History Of The Introduction Of Lithium Into Medicine And Psychiatry
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History of the Introduction of Lithium Into Medicine and Psychiatry by Johan Schioldann,Johan Schioldann Nielsen Pdf
This book traces the history of lithium therapy back to the 1800s. It contests the notion that the Australian man John Cade, who pioneered lithium therapy in Australia in the 1940s, was the first man to use the therapy. Tracing the history of lithium therapy, and evaluating Cade's research and potential breadth of reading and resources, the author comes to the conclusion that Cade was aware of previous writings on the topic but never acknowledged it. Cade has therefore become known as the 'pioneer' of this therapy, incorrectly.
Lithium in Psychiatry in Historical Perspective by Jules Angst,Barry Blackwell,Samuel Gershon Pdf
Lithium in Historical Perspective is a collection of selected papers from INHN's. To provide readily accessible information on the history of the substance, the postings are presented in eight chapters: 1. Discovery, 2. Introduction, 3. Verification, 4. Controversy, 5. Re-evaluation, 6. Safety, 7. Action and 8. Indications. The potential use of lithium in "mania" was discovered by William T. Hammond and in "periodic depression" by Carl Lange in the19th century. There are two postings relevant to this topic: Johan Schioldann's comment on William Hammond and Carl Lange's speech, "On Periodical Depressions and Their Pathogenesis," in Schioldann's translation from Danish into English. Instrumental to the introduction of lithium was Edward Trautner's determination of an effective dose range in which Lithium can be safely administered. There are four contributions relevant to this topic: John Cade's and Trautner's biographies, by Samuel Gershon; Gershon's autobiographic account, "Events and Memories"; and Gershon's "Lithium History." The therapeutic effect of Lithium in "mania" was verified by Mogens Schou in the mid-1950s. There are three relevant to this topic: Mogens Schou's autobiography, and Grof's and Rybakowski's comments on it. Acceptance of lithium was delayed by a controversy in the mid-1960s about its prophylactic effect. There are four contributions in the collection relevant to this topic: Barry Blackwell's essay, "The lithium controversy, a historical autopsy"; Paul Grof's and Jules Angst's comments on it; and Blackwell's reply to both. In the 1980s lithium was re-evaluated and its place in treatment consolidated. There are three papers on this topic: Grof's comment, "More hindsight thought," on Blackwell's comments on Schou's "My journey with lithium"; Blackwell's review of Schioldann's "History of the Introduction of Lithium into Medicine and Psychiatry: Birth of Modern Psychopharmacology 1949"; and Schioldann's comment on Blackwell's review. With the prolonged use of the substance its anti-vasopressin action, causing polyuria and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in vulnerable patients had become a safety concern. Spearheaded by the research of Radó, by the end of the second decade of the 21st-century renal toxicity of lithium could be successfully treated and prevented. There are five essays by Radó included in this collection relevant to this topic: "Mechanism of lithium-induced polyuria in historical perspective"; "Calcitonin in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus"; "Renal toxicity of lithium in historical perspective with special reference to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus"; "Desmopressin may counteract polyuria in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Review of the literature"; and "Use of modern antidiuretic agents in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus." Throughout the years the mode of action of lithium has been extensively studied. Yet, in this selection, information on its possible mode of action is restricted to its effect on the "purinergic system" presented in two essays: Magda Malewska-Kasprzak, Agnieszka Permoda-Osip, and Rybakowski's treatise on the "Disturbances of the purinergic system in affective disorders and schizophrenia" and Rybakowski's "Additional information: A commentary on Walter Felber's paper on Lithium prevention of depression 100 years ago -- an ingenious misconception, published in 1987." The therapeutic indication of lithium extended after its introduction from the treatment of "manic excitement" to the acute, maintenance and prophylactic treatment of "manic-depressive psychosis," referred to by that time as "bipolar disorder" in consensus-based classifications. Finally, there are two essays by Thomas Ban: "Development of the diagnostic concept of Manic-Depressive Psychosis in Emil Kraepelin's classifications" and "From Emil Kraepelin's Manic-Depressive Psychosis to Karl Leonhard's Phasic and Cycloid
