afferent nerve terminal synapses in the inner ear (Chapter 9), with their supporting cells, share essential properties with glutamatergic synapses in the central nervous system. The salient features of the latter are illustrated by the synapses of the giant reticulo-spinal axons of the lamprey, used to unravel molecular mechanisms of the cycling of synaptic vesicles (Chapter 10).

Author : L. Descarries,Krešimir Krnjević,Mircea Steriade
Publisher : Elsevier
Page : 356 pages
File Size : 49,5 Mb
Release : 2004
Category : Medical
ISBN : 0444511253

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Acetylcholine in the Cerebral Cortex by L. Descarries,Krešimir Krnjević,Mircea Steriade Pdf

Comprehensive exposé, by leading neuroscientists, of current knowledge on the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. All aspects of the subject are covered, from its most elementary, at the molecular and cellular levels, to its systemic and holistic implications, including its role in cognition and involvement in human diseases and therapeutics. The twenty-two chapters are grouped under four main headings : I. Functional Morphology of the Acetylcholine Innervation in Cerebral Cortex (Including Hippocampus); II. Modes of Action of Acetylcholine in the Cerebral Cortex; III. Cortical Properties and Functions Modulated by Acetylcholine, and IV. Clinical, Pathological and Therapeutic Implications. This broad perspective updates the reader on recent advances and future trends in the study of a major neuromodulatory system in brain.

Author : Richard John Kosciejew
Publisher : AuthorHouse
Page : 633 pages
File Size : 47,6 Mb
Release : 2014-10-16
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781496936172

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The Treadmills of Time by Richard John Kosciejew Pdf

If the universe is a seamlessly interactive system that evolves to an assigning of some levelling plexuity, and that, the lawful regularities of this universe are emergent properties of this system; we can legibly assume that the cosmos, as a legitimate point of singularity, as an undivided totality in the contributions for making of its whole. In that, for evincing to the progressive principal order of complementarity, as placed within the intertwining relations within its given parts. Minded that this collective and undivided whole exists in some sense within all contributions of its parts, then one can declare positively or firmly maintain that it operates in self-reflective fashion and is the evidence for all emergent plexuities. Since human consciousness evinces self-reflective awareness in the human brain and since this brain is equivalently matched to all physical phenomena, as this can be viewed as an emergent property in the possessive nature of totality, such that it can be found within the whole for existing by its reason of certainty. As, can be feasible as plausibly concluded, that locality presupposes the consciousness of the universe, as we are conscious to its existing conventions within this prevalent response to approaching the expeditions into which of the past-present-future dimensions, allow to some marginal glimpse into the unthinkable.