Grounds For Cognition

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Grounds for Cognition

Radu J. Bogdan
Grounds for Cognition Book PDF

Author : Radu J. Bogdan
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 286 pages
File Size : 45,9 Mb
Release : 2014-01-02
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317780496

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Grounds for Cognition by Radu J. Bogdan Pdf

Q: Why do organisms need cognition? A: To get information about their environments. Q: Why such information? A: Because organisms need to guide their behaviors to goals. Q: Why guidance? A: Because it leads to goal satisfaction. Q: Why goals? Cognition is a naturally selected response by genetic programs to the evolutionary pressure of guiding behaviors to goals. Organisms are material systems that maintain and replicate themselves by engaging their world in goal-directed ways. This is how guidance of behavior to goal grounds and explains cognition and the main forms in which it manages information. Guidance to goal also makes a difference to the understanding of human cognition. Simpler forms of cognition evolve to handle fixed informational transactions with the world, whereas human cognition evolves the abilities to script flexible goal situations that fit specific contexts of behavior. This teleoevolutionary approach has important implications for cognitive science, two of which are programmatic. One is that information that guides to goal is not exclusively cognitive; guidance is also affected by ecological facts and regularities as well as by design assumptions about them. The other implication is that the functional analyses dominant in cognitive science and philosophy of mind are incomplete and weak. They are incomplete in that they focus only on the explicitly encoded cognitive information and its behavioral consequences, thus ignoring the larger guidance arrangements; and weak because causal and functional relations implement but underdetermine goal-directed and goal-guided procesess. A work dealing expressly with the foundations of cognitive science, this book addresses basic but seldom-asked questions about the evolutionary rationale of cognition and the way this rationale has shaped the major types of cognition. It also provides a teleological answer to these basic questions in terms of goal directedness and particularly guidance of behavior to goal. In so doing, the work defends the scientific respectability and the explanatory necessity of teleology by showing that goal directedness characterizes the work of genetic programs.

Cognition in the Wild

Edwin Hutchins
Cognition in the Wild Book PDF

Author : Edwin Hutchins
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 403 pages
File Size : 53,5 Mb
Release : 1996-08-26
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9780262581462

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Cognition in the Wild by Edwin Hutchins Pdf

Edwin Hutchins combines his background as an anthropologist and an open ocean racing sailor and navigator in this account of how anthropological methods can be combined with cognitive theory to produce a new reading of cognitive science. His theoretical insights are grounded in an extended analysis of ship navigation—its computational basis, its historical roots, its social organization, and the details of its implementation in actual practice aboard large ships. The result is an unusual interdisciplinary approach to cognition in culturally constituted activities outside the laboratory—"in the wild." Hutchins examines a set of phenomena that have fallen in the cracks between the established disciplines of psychology and anthropology, bringing to light a new set of relationships between culture and cognition. The standard view is that culture affects the cognition of individuals. Hutchins argues instead that cultural activity systems have cognitive properties of their own that are different from the cognitive properties of the individuals who participate in them. Each action for bringing a large naval vessel into port, for example, is informed by culture: the navigation team can be seen as a cognitive and computational system. Introducing Navy life and work on the bridge, Hutchins makes a clear distinction between the cognitive properties of an individual and the cognitive properties of a system. In striking contrast to the usual laboratory tasks of research in cognitive science, he applies the principal metaphor of cognitive science—cognition as computation (adopting David Marr's paradigm)—to the navigation task. After comparing modern Western navigation with the method practiced in Micronesia, Hutchins explores the computational and cognitive properties of systems that are larger than an individual. He then turns to an analysis of learning or change in the organization of cognitive systems at several scales. Hutchins's conclusion illustrates the costs of ignoring the cultural nature of cognition, pointing to the ways in which contemporary cognitive science can be transformed by new meanings and interpretations. A Bradford Book

Cognition of the Law

Luigi Cominelli
Cognition of the Law Book PDF

Author : Luigi Cominelli
Publisher : Springer
Page : 198 pages
File Size : 50,8 Mb
Release : 2018-07-04
Category : Law
ISBN : 9783319893488

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Cognition of the Law by Luigi Cominelli Pdf