Lithium: A Doctor, a Drug, and a Breakthrough by Walter A. Brown Pdf
The remarkable untold story of a miracle drug, the forgotten pioneer who discovered it, and the fight to bring lithium to the masses. The DNA double helix, penicillin, the X-ray, insulin—these are routinely cited as some of the most important medical discoveries of the twentieth century. And yet, the 1949 discovery of lithium as a cure for bipolar disorder is perhaps one of the most important—yet largely unsung—breakthroughs of the modern era. In Lithium, Walter Brown, a practicing psychiatrist and professor at Brown, reveals two unlikely success stories: that of John Cade, the physician whose discovery would come to save an untold number of lives and launch a pharmacological revolution, and that of a miraculous metal rescued from decades of stigmatization. From insulin comas and lobotomy to incarceration to exile, Brown chronicles the troubling history of the diagnosis and (often ineffective) treatment of bipolar disorder through the centuries, before the publication of a groundbreaking research paper in 1949. Cade’s “Lithium Salts in the Treatment of Psychotic Excitement” described, for the first time, lithium’s astonishing efficacy at both treating and preventing the recurrence of manic-depressive episodes, and would eventually transform the lives of patients, pharmaceutical researchers, and practicing physicians worldwide. And yet, as Brown shows, it would be decades before lithium would overcome widespread stigmatization as a dangerous substance, and the resistance from the pharmaceutical industry, which had little incentive to promote a naturally occurring drug that could not be patented. With a vivid portrait of the story’s unlikely hero, John Cade, Brown also describes a devoted naturalist who, unlike many modern medical researchers, did not benefit from prestigious research training or big funding sources (Cade’s “laboratory” was the unused pantry of an isolated mental hospital). As Brown shows, however, these humble conditions were the secret to his historic success: Cade was free to follow his own restless curiosity, rather than answer to an external funding source. As Lithium makes tragically clear, medical research—at least in America—has transformed in such a way that serendipitous discoveries like Cade’s are unlikely to occur ever again. Recently described by the New York Times as the “Cinderella” of psychiatric drugs, lithium has saved countless of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs. In this revelatory biography of a drug and the man who fought for its discovery, Brown crafts a captivating picture of modern medical history—revealing just how close we came to passing over this extraordinary cure.
A History of Psychology by William Douglas Woody,Wayne Viney Pdf
This seventh edition of A History of Psychology: The Emergence of Science and Applications traces the history of psychology from antiquity through the early twenty-first century, giving students a thorough look into psychology’s origins and key developments in basic and applied psychology. It presents internal, disciplinary history as well as external contextual history, emphasizing the interactions between psychological ideas and the larger cultural and historical contexts in which psychologists and other thinkers conduct research, teach, and live. It also has a strong scholarly foundation and more than 400 new references. This new edition retains and expands the strengths of previous editions and introduces several important changes. The text features more women, people of color, and others who are historically marginalized as well as new sections about early Black psychology and barriers faced by people who are diverse. It also includes expanded discussions of eugenics and racism in early psychology. There is new content on the history of the biological basis of psychology; the emergence of qualitative methods; and ecopsychology, ecotherapy, and environmental psychology. Recent historical findings about social psychology, including new historical findings about the Stanford Prison Experiment, Milgram’s obedience research, and Sherif’s conformity studies, have also been incorporated. Continuing the tradition of past editions, the text focuses on engaging students and inspiring them to recognize the power of history in their own lives, to connect history to the present and the future, and to think critically and historically.
