Horizontal Inequalities Political Environment And Civil Conflict

Author : Gudrun Østby
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 44,9 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Armed Conflict
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict by Gudrun Østby Pdf

Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter.

Author : Gudrun ??stby
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 128 pages
File Size : 52,5 Mb
Release : 2012
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:931669773

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Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict by Gudrun ??stby Pdf

Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries.

Author : F. Stewart
Publisher : Springer
Page : 380 pages
File Size : 49,9 Mb
Release : 2016-01-22
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9780230582729

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Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict by F. Stewart Pdf

Drawing on econometric evidence and in-depth studies of West Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, this book explores how horizontal inequalities - ethnic, religious or racial - are a source of violent conflict and how political, economic and cultural status inequalities have contributed. Policies to reverse inequality would reduce these risks.

Author : Gudrun Ostby
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2016
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1290703392

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Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environment, and Civil Conflict by Gudrun Ostby Pdf

Several studies of civil war have concluded that economic inequality between individuals does not increase the risk of internal armed conflict. This is perhaps not so surprising. Even though an individual may feel frustrated if he is poor compared with other individuals in society, he will not start a rebellion on his own. Civil wars are organized group conflicts, not a matter of individuals randomly committing violence against each other. Hence, we should not neglect the group aspect of human well-being and conflict. Systematic inequalities that coincide with ethnic, religious, or geographical cleavages in a country are often referred to as horizontal inequalities (or inter-group inequalities). Case studies of particular countries as well as some statistical studies have found that such inequalities between identity groups tend to be associated with a higher risk of internal conflict. But the emergence of violent group mobilization in a country with sharp horizontal inequalities may depend on the characteristics of the political regime. For example, in an autocracy, grievances that stem from group inequalities are likely to be large and frequent, but state repression may prevent them from being openly expressed. This paper investigates the relationship between horizontal inequalities, political environment, and civil war in developing countries. Based on national survey data from 55 countries it calculates welfare inequalities between ethnic, religious, and regional groups for each country using indicators such as household assets and educational levels. All the inequality measures, particularly regional inequality, are positively associated with higher risks of conflict outbreak. And it seems that the conflict potential of regional inequality is stronger for pure democratic and intermediate regimes than for pure autocratic regimes. Institutional arrangements also seem to matter. In fact it seems that the conflict potential of horizontal inequalities increases with more inclusive electoral systems. Finally, the presence of both regional inequalities and political exclusion of minority groups seems to make countries particularly at risk for conflict. The main policy implication of these findings is that the combination of politically and economically inclusive government is required to secure peace in developing countries.

Author : Gudrun Østby
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 0 pages
File Size : 46,8 Mb
Release : 2007
Category : Electronic
ISBN : OCLC:1434906886

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Horizontal Inequalities, Political Environments, and Civil Conflict by Gudrun Østby Pdf

Author : Lars-Erik Cederman,Kristian Skrede Gleditsch,Halvard Buhaug
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 275 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2013-08-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781107244665

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Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War by Lars-Erik Cederman,Kristian Skrede Gleditsch,Halvard Buhaug Pdf

This book argues that political and economic inequalities following group lines generate grievances that in turn can motivate civil war. Lars-Erik Cederman, Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Halvard Buhaug offer a theoretical approach that highlights ethnonationalism and how the relationship between group identities and inequalities are fundamental for successful mobilization to resort to violence. Although previous research highlighted grievances as a key motivation for political violence, contemporary research on civil war has largely dismissed grievances as irrelevant, emphasizing instead the role of opportunities. This book shows that the alleged non-results for grievances in previous research stemmed primarily from atheoretical measures, typically based on individual data. The authors develop new indicators of political and economic exclusion at the group level, and show that these exert strong effects on the risk of civil war. They provide new analyses of the effects of transnational ethnic links and the duration of civil wars, and extended case discussions illustrating causal mechanisms.

Author : Frances Stewart
Publisher : Unknown
Page : 38 pages
File Size : 54,9 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Developing countries
ISBN : OCLC:750585749

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Horizontal Inequalities by Frances Stewart Pdf

Author : Frances Stewart,R. Venugopal,Arnim Langer
Publisher : Springer
Page : 346 pages
File Size : 54,6 Mb
Release : 2016-04-30
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780230348622

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Horizontal Inequalities and Post-Conflict Development by Frances Stewart,R. Venugopal,Arnim Langer Pdf

This book evaluates the extent to which post-conflict reconstruction has addressed problems of horizontal inequalities through country case studies on Burundi, Rwanda, Nepal, Peru, Guatemala, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Afghanistan, and four thematic studies on macro-economic policies, privatisation, PRSP's, and employment generation.