This book’s basic hypothesis – which it proposes to test with a cognitive-sociological approach – is that legal behavior, like every form of human behavior, is directed and framed by biosocial constraints that are neither entirely genetic nor exclusively cultural. As such, from a sociological perspective the law can be seen as a super-meme, that is, as a biosocial constraint that develops only in complex societies. This super-meme theory, by highlighting a fundamental distinction between defensive and assertive biases, might explain the false contradiction between law as a static and historical phenomenon, and law as a dynamic and promotional element. Socio-legal scholars today have to face the challenge of pursuing a truly interdisciplinary approach, connecting all the fields that can contribute to building a modern theory of normative behavior and social action. Understanding and framing concepts such as rationality, emotion, or justice can help to overcome the significant divide between micro and macro sociological knowledge. Social scientists who are interested in the law must be able to master the epistemological discourses of different disciplines, and to produce fruitful syntheses and bridge-operations so as to understand the legal phenomenon from each different point of view. The book adopts four perspectives: sociological, psychological, biological-evolutionary and cognitive. All of them have the potential to be mutually integrated, and constitute that general social science that provides common ground for exchange. The goal is to arrive at a broad and integrated view of the socio-legal phenomenon, paving the way for a comprehensive theory of norm-oriented and norm-perceived actions.

Grounding Social Sciences in Cognitive Sciences

Ron Sun
Grounding Social Sciences in Cognitive Sciences Book PDF

Author : Ron Sun
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 467 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2012-07-27
Category : Science
ISBN : 9780262304474

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Grounding Social Sciences in Cognitive Sciences by Ron Sun Pdf

Exploration of a new integrative intellectual enterprise: the cognitive social sciences. Research in the cognitive sciences has advanced significantly in recent decades. Computational cognitive modeling has profoundly changed the ways in which we understand cognition. Empirical research has progressed as well, offering new insights into many psychological phenomena. This book investigates the possibility of exploiting the successes of the cognitive sciences to establish a better foundation for the social sciences, including the disciplines of sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science. The result may be a new, powerful, integrative intellectual enterprise: the cognitive social sciences. The book treats a range of topics selected to capture issues that arise across the social sciences, covering computational, empirical, and theoretical approaches. The chapters, by leading scholars in both the cognitive and the social sciences, explore the relationship between cognition and society, including such issues as methodologies of studying cultural differences; the psychological basis of politics (for instance, the role of emotion and the psychology of moral choices); cognitive dimensions of religion; cognitive approaches to economics; meta-theoretical questions on the possibility of the unification of social and cognitive sciences. Combining depth and breadth, the book encourages fruitful interdisciplinary interaction across many fields.

Elements of Reason

Arthur Lupia,Mathew D. McCubbins,Samuel L. Popkin
Elements of Reason Book PDF

Author : Arthur Lupia,Mathew D. McCubbins,Samuel L. Popkin
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 348 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2000-10-09
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 0521653320

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Elements of Reason by Arthur Lupia,Mathew D. McCubbins,Samuel L. Popkin Pdf

Advances in the social sciences are used to uncover cognitive foundations of social decision making.

Thinking with Diagrams

Sybille Krämer,Christina Ljungberg
Thinking with Diagrams Book PDF

Author : Sybille Krämer,Christina Ljungberg
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Page : 252 pages
File Size : 51,7 Mb
Release : 2016-07-11
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
ISBN : 9781501503757

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Thinking with Diagrams by Sybille Krämer,Christina Ljungberg Pdf

Diagrammatic reasoning is crucial for human cognition. It is hard to think of any forms of science or knowledge without the "intermediary world" of diagrams and diagrammatic representation in thought experiments and/or processes, manifested in forms as divers as notes, tables, schemata, graphs, drawings and maps. Despite their phenomenological and structural-functional differences, these forms of representation share a number of important attributes and epistemic functions. Combining aspects of linguistic and pictorial symbolism, diagrams go beyond the traditional distinction between language and image. They do not only represent, yet intervene in what is represented. Their spatiality, materiality and operativity establish a dynamic tool to exteriorize thinking, thus contributing to the idea of the extended mind. They foster imagination and problem solving, facilitate orientation in knowledge spaces and the discovery of unsuspected relationships. How can the diagrammatic nature of cognitive and knowledge practices be theorized historically as well as systematically? This is what this volume explores by investigating the semiotic dimension of diagrams as to knowledge, information and reasoning, e.g., the 'thing-ness' of diagrams in the history of art, the range of diagrammatic reasoning in logic, mathematics, philosophy and the sciences in general, including the knowledge function of maps.