Mind Fixers: Psychiatry's Troubled Search for the Biology of Mental Illness by Anne Harrington Pdf
Mind Fixers tells the history of psychiatry’s quest to understand the biological basis of mental illness and asks where we need to go from here. In Mind Fixers, Anne Harrington, author of The Cure Within, explores psychiatry’s repeatedly frustrated struggle to understand mental disorder in biomedical terms. She shows how the stalling of early twentieth century efforts in this direction allowed Freudians and social scientists to insist, with some justification, that they had better ways of analyzing and fixing minds. But when the Freudians overreached, they drove psychiatry into a state of crisis that a new “biological revolution” was meant to alleviate. Harrington shows how little that biological revolution had to do with breakthroughs in science, and why the field has fallen into a state of crisis in our own time. Mind Fixers makes clear that psychiatry’s waxing and waning biological enthusiasms have been shaped not just by developments in the clinic and lab, but also by a surprising range of social factors, including immigration, warfare, grassroots activism, and assumptions about race and gender. Government programs designed to empty the state mental hospitals, acrid rivalries between different factions in the field, industry profit mongering, consumerism, and an uncritical media have all contributed to the story as well. In focusing particularly on the search for the biological roots of schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder, Harrington underscores the high human stakes for the millions of people who have sought medical answers for their mental suffering. This is not just a story about doctors and scientists, but about countless ordinary people and their loved ones. A clear-eyed, evenhanded, and yet passionate tour de force, Mind Fixers recounts the past and present struggle to make mental illness a biological problem in order to lay the groundwork for creating a better future, both for those who suffer and for those whose job it is to care for them.
History of Psychology by D. Brett King,William Douglas Woody,Wayne Viney Pdf
A History of Psychology: Ideas & Context, 5/e, traces psychological thought from antiquity through early 21st century advances, giving students a thorough look into psychology’s origins and development. This title provides in-depth coverage of intellectual trends, major systems of thought, and key developments in basic and applied psychology.
The Science and Practice of Lithium Therapy by Gin S. Malhi,Marc Masson,Frank Bellivier Pdf
This book provides a clear and comprehensive guide to the clinical prescription of lithium that draws upon evidence-based knowledge of its mechanisms of action. The book is divided into two parts, on the science of lithium and the practice of lithium therapy. The former covers aspects such as the properties of the lithium ion, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, impact on neurotransmission, and gene expression modulation. The section on practice includes discussion of variability in response to lithium, use of lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorders, its value in suicide prevention, administration during pregnancy and in the pediatric age group, and side effects. Lithium is arguably the only true mood stabilizer, and its multifaceted effects across many clinical domains have given rise to a resurgence of interest in recent years, fuelled by both researchers and clinicians. Nevertheless, its use remains constrained by exaggerated concerns about potential side-effects. In reality, lithium is a simple molecule that is relatively straightforward to administer and monitor and has potentially profound benefits at a fraction of the cost of contemporary agents. This book dispels the many myths and concerns that surround its use and will be of interest for clinicians and researchers worldwide, and those that are recipients of lithium therapy.
Psychopharmacology has certainly had the greatest impact on psy chiatric theory and practice since the psychoanalytic discoveries by Freud. Beginning more than 20 years ago, psychopharmacology has become a vigorous interdisciplinary science, and over the last 10 to 15 years has witnessed a tremendous growth both from a scientific and practical point of view. Lithium occupies a unique and central position in modern psycho pharmacology for several reasons. The introduction of the lithium ion in 1949 as a psychoactive drug preceded the advent of reserpine or chlorprom azine and placed it as the first agent in the modern era of pharmacopsy chiatry. In fact, this first report on the use of lithium by an Australian clinician set a pattern to be followed for all other major groups of psychoac tive chemical agents. Unlike the now established antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, however, no reliable predictions based on preclinical pharmacological studies were available about the profile of lithium's clinical activity. This problem of clinical predictability based on current preclinical pharmacological studies is now surfacing with the advent of many newer investigational psychoactive agents. As in the introduction of other therapeutic modalities in medicine, including psychiatry, serendipity was the midwife for lithium. The use of this ion in psychiatry, from its fortuitous introduction by Cade in 1949 to its present-day acceptance as a universal treatment modality in the affective emotional disorders, presents, however, a clear example of a hapless lag between discovery and application.
This book tells the story of one of medicine’s most (in)famous treatments: the neurosurgical operation commonly known as lobotomy. Invented by Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz in 1935, lobotomy or psychosurgery became widely used in a number of countries, including Denmark, where the treatment had a major breakthrough. In fact, evidence suggests that more lobotomies were performed in Denmark than any other country. However, the reason behind this unofficial world record has not yet been fully understood. Lobotomy Nation traces the history of psychosurgery and its ties to other psychiatric treatments such as malaria fever therapy, Cardiazol shock and insulin coma therapy, but it also situates lobotomy within a broader context. The book argues that the rise and fall of lobotomy is not just a story about psychiatry, it is also about society, culture and interventions towards vulnerable groups in the 20th century.
