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Guide to the Development of On-site Sanitation (A). by R. Franceys Pdf
Provides detailed practical and technical advice intended to guide the selection design construction and maintenance of on-site facilities for the removal of human excreta. Addressed to engineers sanitarians medical officers and project planners the book concentrates on technical options suitable for householders building their own latrines whether in small communities rural areas or deprived urban settlements. Details range from line drawings illustrating features of design and construction through a list of reasons why improved sanitation may elicit negative responses from users to instructi.
Guidelines and regulations for fecal sludge management from on-site sanitation facilities by Jayathilake, Nilanthi,Drechsel, Pay,Keraita, B.,Fernando, Sudarshana,Hanjra, M. A. Pdf
This Collection Of Essays Seeks To Explore Common Lessons From Political Sociology And Development Studies And In This Process Tries To Resolve The Tension Between The Author S Academic And Practitioner Worldviews. The Author Has Tried To Highlight One Principal Concern In This Volume That Development Is More Often Than Not A Multicultural Construct Of Everyday Politics That Is Context-Bound And Predicated By Statements Of Informed Choices On The Part Of The Stakeholders And/Or Beneficiaries Involved. So Development Is More About Who Gets What, When, How, Where And Why In Terms Of An Authoritative Allocation Of Values That Is Underpinned By Definitions Of Stakeholders Or Beneficiaries Or Affected Persons. Such Definitions Are Power Statements That Are Scripted By Agencies That Generally Tend To View Development As An Unevenness That May Be Restructured In Terms Of Human And Physical Engineering As A Level Playing Ground Where Players Are Equipped With Uniform Access To Resources And Similar Opportunities. This Is, However, A Contentious Issue Without Any Simple Answers. Such An Interventionist Approach May Not Always Be Sponsored By The Mode Of Production Or The Marketplace Of Politics That By Definition Thrives On Discrepancies And Discriminations Among Unequally Affected Persons. The Present Work Will Be Of Interest To Political Sociologists, Economic And Social Historians, Development Consultants, Non-Profit Professionals, Social Workers, Grassroots Activists, Urban Planners, Academics As Well As Researchers Working In The Development Sector.
Wastewater Recycling, Reuse, and Reclamation - Volume II by Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran Pdf
Total supply of fresh water on earth far exceeds human demand. However, scarcity of water currently faced in many regions of the world is caused by two reasons. First, its availability in time and space is not equally distributed. Thus there is problem of water in the wrong place, or at the wrong time and in wrong quantities. Second, while the population growth and expanded industrial activities are increasing demands on available water resources, they also jeopardize the availability of freshwater in adequate quantities by discharge of pollutants into freshwater sources. It is at times like these, when the rising curve of water demand intersects the fluctuating curve of water availability, recycle and reuse of wastewater is seriously considered. Wastewater recycling, reuse and reclamation have been, now, accepted as appropriate ways to conserve water resources as well as to contain polluted waters from contaminating other available clean water sources. This book gives a comprehensive review on water quantity and quality, simple water supply and sanitation systems, and leads to domestic, agricultural and industrial water reuse. Thus, it will provide useful information not only to technologists but also for planners, managers, and NGOs involved in the water sector. The contribution to the book comes from a broad pool of experts, working on technology, policy, health, and economy aspects of water management. Involvement of both academics and industry personnel from developing and developed countries makes this contribution broader and useable for a wide readership.
Assessing sanitary mixtures in East African cities by Sammy C. Letema Pdf
It has been common for both scientists and policy makers to view sanitary provision as a dichotomy between a centralised and a decentralised approach. Moreover, sustainability assessment has also been characterized by a dualistic approach, between the techno-centric and the eco-centric. Such views are often simplistic and not in tandem with the existing multiple sanitary options and service providers in East African cities, which defy such classification. This book provides the theoretical and empirical basis for a third way of classifying and assessing the multiple technical and institutional options to sanitary provision. This novel assessment approach called 'modernised mixtures' is used in this book as a tool for conceptualising, assessing and improving sanitary provision in East African cities. The assessment is based on four social and technical dimensions and three sustainability criteria. This inclusive approach in assessing sanitary mixtures, benefits decision making among imperfect options.
Setting up Community Health and Development Programmes in Low and Middle Income Settings by Ted Lankester,Nathan J. Grills Pdf
A majority of people living in rural areas and urban slums worldwide have minimal access to healthcare. Without information about what to give a child with stomach flu, how to relieve the pain of a broken bone, and how to work against increased substance abuse in a village, the whole community suffers. Children, adolescents, adults, and older people are all affected by the lack of what many of us view as basic healthcare, such as vaccination, pain killers, and contraceptives. To improve living conditions and life expectancy, the people in urban slums and rural areas need access to a trained health care worker, and a functioning clinic. Setting up Community Health and Development Programmes in Low and Middle Income Settings illustrates how to start, develop, and maintain a health care programme in poor areas across the world. The focus is on the community, and how people can work together to improve health through sanitation, storage of food, fresh water, and more. Currently, there is a lack of 17 million trained health care workers worldwide. Bridging the gap between medical professionals and people in low income areas, the aim of this book is for a member of the community to receive training and become the health care worker in their village. They will then in turn spread information and set up groups working to improve health. The book also explains in detail how communities can work alongside experts to ensure that practices and processes work effectively to bring the greatest impact. Copiously illustrated and written in easy-to-read English, this practical guide is designed to be extremely user friendly. Ideal for academics, students, programme managers, and health care practitioners in low and middle income settings worldwide, it is an evidence based source full of examples from the field. Setting up Community Health and Development Programmes in Low and Middle Income Settings shows how a community can both identify and solve its own problems, and in that way own its future. This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC 4.0 International licence.
Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Standards for Schools in Low-cost Settings by John Adams,Jamie Bartram,Yves Chartier,Jackie Sims,World Health Organization Pdf
"Diseases related to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene are a huge burden in developing countries. It is estimated that 88% of diarrhoeal disease is caused by unsafe water supply, and inadequate sanitation and hygiene (WHO, 2004c). Many schools serve communities that have a high prevalence of diseases related to inadequate water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and where child malnutrition and other underlying health problems are common. Schools, particularly those in rural areas, often completely lack drinking-water and sanitation and handwashing facilities; alternatively, where such facilities do exist they are often inadequate in both quality and quantity. Schools with poor water, sanitation and hygiene conditions, and intense levels of person-to-person contact, are high-risk environments for children and staff, and exacerbate children's particular susceptibility to environmental health hazards. Children's ability to learn may be affected by inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in several ways. These include helminth infections (which affect hundreds of millions of school-age children), long-term exposure to chemical contaminants in water (e.g. lead and arsenic), diarrhoeal diseases and malaria infections, all of which force many schoolchildren to be absent from school. Poor environmental conditions in the classroom can also make both teaching and learning very difficult. Girls and boys are likely to be affected in different ways by inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene conditions in schools, and this may contribute to unequal learning opportunities. Sometimes, girls and female teachers are more affected than boys because the lack of sanitary facilities means that they cannot attend school during menstruation. The international policy environment increasingly reflects these issues. Providing adequate levels of water supply, sanitation and hygiene in schools is of direct relevance to the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals of achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and reducing child mortality. It is also supportive of other goals, especially those on major diseases and infant mortality." - p. iii
Novel Concepts, Systems and Technology for Sludge Management in Emergency and Slum Settings by Peter Mawioo Pdf
Management of sludge is one of the most pressing issues in sanitation provision. The situation is especially complex when large quantities of fresh sludge containing various contaminants are generated in onsite sanitation systems in urban slums, emergency settlements and wastewater treatment facilities that require proper disposal of the sludge. The application of fast and efficient sludge management methods is important under these conditions. This study focused on the development of an innovative sludge treatment unit that is based on the microwave irradiation technology. The technology provides a rapid and efficient option for sludge treatment in isolated conditions such as slum, emergency, and similar situations. The microwave based technology forms part of the eSOS (emergency sanitation operation system) concept that promotes an integrated sanitation approach in which all components of the entire sanitation chain are planned holistically. Besides, the study addresses the deficiencies associated with the poor choice of emergency sanitation technology options by proposing a methodology that is based on compensatory multi-criteria analysis. This study contributes in providing solutions towards improved sanitation in complex scenarios, especially the management of faecal sludge in emergency and slum conditions.
The Sanitation Triangle by Taro Yamauchi,Seiji Nakao,Hidenori Harada Pdf
This open access book deals with global sanitation, where SDG 6.2 sets a target of enabling access to sanitation services for all, but has not yet been achieved in low- and middle-income countries. The transition from the United Nations MDGs to the SDGs requires more consideration based on the socio-cultural aspects of global sanitation. In other words, equitable sanitation for those in vulnerable situations could be based on socio-cultural contexts. Sanitation is a system that comprises not only a latrine but also the works for the treatment and disposal of human waste. Sanitation systems do not function by themselves but have significance only through social management. The process of decision-making also largely depends on socio-cultural conditions, and the importance of sanitation needs to be socially acknowledged. The health benefits of sanitation improvement--among the significant contributions of sanitation--also need to be considered in the socio-cultural milieu. Further, the social-culture itself is affected, and potentially even created, by sanitation. In this context, more progress on the improvement of sanitation requires a more holistic approach across disciplines. In this book, we present the concept of the Sanitation Triangle, which considers the interconnections of health, materials, and socio-culture in sanitation, as a holistic approach, and the case studies based on the Sanitation Triangle by diverse disciplines such as Cultural Anthropology, Development Studies, Health Sciences, Engineering, and Science Communication. By the deep theoretical examinations and inter-dialogues between the different disciplines, this book explores the potentialities of inter-disciplinary studies on global sanitation.
Rural Technology Development and Delivery by Sreenivas Chigullapalli,S. U. Susha Lekshmi,Abhijit P. Deshpande Pdf
This book comprises the proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Rural Technology Development and Delivery organized by Rural Technology Action group Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Madras. The book highlights research on demand driven technologies and innovations, mostly on energy, environment, water resources, livelihood and smart technologies for the development of rural India. Spanning multi-disciplinary research aspects on rural technologies and development, this book would be useful for rural entrepreneurs, researchers, students and academic/R&D institutions for getting them involved in appropriate rural technology and development.
Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health and Environmental Sustainability by McKeown, A. Elaine Pdf
Water is at the core of all life on Earth and exists as one of the main components of the human body. Because water is essential to life, addressing water pollution and sustainability issues is of great concern to environmentalists and public health specialists alike. Impact of Water Pollution on Human Health and Environmental Sustainability highlights several important water-related issues and explores a number of potential solutions to the problem of water sustainability. Focusing on research-based perspectives on water availability, industrial and agricultural pollution, water contamination, and their impacts on the human population as well as the environment, this crucial publication is a necessary addition to academic and government libraries serving graduate-level students, environmental scientists, public health workers, policy makers, and legislators seeking the latest information on sustainable and contaminant-free water resources.