Social Cognition

Fritz Strack,Jens Förster
Social Cognition Book PDF

Author : Fritz Strack,Jens Förster
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 434 pages
File Size : 41,7 Mb
Release : 2011-02-25
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781136874161

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Social Cognition by Fritz Strack,Jens Förster Pdf

Social cognition is an area of social psychology that has been flourishing over the past two decades. It has harnessed basic concepts from cognitive psychology and developed and refined them to explain human thinking, feeling, and acting in a social context. Moreover, social cognition has integrated emotional influences and unconscious processes to reach a more complete understanding of social psychological phenomena. In this volume, the reader will find a representative sample of outstanding research in the field of social cognition. The chapters address its central themes, roughly organized along the temporal axis of information processing. They include basic operations like perception, categorization, representation, and judgmental inferences. Other chapters focus on issues like social comparison, emotion, language and culture. All of the contributors are internationally-renowned experts who share with the reader their accounts of the research experience in each of their domains. Social Cognition: The Basis of Human Interaction is an invaluable resource for researchers requiring a comprehensive, yet concise, overview of the field, and may also be used by intermediate and advanced students of social cognition.

Enactive Cognition in Place

Miguel A. Sepúlveda-Pedro
Enactive Cognition in Place Book PDF

Author : Miguel A. Sepúlveda-Pedro
Publisher : Springer Nature
Page : 230 pages
File Size : 48,6 Mb
Release : 2023-01-01
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9783031202827

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Enactive Cognition in Place by Miguel A. Sepúlveda-Pedro Pdf

This book aims to enrich our understanding of the role the environment plays in processes of life and cognition, from the perspective of enactive cognitive science. Miguel A. Sepúlveda-Pedro offers an unprecedented interpretation of the central claims of the enactive approach to cognition, supported by contemporary works of ecological psychology and phenomenology. The enactive approach conceives cognition as sense-making, a phenomenon emerging from the organizational nature of the living body that evolves in human beings through sensorimotor, intercorporeal, and linguistic interactions with the environment. From this standpoint, Sepúlveda-Pedro suggests incorporating three new theses into the theoretical body of the enactive approach: sense-making and cognition fundamentally consist of processes of norm development; the environment, cognitive agents actually interact with, is an active ecological field enacted in their historical past; and sense-making occurs in a domain consisting of multiple normative dimensions that the author names enactive place.

Light of Consciousness

Martin Odudukudu
Light of Consciousness Book PDF

Author : Martin Odudukudu
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
Page : 135 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2011-07-21
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781462869060

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Light of Consciousness by Martin Odudukudu Pdf