Revision Notes in Psychiatry by Basant Puri,Annie Hall,Roger Ho Pdf
Revision Notes in Psychiatry, Third Edition continues to provide a clear and contemporary summary of clinical psychiatry and the scientific fundamentals of the discipline. It is an essential study aid for all those preparing for postgraduate examinations in psychiatry and a superb reference for practising psychiatrists.Structured to follow the enti
Pharmacotherapeutics of the Thyroid Gland by A.P. Weetman,Ashley Grossman Pdf
All the important pharmacological interactions affecting thyroid function are described in this book. The first section is devoted to the physiology and biochemistry of thyroid disease, putting the pharmacological interactions into perspective. The second section reviews all the important pharmacological effects on thyroid function and also deals with the impact of other environmental agents. The chapters are written by internationally recognised experts and extensively referenced to provide an up-to-date review of the pharmacological interactions important to the thyroid and its diseases.
The History Of Lithium For Treating Bipolar Disorder - Based On The Teachings Of Dr. Andrew Huberman by Everhealth Publishing Pdf
THE HISTORY OF LITHIUM FOR TREATING BIPOLAR DISORDER - FROM DISCOVERY TO TREATMENT BASED ON THE TEACHINGS OF DR. ANDREW HUBERMAN Are you ready to take charge of your health and transform your life? Are you curious about the benefits of "THE HISTORY OF LITHIUM FOR TREATING BIPOLAR DISORDER" and how it can enhance your overall well-being? Wondering if it's the missing piece in your quest for a healthier life? Our book explores every aspect of "THE HISTORY OF LITHIUM FOR TREATING BIPOLAR DISORDER" providing you with a comprehensive understanding of its potential to improve your health. Discover the secrets behind this remarkable supplement, and unlock its power to transform your life. BOOK CONTENT: Introduction Dr. Cade's Background Observations during Imprisonment Guinea Pig Experiments Focus on Uric Acid Transition to Human Patients Publication of Findings Case Studies (Refer to the actual document for detailed case descriptions) Conclusion ABOUT THIS BOOK: This book is based on the teachings of Dr. Andrew Huberman. It has been expanded for better understanding. Everyone is dedicated to his scientific research, findings, and experimentation. It has been created to provide more people with access to his work and to help individuals lead healthier lives. ABOUT HIS TEACHINGS: Andrew Huberman, the renowned neuroscientist, delves into several recurring themes in his work. Central to his research is neural plasticity, the brain's remarkable ability to adapt and rewire itself. He explores how vision and respiration influence brain states, shedding light on fear, focus, and overall mental well-being. A strong advocate for the power of nutrition and lifestyle, Huberman emphasizes their impact on physiological metrics, stress mitigation, and improved sleep. ABOUT DR. ANDREW HUBERMAN: Dr. Andrew Huberman, born in 1976, is a distinguished neuroscientist. As a tenured professor at Stanford School of Medicine, he has made significant contributions to brain science and neural plasticity research. His renowned Huberman Lab podcast and work in vision science have made complex neuroscience accessible and garnered global recognition.
History of Psychopharmacology. the Revolution of Psychopharmacology: The Discovery and Development of Psychoactive Drugs. by Francisco Lopez-Munoz,Cecilio Alamo,Edward F. Domino Pdf
In recent years, with the introduction of new molecules into the arsenal of psychiatric therapy, the historical significance of classical psychotropic drugs to modern society has been lost. Keep in mind that its modern history is very short, born in the 1950s with the introduction of lithium, chlorpromazine, and imipramine, known as the "revolution of psychopharmacology." The purpose of this work it to review how psychoactive substances have been discovered, developed, and applied over the millennia. The text presents the drugs that are used in medicine, their origins, the principles of biological theories of mental disorders, and contribution of basic research.