Author : Anonim
Publisher : BRILL
Page : 385 pages
File Size : 40,5 Mb
Release : 2020-06-02
Category : Social Science
ISBN : 9789004430440

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Democracy and Electoral Politics in Zambia by Anonim Pdf

Democracy and Electoral Politics in Zambia aims to comprehend the current dynamics of Zambia’s democracy and to understand what was specific about the 2015/2016 election experience. While elections have been central to understanding Zambian politics over the last decade, the coverage they have received in the academic literature has been sparse. This book aims to fill that gap and give a more holistic account of contemporary Zambian electoral dynamics, by providing innovative analysis of political parties, mobilization methods, the constitutional framework, the motivations behind voters’ choices and the adjudication of electoral disputes by the judiciary. This book draws on insights and interviews, public opinion data and innovative surveys that aim to tell a rich and nuanced story about Zambia’s recent electoral history from a variety of disciplinary approaches. Contributors include: Tinenenji Banda, Nicole Beardsworth, John Bwalya, Privilege Haang’andu, Erin Hern, Marja Hinfelaar, Dae Un Hong, O’Brien Kaaba, Robby Kapesa, Chanda Mfula, Jotham Momba, Biggie Joe Ndambwa, Muna Ndulo, Jeremy Seekings, Hangala Siachiwena, Sishuwa Sishuwa, Owen Sichone, Aaron Siwale, Michael Wahman.

Author : Ted Robert Gurr
Publisher : US Institute of Peace Press
Page : 428 pages
File Size : 49,8 Mb
Release : 2000
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 1929223021

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Peoples Versus States by Ted Robert Gurr Pdf

Picking up where Minorities at Risk left off, Peoples Versus States offers an expanded and updated perspective on ethnic and nationalist conflict throughout the world, as well as efforts to manage it. Ted Gurr surveys the behavior of 275 politically active ethnic groups during the 1990s and pinpoints the factors that encourage the assertion of ethnic identities. Whereas his highly acclaimed 1993 book presented a disturbing picture of spreading ethnic violence, this volume documents a pronounced decline since the early 1990s--a decline attributable, in part at least, to many states abandoning strategies of assimilation and control in favor of policies of pluralism and accommodation. Nonetheless, Gurr identifies some ninety groups as being at significant risk of conflict and repression in the early 21st century. And he cautions that the emerging global regime of principles and strategies governing relations between communal groups and states is far from perfect or universally effective.

Author : Paul Collier,Anke Hoeffler,Mn?s Söderbom
Publisher : World Bank Publications
Page : 34 pages
File Size : 52,6 Mb
Release : 2001
Category : Civil war
ISBN : 8210379456XXX

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On the Duration of Civil War by Paul Collier,Anke Hoeffler,Mn?s Söderbom Pdf

The duration of large-scale violent civil conflict increases substantially if the society is composed of a few large ethnic groups, if there is extensive forest cover, and if the conflict has commenced since 1980. None of these factors affect the initiation of conflict. And neither the duration nor the initiation of conflict is affected by initial inequality or political repression.

Author : David Cortright,Conor Seyle,Kristen Wall
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
Page : 307 pages
File Size : 48,9 Mb
Release : 2017-09-21
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781108415934

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Governance for Peace by David Cortright,Conor Seyle,Kristen Wall Pdf

An evidence-based analysis of governance focusing on the institutional capacities and qualities that reduce the risk of armed conflict.

Author : Y. Mine,F. Stewart,S. Fukuda-Parr,T. Mkandawire
Publisher : Springer
Page : 394 pages
File Size : 48,7 Mb
Release : 2013-10-17
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9781137329707

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Preventing Violent Conflict in Africa by Y. Mine,F. Stewart,S. Fukuda-Parr,T. Mkandawire Pdf

Horizontal inequalities are root causes of violent conflict in Africa. Yet, people take actions not because of statistical data on inequalities, of which they might not be aware, but because of injustices they perceive. This volume analyses the results of original surveys with over 3,000 respondents in African cities and towns, exposing clear discrepancies between objective inequalities and people's subjective perceptions. The contributors examine experiences in country pairs and probe into the reasons why neighbouring countries, sharing common historical traits, sometimes took contrasting pathways of peace and violent conflict. Combining quantitative analysis and qualitative anatomy of historical experiences of conflict and reconciliation in Rwanda, Burundi, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya and Nigeria, the study brings forward a set of policy recommendations for development practitioners. This work further addresses the issue of institutional choice and reveals how sustainable power-sharing and decentralisation contribute to political stability in Africa.

Author : David D. Laitin,James T Watkins IV and Elise V Watkins Professor of Political Science David D Laitin
Publisher : Oxford University Press
Page : 179 pages
File Size : 53,9 Mb
Release : 2007-07-26
Category : Political Science
ISBN : 9780199228232

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Nations, States, and Violence by David D. Laitin,James T Watkins IV and Elise V Watkins Professor of Political Science David D Laitin Pdf

A powerfully argued and trenchant examination of the sources and consequences of nationalism by one of the world's leading scholars in the field.

Author : Gerald Schneider,Katherine Barbieri,Nils Petter Gleditsch
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
Page : 390 pages
File Size : 45,8 Mb
Release : 2003
Category : Business & Economics
ISBN : 0742518329

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Globalization and Armed Conflict by Gerald Schneider,Katherine Barbieri,Nils Petter Gleditsch Pdf

Shows that expanding commercial ties between states pacifies some, but not necessarily all, political relationships.