Summary Light of Consciousness Metaphysics is a controversial subject because its concepts are not the same as and do not follow the same process of thinking as in other subjects. to think metaphysically, one must thinks out of the box; one must think independently of object and objective experiences, and this has to be learned. In metaphysics, one separates experiences due to objects from experiences occurring independently of objects. Such thinking is unusual, different from everyday thinking processes. Otherwise, one does not, for example, separate characterization one ascribes to God (or absolute intelligence) from ground of such characterization. Empiricists often insist that there is no such thing as an experience independent of an object; yet they do not explain the objects if any that one perceives, conceive and represents as corresponding to experiences of time, space, self consciousness, and so on. In Critic of Pure Reason, Kant (1781-1787) sees nature as subject to necessary law. These laws, Kant would say are accessible to us because cognition of these laws depends on the subject of thinking who characterizes its perceptions of nature according to rules. Thinking and characterizing; the problem that arises from this way of framing subjective and objective relationship is answering the question, what and how must the subject be in order to operate as a part of or apart from nature and still be said to determine it? Kant's answer to this dilemma is to split nature into sensuous (objects) and intelligible (things as they are in themselves) realm; however, he does not explain how the intelligible connects with the objective realm independent of thinking; that is, how one, an object, can determines an object. In view of these problems, Light of Consciousness is intended to achieve two main goals; (1) in chapterone, we attempt to point out the cognition with its elements in virtue of which Metaphysics may also ascend its throne as a legitimate subject matter. Here, just as cognition of external object is cognition of objective relations or physics, the object of cognition in metaphysics consist of objects of inner sense of which a subject of inner sense has been repeatedly identified as the aspect of inner sense saddled with the task of thinking, and therefore not objective. However, the controversy in Metaphysics is that a subject of inner sense is objective or empirical; therefore, to say that without experience there is no self. Light of Consciousness is intended to address these problem not by merely laying claims to its existence, but also by pointing out its instances of and in occurrence. In the other chapters of the book, we seek to point out some of the important topics of metaphysics, and to show how these topics help to further simply the subject matter. We describe these various aspects of the subject matter of metaphysics and their various elements and how these relate to self. We attempt to show that the operation of standing away from thinking is a real activity unique to the human being. In the chapter of time and space, we attempt to explicate its constituents as they relate to self. In the chapter on Monad, we went further to establish the natures of primary elements of nature, by explicating a process of development of pure and objective consciousness and their processes. Finally, in the chapters on consciousness and thought, we attempt to describe and explicate elements, constitution and process of operations of pure and objective consciousness. Here, we explain what consciousness is, what it consists of. Most important, we attempt to identify the nature of a consciousness in virtue of which one determine a representation of time and space, and to differentiate this from a consciousness in virtue of which one determines and represents an object in time and space.

Approaches to Cognition

Terry J. Knapp,Lynn C. Robertson
Approaches to Cognition Book PDF

Author : Terry J. Knapp,Lynn C. Robertson
Publisher : Routledge
Page : 413 pages
File Size : 51,6 Mb
Release : 2016-07-15
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317248156

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Approaches to Cognition by Terry J. Knapp,Lynn C. Robertson Pdf

To the vast majority of academic psychologists in the 1980s, the study of cognition referred to that area of psychology known as ‘cognitive psychology’. The major basis of this area had been the computer metaphor with its accompanying notion of the individual as an information-processing system. Yet within the field the study of cognition is much broader and has a history that reaches into antiquity, whereas ‘cognitive psychology’ as information-processing psychology had only recently become the standard bearer of cognitive studies. One of the purposes of this volume, originally published in 1986, was to articulate some of the fundamental distinctions between and concordances among different orientations concerning the study of cognition. The collection includes chapters on information processing, ecological, Gestalt, physiological, and operant psychology.

Duns Scotus's Theory of Cognition

Richard Cross
Duns Scotus s Theory of Cognition Book PDF

Author : Richard Cross
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
Page : 241 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2014
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780199684885

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Duns Scotus's Theory of Cognition by Richard Cross Pdf

Richard Cross provides the first full study of Duns Scotus's theory of cognition, examining his account of the processes involved in cognition, from sensation, through intuition and abstraction, to conceptual thought. Cross places Scotus's thought clearly within the context of 13th-century study on the mind, and of his intellectual forebears.

Enaction

John Stewart,Olivier Gapenne,Ezequiel A. Di Paolo
Enaction Book PDF

Author : John Stewart,Olivier Gapenne,Ezequiel A. Di Paolo
Publisher : MIT Press
Page : 483 pages
File Size : 49,6 Mb
Release : 2010
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9780262014601

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Enaction by John Stewart,Olivier Gapenne,Ezequiel A. Di Paolo Pdf

Introduction / John Stewart, Olivier Gapenne, Ezequiel Di Paolo -- Foundational issues in enaction as a paradigm for cognitive science : from the origin of life to consciousness and writing / John Stewart -- Horizons for the enactive mind : value, social interaction, and play / Ezequiel Di Paolo, Marieke Rohde and Hanneke De Jaegher -- Life and exteriority : the problem of metabolism / Renaud Barbaras -- Development through sensory-motor coordination / Adam Sheya and Linda B. Smith -- Enaction, sense-making and emotion / Giovanna Colombetti -- Thinking in movement / Maxine Sheets-Johnstone -- Kinesthesis and the construction of perceptual objects / Olivier Gapenne -- Directive minds : how dynamics shapes cognition / Andreas Engel -- Neurodynamics and phenomenology in mutual enlightenment : the example of the -- Epileptic aura / Michel Le Van Quyen -- Language and enation / Didier Bottineau -- Enacting infinity : bringing transfinite cardinals into being / Rafael E. Naaez -- The ontological constitution of cognition and the epistemological constitution of -- Cognitive science : phenomenology, enaction and technology / Varonique Havelange -- Embodiment or envatment? reflections on the bodily basis of consciousness / Diego Cosmelli and Evan Thompson -- Towards a phenomenological psychology of the conscious / Benny Shanon -- Enaction, imagination, and insight / Edwin Hutchins.

Baumgarten's Elements of First Practical Philosophy

Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten,Immanuel Kant
Baumgarten s Elements of First Practical Philosophy Book PDF

Author : Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten,Immanuel Kant
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
Page : 422 pages
File Size : 55,9 Mb
Release : 2020-05-14
Category : Philosophy
ISBN : 9781474282666

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Baumgarten's Elements of First Practical Philosophy by Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten,Immanuel Kant Pdf

This book presents the first English translation of Alexander Baumgarten's Initia Philosophiae Practicae Primae, the textbook Kant used in his lectures on moral philosophy. Originally published in Latin in 1760, the Initia contains a systematic, but original version of the universal practical philosophy first articulated by Christian Wolff. In his personal copy, Kant penned hundreds of pages of notes and sketches that document his relation to this earlier tradition. Translating these extensive elucidations into English, together with Kant's notes on the text, this translation offers a complete resource to Kant's reading of the Initia. To facilitate further study, first-time translations of elucidatory passages from G. F. Meier and Wolff are also included, alongside a German-English-Latin glossary. The translators' introduction provides a biography of Baumgarten, a discussion of the importance of the Initia, its relation to Wolff's and Meier's universal practical philosophy and its role in Kant's lectures. By shedding new light on the arguments of Kant's mature works and offering insights into his pre-Critical moral thought, Elements of First Practical Philosophy reveals why Baumgarten's work is essential for understanding the background to Kant's philosophy.

Person Memory (PLE: Memory)

Reid Hastie,Thomas Ostrom,Ebbe Ebbesen,Robert Wyer,David Hamilton,Donal Carlston
Person Memory PLE Memory Book PDF

Author : Reid Hastie,Thomas Ostrom,Ebbe Ebbesen,Robert Wyer,David Hamilton,Donal Carlston
Publisher : Psychology Press
Page : 319 pages
File Size : 44,7 Mb
Release : 2014-05-09
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 9781317695264

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Person Memory (PLE: Memory) by Reid Hastie,Thomas Ostrom,Ebbe Ebbesen,Robert Wyer,David Hamilton,Donal Carlston Pdf

Originally published in 1980, this title came about after many late night discussions between the authors during a 3-week workshop on Mathematical Approaches to Person Perception in 1974. In subsequent meetings a mutual interest emerged in the development of cognitive information processing metaphors for human thought and their application to problems of social perception, memory and judgment. Within the context of modern research on social cognition, the most distinctive aspects of the authors’ work was its empirical focus on how people cognitively represent people in memory, and its theoretical emphasis on models of cognitive organization and process. They concluded that an adequate theory of social memory was the necessary foundation for solutions to many questions concerning social perception and judgment that had dominated the 1974 workshop. This volume summarizes work conducted between 1974 and 1979 on social memory by these authors. In addition to six chapters summarizing individual research programs, the volume includes a general introduction and a concluding theoretical integration.

Unified Theories of Cognition

Allen Newell
Unified Theories of Cognition Book PDF

Author : Allen Newell
Publisher : Harvard University Press
Page : 580 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 1994
Category : Psychology
ISBN : 0674921011

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Unified Theories of Cognition by Allen Newell Pdf

Newell introduces Soar, an architecture for general cognition. A pioneer system in AI, Soar is the first problem-solver to create its own subgoals and learn continuously from its own experience. Its ability to operate within the real-time constraints of intelligent behavior illustrates important characteristics of human cognition.